According to a recent report by the U.S. Senate Joint Economic Committee, the costs of domestic air traffic delays were estimated to be a staggering $41 billion in 2007. Of this, $19.1 billion was attributed to airline operating costs and $12 billion was attributed to passenger delays. In instances of irregular operations, an airline's primary objective is to get operations back to normal as quickly as possible while incurring minimal cost. Historically, airlines have prioritized recovering schedules for aircraft and crew before attempting to reaccommodate disrupted passengers. The literature has not examined how proactive movement of passengers can be used to mitigate the impact of irregular operations. This work bridges this gap by exploring how early standby fees (which influence customer behavior) can be utilized to improve operations. This research uses a variety of public and private data sources to construct a micro-level simulation to explore the impact that early standby pricing policies have on aggregate and average delay for disrupted passengers. Three distinct modules developed for use in the simulation have broader applications to the research community: (1) logic for a passenger reaccommodation algorithm; (2) a model that predicts the number of early standby passengers; and (3) a model to predict the probability a passenger misses a connecting flight. Preliminary results confirm the hypothesis that early standby pricing policies affect both profitability and operational performance. A simple example illustrates that an airline faces an important tradeoff when setting an early standby pricing policy: the early standby fee that maximizes an airline's profitability is different from the early standby fee that yields the lowest aggregate and average delay metrics for customers. This dissertation proposes a new product that remedies these competing objectives by improving them both simultaneously.

This master thesis deals with working time in healthcare. It's main goal is to describe current options of its organisation in Czech Republic as well as the most usual problems the parties of an employment relationship need to deal with. It aims to examine applicable legislation and to find out how the practical use corresponds with legal terms and conditions. This thesis is divided into several parts. In the first of them I focus on analysis of a term worker in healthcare, because there are many workers not only doctors or nurses, who can be included into this group. The next part is devoted to some key terms of Labour Code. These are working time, its scheduling and shift. It examines them in the context of czech legislation as well as european and judicature of ECJ. It also provides us with a deeper look into austrian legislation and tries to find some way how to change some czech provisions in order to correspond better to practical need. Main part of this thesis deals with the most common schedules of work in healtcare. These are one-shift pattern of work and continuos pattern of work. In one-shift pattern there is actual need of continuous operation as well as in continous pattern of work. For this purpose so called institutional emergency services are established. That's why a large part of...

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009. / Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed July 6, 2010) John Duffield, committee chair; Jelena Subotic, Scott Graves, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-56).

Kraven på ett driftsäkert elnät ökar hela tiden i takt med att elanvändning blir allt viktigare i dagens samhälle. Luftledningar byts ut med markkabel och möjlighet till reservmatningar samt bra elkvalitet är av hög prioritering. Skicket på elnätets utrustning försämras med åren och kommer med tiden behöva bytas ut. Med uppdrag från Uddevalla Energi AB har siffror tagits fram berörande spänningsfall, kapacitiv jordfelsström och belastningar vid normaldrift och reservmatning, samt ålder och typ på kablar i Uddevalla citys mellanspänningsnät. Den här rapporten presenterar dessa resultat och ger några förslag på ändringar om så krävs. Även en del om planerade framtida utbyggnationer tas upp och hur dessa påverkar nätet. För att få fram resultaten används Uddevalla Energis program för nätberäkning, "DpPower". Beräkningarna visade att vid normaldrift var alla värden godkända enligt tumregler som Uddevalla Energi följer. Vid reservmatning däremot var vissa linjer överbelastade, analysen visar dock tillgängliga lösningar. Ålder och status på kablar i nätet varierar stort vilket gör det svårt att specificera hur ombyggnationer ska ske. Hänsyn bör istället tas till överbelastningar. / The demand of reliable power distribution is increasing as the usage of power is increasing in the society of today. Overhead lines are replaced by underground cables, availability to reserve power supply and power quality is of high priority. The condition of the equipment deteriorates over the years and will eventually have to be replaced. By request from Uddevalla Energi, values have been provided concerning voltage drop, capacitive ground fault current and loads during normal operation and standby power supply. The types and ages of cables in Uddevalla City’s high-voltage network has also been looked at. This report presents these results and gives some suggestions for modifications if required. Planned future deployments are looked over and how these may affect the network. To obtain these results the network calculating program "DpPower" was used. The calculations presented shows that in normal operation all values are approved within the company standards that Uddevalla Energi follows. For the reserve supply however, some lines are overloaded. The analysis shows possible solutions for these issues. Age and status of cables in the network varies widely, making it difficult to specify how redevelopments should take place. Instead the overloads should be given more consideration.

Sistemas redundantes sujeitos à inspeção periódica são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias, especialmente naqueles processos que envolvem alto risco operacional. Inspeções periódicas são realizadas a fim de identificar e recuperar eventuais falhas de componentes antes da falha do sistema. Inspeções frequentes melhoram a confiabilidade e disponibilidade do sistema, mas envolvem maiores custos de manutenção preventiva. Por outro lado, períodos longos entre inspeções diminuem os custos com inspeções, mas aumentam os riscos de falha do sistema. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é a análise de confiabilidade e a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas redundantes sujeitos a inspeções periódicas, a fim de garantir a confiabilidade desejada, juntamente com o menor custo possível. Para analisar a confiabilidade de sistemas redundantes aplicados na prática, inicialmente é realizada uma pesquisa para a identificação dos tipos e características de sistemas redundantes utilizados pelas empresas e dos métodos empregados para a manutenção desses sistemas. Identificadas suas deficiências, um modelo inicial de fácil aplicação que melhore a confiabilidade dos sistemas redundantes estudados é determinado. Na sequência, são desenvolvidos modelos mais sofisticados para a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções, através da minimização dos custos totais envolvidos na manutenção, a fim de garantir a competitividade do processo sem sacrificar a sua confiabilidade. Visto que o reparo imediato é uma suposição que não reflete totalmente a realidade, a próxima etapa envolve a consideração do tempo de reparo para a incrementação do modelo. Por fim, o aprimoramento do modelo envolve a introdução de degradação nos componentes do sistema, que passam a envelhecer com o tempo, aumentando sua taxa de falha. Como resultados têm-se: a elaboração de um quadro comparativo de tipos de redundâncias e métodos de análise de confiabilidade e gestão da manutenção utilizados e recomendados, o desenvolvimento de tabelas e gráficos de simples utilização que permitem a determinação do intervalo entre inspeções mais adequado e o desenvolvimento de um método para otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas com e sem tempo de reparo e que sofrem ou não degradação, através da minimização dos custos totais de manutenção. / Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate. Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate

Sistemas redundantes sujeitos à inspeção periódica são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias, especialmente naqueles processos que envolvem alto risco operacional. Inspeções periódicas são realizadas a fim de identificar e recuperar eventuais falhas de componentes antes da falha do sistema. Inspeções frequentes melhoram a confiabilidade e disponibilidade do sistema, mas envolvem maiores custos de manutenção preventiva. Por outro lado, períodos longos entre inspeções diminuem os custos com inspeções, mas aumentam os riscos de falha do sistema. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é a análise de confiabilidade e a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas redundantes sujeitos a inspeções periódicas, a fim de garantir a confiabilidade desejada, juntamente com o menor custo possível. Para analisar a confiabilidade de sistemas redundantes aplicados na prática, inicialmente é realizada uma pesquisa para a identificação dos tipos e características de sistemas redundantes utilizados pelas empresas e dos métodos empregados para a manutenção desses sistemas. Identificadas suas deficiências, um modelo inicial de fácil aplicação que melhore a confiabilidade dos sistemas redundantes estudados é determinado. Na sequência, são desenvolvidos modelos mais sofisticados para a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções, através da minimização dos custos totais envolvidos na manutenção, a fim de garantir a competitividade do processo sem sacrificar a sua confiabilidade. Visto que o reparo imediato é uma suposição que não reflete totalmente a realidade, a próxima etapa envolve a consideração do tempo de reparo para a incrementação do modelo. Por fim, o aprimoramento do modelo envolve a introdução de degradação nos componentes do sistema, que passam a envelhecer com o tempo, aumentando sua taxa de falha. Como resultados têm-se: a elaboração de um quadro comparativo de tipos de redundâncias e métodos de análise de confiabilidade e gestão da manutenção utilizados e recomendados, o desenvolvimento de tabelas e gráficos de simples utilização que permitem a determinação do intervalo entre inspeções mais adequado e o desenvolvimento de um método para otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas com e sem tempo de reparo e que sofrem ou não degradação, através da minimização dos custos totais de manutenção. / Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate. Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate

Sistemas redundantes sujeitos à inspeção periódica são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias, especialmente naqueles processos que envolvem alto risco operacional. Inspeções periódicas são realizadas a fim de identificar e recuperar eventuais falhas de componentes antes da falha do sistema. Inspeções frequentes melhoram a confiabilidade e disponibilidade do sistema, mas envolvem maiores custos de manutenção preventiva. Por outro lado, períodos longos entre inspeções diminuem os custos com inspeções, mas aumentam os riscos de falha do sistema. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é a análise de confiabilidade e a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas redundantes sujeitos a inspeções periódicas, a fim de garantir a confiabilidade desejada, juntamente com o menor custo possível. Para analisar a confiabilidade de sistemas redundantes aplicados na prática, inicialmente é realizada uma pesquisa para a identificação dos tipos e características de sistemas redundantes utilizados pelas empresas e dos métodos empregados para a manutenção desses sistemas. Identificadas suas deficiências, um modelo inicial de fácil aplicação que melhore a confiabilidade dos sistemas redundantes estudados é determinado. Na sequência, são desenvolvidos modelos mais sofisticados para a otimização do intervalo entre inspeções, através da minimização dos custos totais envolvidos na manutenção, a fim de garantir a competitividade do processo sem sacrificar a sua confiabilidade. Visto que o reparo imediato é uma suposição que não reflete totalmente a realidade, a próxima etapa envolve a consideração do tempo de reparo para a incrementação do modelo. Por fim, o aprimoramento do modelo envolve a introdução de degradação nos componentes do sistema, que passam a envelhecer com o tempo, aumentando sua taxa de falha. Como resultados têm-se: a elaboração de um quadro comparativo de tipos de redundâncias e métodos de análise de confiabilidade e gestão da manutenção utilizados e recomendados, o desenvolvimento de tabelas e gráficos de simples utilização que permitem a determinação do intervalo entre inspeções mais adequado e o desenvolvimento de um método para otimização do intervalo entre inspeções de sistemas com e sem tempo de reparo e que sofrem ou não degradação, através da minimização dos custos totais de manutenção. / Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate. Redundant systems subject to periodic inspections are utilized to decrease high levels of operational risk across different industries. Periodic inspections are utilized to identify and rectify component failures before complete system failure. Frequent inspections improve the system reliability and availability, but require higher preventive maintenance costs. On the other hand, long periods between inspections decrease inspection costs while also increasing the risk of system failure. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the time intervals between periodic inspections of redundant systems to ensure the required reliability at the lowest cost possible. To analyze the reliability of redundant systems used in real situations, interviews were conducted with maintenance managers from industry leading companies. These interviews identified the types, characteristics, and maintenance methods of the redundant systems that are actually used at these firms. Once their deficiencies were identified, an initial model to improve the redundant system’s reliability was created. Next, more sophisticated models were developed to optimize the time interval between inspections which minimized maintenance costs. Given that instantaneous repair cannot be assumed in many situations, the next step integrated time to repair into the model as a random variable. Finally, the model was further improved by taking into consideration systems comprised of components that degrade over time, thus increasing their failure rate

L'objet de la thèse est d'envisager l'évolution de la loi et de la jurisprudence en matière de garanties personnelles des sociétés afin de statuer sur leur validité et leur efficacité dans le monde des affaires. La thèse vise à présenter une étude comparée entre le droit français et le droit libanais s'agissant d'une pan des garanties personnelles consenties par les sociétés et d'autre pan, des garanties personnelles consenties au profit des sociétés. La première partie est consacrée à traiter les principes de validité de la garantie personnelle, en premier temps, lorsqu'elle est consentie par les différents types de sociétés, que ce soit une société à risques limités ou bien une société à risques illimités; et en second temps, lorsqu'un changement de la situation juridique de la société s'est produit, que ce soit par fusion ou bien par transformation. La deuxième partie vise à traiter l'efficacité de la garantie personnelle, premièrement, lorsqu'elle est souscrite par le dirigeant social dans l'intérêt de la société, en considérant les obligations imposées au créancier s'agissant d'une part de l'évolution de la dette garantie ou bien de la défaillance du débiteur principal et d'autre part de la vérification de la proportionnalité entre l'engagement du garant personne physique et sa capacité :financière ; et deuxièmement, lorsque la garantie personnelle est souscrite par une banque au profit de la société, en présentant les différentes règles conventionnelles internationales relatives aux garanties bancaires pour en déduire celles qui sont les plus avantageuses pour la société. / The thesis studies the evolution of laws and jurisprudence of persona! guarantees and their affiliation with companies and assesses the person guarantees validity and effectiveness in the business world. lt also aims to present comparative analyses between the French laws and the Lebanese laws governing personal guarantees, whether issued by or granted to companies. The first part of the thesis analyzes the validity of personal guarantees in different types of companies. lt also assesses the effect of changes in the legal status of companies whether due to mergers or transformations. The second part of the thesis addresses the effectiveness of persona! guarantees granted to companies whether by their directors or by banks. The study examines the beneficiary's obligations to ensure that the financial standing of the director is appropriate in relation to the commitments imposed by the guarantee and to inform the director (guarantor) of the evolution of the guaranteed debt and/or the bankruptcy of the principal (guaranteed party). The study also evaluates the International Conventional Rules governing guarantees issued by banks and identifies the rules that are the most beneficial to be adopted by companies.

This thesis deals with theoretical analysis of First Hop Redundancy Protocols. It describes Hot Standby Router Protocol, Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol and Gateway Load Balancing Protocol. It also shows examples of configuration of each protocol on Cisco devices with supported version of the Cisco IOS. Furthermore, this thesis includes design of two of these protocols, Hot Standby Router Protocol and Gateway Load Balancing Protocol, and their implementation in discrete event simulator OMNeT++ and Automated Network Simulation and Analysis library. Finally, the thesis presents results of testing of the implementations in comparison with actual Cisco devices.

Thesis advisor: Timothy W. Crawford / Following the devastation UN peacekeeping experienced in the 1990s, the United Nations Panel on Peace Operations wrote a report, known as the Brahimi Report, that contained twenty key recommendations as how to make peacekeeping more effective and efficient. These recommendations addressed certain fundamental flaws in peacekeeping practices and procedures. This paper discusses the purpose behind several key recommendations and examines the political and internal debate surrounding their implementation. It addresses the effect of the Brahimi Report on UN reform and concludes that the Brahimi Report has spurred a long needed examination of peacekeeping and has influenced progress in most areas, even though most of the actual suggestions of the Panel were not followed. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science. / Discipline: College Honors Program.