Photons are robust carriers of quantum information as they can propagate long distances without losing quantum entanglement and coherence. Compared to quantum information in matter-based carriers, such as superconducting oscillators, trapped ions and atoms, quantum dots, and vacancy centers in crystals, the photonic quantum states are robust against perturbations from the environment, such as parasitic electromagnetic fields and thermal fluctuations (phonons), making it an ideal candidate for room-temperature-based quantum metrology and information processing applications. Such robustness is due to photon-photon scattering in the vacuum being extremely improbable and photon-atom interactions being in the linear regime for most materials. Nevertheless, photon-photon or photon-atom nonlinear interactions are also critical for all quantum photonic applications as nonlinearity is required for generating non-classical states of light. Furthermore, nonlinear interactions greatly expand the variety of Hamiltonian that can be engineered for a given system or subsystem, which is a direct measure of the system's functionality. Thus, the ability to engineer nonlinear interactions has been one of the primary research focuses in quantum photonics. This thesis presents research on using nonlinear photonic chips to harness the unique properties offered by quantum mechanics, with applications in precision metrology and information procession. Atoms possess a rich set of quantum properties that have no counterparts in the classical world. Even in warm vapor form, atomic gases maintain sufficient coherence for tasks, including time keeping, electric field sensing and quantum memories. We develop chip-based light sources that can interact with narrow-band atomic transitions in order to miniaturize these applications. Typical Alkali atoms have transition around the visible light regime, where photonic materials exhibit strong normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) which inhibits light generation via nonlinear interactions. We offer a systematic solution by re-examining the dispersion engineer techniques, which revealed that higher-order waveguide modes can have stronger anomalous GVD. With this technique, we demonstrate on-chip mode-locked pulses (Kerr combs) at a record-low wavelength, which can be used for high-precision atomic clocks. We also develop chip-based narrow-band high-brightness photon sources at the visible regime using nonlinear interactions. Such photons can interact with atom-based quantum memories and gates, which can find applications in both quantum communication and computation. Squeezed state is also an important class of non-classical states with key applications in quantum metrology, quantum simulation, and continuous-variable quantum information processing. Typically, squeezed states are generated using χ² processes, which are not readily available on most photonic platforms. For the first time, we demonstrate squeezed state generation using a dual-pumped four-wave-mixing process, which we implement on a silicon-nitride chip. To perform quantum simulation or computation with squeezed states, we need programmable interferometer arrays and photon-number resolving (PNR) detectors. Current PNR detectors rely on superconducting effects which require Kelvin level temperatures. We propose a room-temperature PNR scheme based on optical nonlinearity. We show that using cascaded χ² interactions, a single photon can impart an observable phase on a probe beam, which can be implemented within the current fabrication capabilities. Our squeezed-state-generation and PNR-detection devices lay a practical path towards room-temperature quantum simulation and computing.

Num primeiro momento, abordamos neste trabalho as correlações Eistein-Podolsky-Rosen quando simuladas no âmbito da teoria clássica da radiação. Pretendemos com isso investigar o fenômeno da polarização da luz em um e outro domínios da sua descrição. Continuando em teoria da medida, através de uma implementação no modelo de colapso da função de onda proposto por Zurek, onde se observa a reversibilidade da coerência de fase, apresentamos expressões para os tempos de decoerência e recorrência associados. Outro tópico considerado diz respeito ao hamiltoniano quadrático dependente do tempo. Procedendo-se a uma transformação unitária associada ao método dos invariantes desenvolvido por Lewis e Riesenfeld, solucionamos a equação de Schrödinger e apresentamos o operador de evolução. Uma análise dos estados \"squeezed\" da radiação é apresentada segundo trajetórias no espaço de fase. A consideração do método empregado, segundo algumas aproximações, possibilita a abordagem do processo de dissipação/flutuação junto ao hamiltoniano original, numa análise mais realista do que compreende um amplo espectro de modelos físicos, tais como o oscilador ou partícula carregada em presença de um campo eletromagnético não homogêneo e as armadilhas de Paul. / At the beging, we tackle in this work the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations when simulated in the radiation classic theory. We attempt in this way to study the light polarization phenomenon in both aproaches of its descriptions. Still in measurement theory, through a wave function Zurek colapse model implementation, where there is observed a phase coherence reversibility, we introduce expression for the associated decoherence and recurrence tymes. Another considered topic deals with the time-dependent quadratic hamiltonian. Carrying out a unitary transformation associated with the invariants method developed by Lewis and Riesenfeld, we solved the Schrödinger equation and we introduced the evolution operator. An squeezed states of radiation analysis is also included in the phases space trajectories. The considerations of the attempted method according to same approximations makes it possible to deal with the processes of dissipation/flutuation in the original hamiltonian, in a more realistic analysis of those physical models, such as the oscillator or charged particle in a non-homogeneous electromagnetic field and in the Paul trap.

Neste trabalho realizamos a implementação experimental de informação quântica (IQ) em um sistema de dois bits quânticos (q-bits) de spin 3/2 via ressonância quadrupolar nuclear (RQN). Foram implementadas portas lógicas quânticas que são necessárias para a criação e manipulação dos estados pseudo-puros (PPSs). Ademais, foi proposto um método de tomografia de estado quântico (TEQ) baseado na seleção de coerências de múltiplo quantum por ciclagem de fases. A TEQ foi empregada para avaliar os estados quânticos implementados experimentalmente. A amostra utilizada foi um monocristal de KClO3, o núcleo medido foi 35Cl, que possui spin 3/2. Neste sistema foi possível obter os quatro PPSs da base computacional. Sobre os PPSs foram aplicados portas lógicas quânticas CNOT e Hadamard, que produziram estados de sobreposição e estados emaranhados. Sobre os estados emaranhados foram analisados os conceitos de correlações clássicas e quânticas. A TEQ dos estados implementados experimentalmente mostrou altas fidelidades (maior de 90%). Também foi possível criar estados coerentes de spin aplicando rotações sobre os PPSs. Com base nos estados coerentes de spin foram gerados estados coerentes comprimidos mediante a aplicação de evoluções não lineares, presentes naturalmente em sistemas de RQN. Estes resultados promissores mostram que a RQN pode ser satisfatoriamente aplicada como uma ferramenta experimental em estudos de IQ. / In this work we describe the experimental implementation of quantum information processing (QIP) in a two spin qubits system by nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). We implemented quantum gates and their applications in the creation and manipulation of pseudo-pure state (PPS). Furthermore, we propose one method of Quantum State Tomography (QST) based on coherence pathways selected by RF phase cycling. QST is one of the tools used to evaluate QIP implementations, it allows to completely evaluate the quantum state of the spin system. We experimentally implemented NQR-QIP in a KClO3 single crystal and observing 35Cl, a spin 3/2 nucleus. It was possible to obtain all the four PPS associated with the computational basis and to apply the Controlled-not (CNOT) and Hadamard gates on them. The reading of the resulting states was performed by the proposed QST method, and resulted in experimental quantum state fidelities greater than 90%. It was also possible to create squeezed spin states. This states are generated by non linear interactions, which naturally arise in a NQR system. These are very promising results and they indicate that NQR can be successfully applied as an experimental tool for studying fundamental QIP theory.

University, Diss., 1998--Konstanz.

In this work, we theoretically and numerically investigate nonclassical phonon states created in the collective vibration of a Raman medium by the generation of a dual-pumped Raman optical frequency comb in an optical cavity. This frequency comb is generated by cascaded Raman scattering driven by two phase-locked pump lasers that are separated in frequency by three times the Raman phonon frequency. We characterize the variety of conditioned phonon states that are created when the number of photons in all optical frequency modes except the pump modes are measured. Almost all of these conditioned phonon states are extremely well approximated as three-phonon-squeezed states or Schrödinger-cat states, depending on the outcomes of the photon number measurements. We show how the combinations of first-, second-, and third-order Raman scattering that correspond to each set of measured photon numbers determine the fidelity of the conditioned phonon state with model three-phonon-squeezed states and Schrödinger-cat states. All of the conditioned phonon states demonstrate preferential growth of the phonon mode along three directions in phase space. That is, there are three preferred phase values that the phonon state takes on as a result of Raman scattering. We show that the combination of Raman processes that produces a given set of measured photon numbers always produces phonons in multiples of three. In the quantum number-state representation, these multiples of three are responsible for the threefold phase-space symmetry seen in the conditioned phonon states. With a semiclassical model, we show how this three-phase preference can also be understood in light of phase correlations that are known to spontaneously arise in single-pumped Raman frequency combs. Additionally, our semiclassical model predicts that the optical modes also grow preferentially along three phases, suggesting that the dual-pumped Raman optical frequency comb is partially phase-stabilized.

abstract: Solution methods for certain linear and nonlinear evolution equations are presented in this dissertation. Emphasis is placed mainly on the analytical treatment of nonautonomous differential equations, which are challenging to solve despite the existent numerical and symbolic computational software programs available. Ideas from the transformation theory are adopted allowing one to solve the problems under consideration from a non-traditional perspective. First, the Cauchy initial value problem is considered for a class of nonautonomous and inhomogeneous linear diffusion-type equation on the entire real line. Explicit transformations are used to reduce the equations under study to their corresponding standard forms emphasizing on natural relations with certain Riccati(and/or Ermakov)-type systems. These relations give solvability results for the Cauchy problem of the parabolic equation considered. The superposition principle allows to solve formally this problem from an unconventional point of view. An eigenfunction expansion approach is also considered for this general evolution equation. Examples considered to corroborate the efficacy of the proposed solution methods include the Fokker-Planck equation, the Black-Scholes model and the one-factor Gaussian Hull-White model. The results obtained in the first part are used to solve the Cauchy initial value problem for certain inhomogeneous Burgers-type equation. The connection between linear (the Diffusion-type) and nonlinear (Burgers-type) parabolic equations is stress in order to establish a strong commutative relation. Traveling wave solutions of a nonautonomous Burgers equation are also investigated. Finally, it is constructed explicitly the minimum-uncertainty squeezed states for quantum harmonic oscillators. They are derived by the action of corresponding maximal kinematical invariance group on the standard ground state solution. It is shown that the product of the variances attains the required minimum value only at the instances that one variance is a minimum and the other is a maximum, when the squeezing of one of the variances occurs. Such explicit construction is possible due to the relation between the diffusion-type equation studied in the first part and the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. A modication of the radiation field operators for squeezed photons in a perfect cavity is also suggested with the help of a nonstandard solution of Heisenberg's equation of motion. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences 2013

Neste trabalho realizamos a implementação experimental de informação quântica (IQ) em um sistema de dois bits quânticos (q-bits) de spin 3/2 via ressonância quadrupolar nuclear (RQN). Foram implementadas portas lógicas quânticas que são necessárias para a criação e manipulação dos estados pseudo-puros (PPSs). Ademais, foi proposto um método de tomografia de estado quântico (TEQ) baseado na seleção de coerências de múltiplo quantum por ciclagem de fases. A TEQ foi empregada para avaliar os estados quânticos implementados experimentalmente. A amostra utilizada foi um monocristal de KClO3, o núcleo medido foi 35Cl, que possui spin 3/2. Neste sistema foi possível obter os quatro PPSs da base computacional. Sobre os PPSs foram aplicados portas lógicas quânticas CNOT e Hadamard, que produziram estados de sobreposição e estados emaranhados. Sobre os estados emaranhados foram analisados os conceitos de correlações clássicas e quânticas. A TEQ dos estados implementados experimentalmente mostrou altas fidelidades (maior de 90%). Também foi possível criar estados coerentes de spin aplicando rotações sobre os PPSs. Com base nos estados coerentes de spin foram gerados estados coerentes comprimidos mediante a aplicação de evoluções não lineares, presentes naturalmente em sistemas de RQN. Estes resultados promissores mostram que a RQN pode ser satisfatoriamente aplicada como uma ferramenta experimental em estudos de IQ. / In this work we describe the experimental implementation of quantum information processing (QIP) in a two spin qubits system by nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). We implemented quantum gates and their applications in the creation and manipulation of pseudo-pure state (PPS). Furthermore, we propose one method of Quantum State Tomography (QST) based on coherence pathways selected by RF phase cycling. QST is one of the tools used to evaluate QIP implementations, it allows to completely evaluate the quantum state of the spin system. We experimentally implemented NQR-QIP in a KClO3 single crystal and observing 35Cl, a spin 3/2 nucleus. It was possible to obtain all the four PPS associated with the computational basis and to apply the Controlled-not (CNOT) and Hadamard gates on them. The reading of the resulting states was performed by the proposed QST method, and resulted in experimental quantum state fidelities greater than 90%. It was also possible to create squeezed spin states. This states are generated by non linear interactions, which naturally arise in a NQR system. These are very promising results and they indicate that NQR can be successfully applied as an experimental tool for studying fundamental QIP theory.

Num primeiro momento, abordamos neste trabalho as correlações Eistein-Podolsky-Rosen quando simuladas no âmbito da teoria clássica da radiação. Pretendemos com isso investigar o fenômeno da polarização da luz em um e outro domínios da sua descrição. Continuando em teoria da medida, através de uma implementação no modelo de colapso da função de onda proposto por Zurek, onde se observa a reversibilidade da coerência de fase, apresentamos expressões para os tempos de decoerência e recorrência associados. Outro tópico considerado diz respeito ao hamiltoniano quadrático dependente do tempo. Procedendo-se a uma transformação unitária associada ao método dos invariantes desenvolvido por Lewis e Riesenfeld, solucionamos a equação de Schrödinger e apresentamos o operador de evolução. Uma análise dos estados \"squeezed\" da radiação é apresentada segundo trajetórias no espaço de fase. A consideração do método empregado, segundo algumas aproximações, possibilita a abordagem do processo de dissipação/flutuação junto ao hamiltoniano original, numa análise mais realista do que compreende um amplo espectro de modelos físicos, tais como o oscilador ou partícula carregada em presença de um campo eletromagnético não homogêneo e as armadilhas de Paul. / At the beging, we tackle in this work the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations when simulated in the radiation classic theory. We attempt in this way to study the light polarization phenomenon in both aproaches of its descriptions. Still in measurement theory, through a wave function Zurek colapse model implementation, where there is observed a phase coherence reversibility, we introduce expression for the associated decoherence and recurrence tymes. Another considered topic deals with the time-dependent quadratic hamiltonian. Carrying out a unitary transformation associated with the invariants method developed by Lewis and Riesenfeld, we solved the Schrödinger equation and we introduced the evolution operator. An squeezed states of radiation analysis is also included in the phases space trajectories. The considerations of the attempted method according to same approximations makes it possible to deal with the processes of dissipation/flutuation in the original hamiltonian, in a more realistic analysis of those physical models, such as the oscillator or charged particle in a non-homogeneous electromagnetic field and in the Paul trap.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-15T13:05:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Compressão de Ruído Quantico em um Interferometro Sagnac em Fibra com um Laser Pulsado em 1,55 Microns - Dissertação de Mestrado em Física - Lucero Plazas Ortega.pdf: 7191693 bytes, checksum: 4eba611a9cee045f7f06747bb63a80cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T13:05:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Compressão de Ruído Quantico em um Interferometro Sagnac em Fibra com um Laser Pulsado em 1,55 Microns - Dissertação de Mestrado em Física - Lucero Plazas Ortega.pdf: 7191693 bytes, checksum: 4eba611a9cee045f7f06747bb63a80cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / CAPES / Componentesemquadraturadocampoeletromagn´eticoobedecemaoprincipio de incerteza de Heisenberg. Como resultado a Mecˆanica Quˆantica prevˆe que estas componentes n˜ao podem ser especificadas simultaneamente com precis˜ao ilimitada. Estados de incerteza m´ınima (estados coerentes) permitem atingir o menor produto das incertezas em cada quadratura, ambas de mesma magnitude. Al´em disto ´e poss´ıvel construir estados quˆanticos comprimidos, para os quais uma das suas quadraturas atinge um valor menor para o desvio padr˜ao queaqueledefinidoparaumestadodem´ınimaincerteza,incrementandoconsequentemente a incerteza na outra quadratura. Nesta disserta¸c˜ao fazemos uma revis˜ao destes conceitos e apresentamos um esquema experimental com o qual geramosestadoscomprimidos(squeezedstates)daradia¸c˜ao. Este´ebaseadoem umlaserdefibrapulsado(comprimentodeondaλ = 1.56µm, taxaderepeti¸c˜ao fR = 146MHz, largura de pulso τp = 200fs) associado a um interferˆometro de Sagnac n˜ao linear em fibra. Al´em de uma descri¸c˜ao dos principais componentes ´opticos ser˜ao discutidos os mecanismos de gera¸c˜ao e caracteriza¸c˜ao dos estados comprimidos. / QuadraturecomponentsofthefieldobeyaHeisenberguncertaintyrelation. As a result, quantum mechanics predicts that these components cannot be specified simultaneously with unlimited accuracy. Minimum uncertainty states or coherent states, allow reaching the lowest value of the uncertainty in each quadrature component, both having the same magnitude. It is still possible to construct squeezed quantum states, for which, one of its quadrature components achieves a less value for standard deviation than one that have a state of minimum uncertainty, with the consequence of an increase in the uncertainty of the other quadrature. In this dissertation, these concepts are reviewed and we provide an experimental scheme in order to generate squeezed states of light. This design is based on a pulsed fiber laser (λ = 1.56µm, repetition rate fR = 146MHz, pulse width τp = 200fs) coupled with a nonlinear interferometer, which is composed by a fiber loop in a Sagnac configuration. In order to discuss the experimental results obtained with this scheme, will be carried out adescriptionofthemainopticalcomponents,takingintoaccounttheprincipal mechanisms of generating and measuring of squeezed states.

L'astronomie gravitationnelle a débuté en septembre 2015 avec la première détection de la fusion de deux trous noirs par LIGO. Depuis lors, plusieurs fusions de trous noirs et une fusion d'étoiles à neutrons ont été observées. Advanced Virgo a rejoint les deux observatoires LIGO dans la prise de données en août 2017, augmentant fortement les capacités de localisation du réseau. Afin d'exploiter pleinement le potentiel scientifique de ce nouveau domaine, un énorme effort expérimental est nécessaire pour améliorer la sensibilité des interféromètres. Cette thèse, développée dans ce contexte, est composée de deux parties. La première concerne Advanced Virgo : nous avons développé un budget de bruit automatique pour le bruit de fréquence du laser et nous avons effectué des mesures de caractérisation optique pour les cavités de bras kilométriques. Des pertes aller-retour aussi faibles que 80 ppm ont été mesurées. Elles sont parmi les plus basses jamais mesurées avec un faisceau de cette taille. La deuxième partie concerne la conception et le développement d'une cavité de filtrage de 300 m, un prototype pour démontrer la production de lumière squeezing dépendante de la fréquence avec les propriétés nécessaires pour une réduction du bruit quantique à large bande dans KAGRA, Advanced Virgo et Advanced LIGO. Nous avons contribué à la fois aux phases de conception et d'intégration du projet. Nous avons d'abord fait le design optique de la cavité, y compris les spécifications pour l'optique de la cavité et une estimation détaillée des sources de dégradation pour le squeezing. Nous avons donc développé un système de contrôle pour les miroirs, assemblé les suspensions et finalement aligné et mis la cavité en résonance avec la lumière laser / Gravitational wave astronomy has started in September 2015 with the first detection of a binary black-hole merger by LIGO. Since then, several black-hole mergers and a binary neutron star merger have been observed. Advanced Virgo joined the two LIGO detector in the observation run, in August 2017, highly increasing the localization capabilities of the network. In order to fully exploit the scientific potential of this new-born field, a huge experimental effort is needed to bring the instruments at their design sensitivity and to further improve them. This thesis, developed in this context, it is composed of two parts. The first is about Advanced Virgo: we have developed an automatic noise budget for the laser frequency noise and we have performed optical characterization measurements for the kilometric arm cavities. Round trip Losses as low as 80 ppm have been measured. They are among the lowest ever measured for beams of these size. The second part is about the design and development of a 300 m filter cavity, a prototype to demonstrate the frequency dependent squeezing production with properties needed for a broadband quantum noise reduction in the future upgrades of KAGRA, Advanced Virgo and Advanced LIGO. We have contributed to the design and integration phases of the project. We have first made the optical design of the cavity, including the the specifications for the main cavity optics and a detailed estimation of the squeezing degradation sources. We have then developed a local control system for the mirrors, assembled the suspensions, and finally aligned and brought the cavity in resonance with the laser light