A dermorrafia é vital para o sucesso do procedimento por ser a última etapa cirúrgica. Este estudo comparou a síntese e o processo de cicatrização de pele em cães com a utilização de três diferentes materiais, fio de náilon (grupo GFN), fio farpado (grupo GFF) e grampo cirúrgico (grupo GGC), após ovariohisterectomia. Foram utilizadas 27 fêmeas caninas aptas a serem castradas eletivamente que não apresentavam comorbidades. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente nos três grupos e submetidos à dermorrafia com os materiais a serem testados. Foram avaliados: o tempo para a sutura da pele, as complicações relatadas pelos tutores e a temperatura local da pele em cicatrização. Foram também avaliados diversos parâmetros clínicos de cicatrização em sete dias de pósoperatório, bem como parâmetros histológicos de biópsias de pele coletadas aos 14 dias. O grampo cirúrgico apresentou o menor tempo (p<0,001) para dermorrafia e a maior ocorrência de deiscências de sutura. O fio farpado apresentou o menor escore (p=0,006) de alterações clínicas aos sete dias de pós-cirúrgico e não apresentou ocorrência de deiscência de sutura. Contudo não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à avaliação histológica da biópsia cicatricial aos 14 dias. O fio farpado apresentou segurança na sutura e fácil manipulação na dermorrafia de cães, enquanto o grampo cirúrgico utilizado mostrou-se pouco confiável devido ao grau elevado de deiscência. / Dermorrhaphy is vital to the success of the procedure because it is the last surgical step. This study compared the synthesis and the process of skin healing in dogs using three different materials, nylon thread (GFN group), barbed wire (GFF group) and surgical staple [SV1] (GGC group) after ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-seven canine females without comorbidities were electively castrated. The animals were randomly divided into three treatment groups and submitted to dermorrhaphy with the materials to be tested.. The following were evaluated: time to suture the skin with each material, the complications reported by the tutors and the local temperature of the skin in healing process. Several clinical parameters of healing were also evaluated in seven postoperative days, as well as histological parameters of skin biopsies collected at 14 days. The surgical staple showed the shortest time (p<0.001) for dermorrhaphy and the higher occurrence of suture dehiscences. The barbed wire had the lowest score (p=0.006) of clinical changes on the seventh postoperative day and did not presented an occurrence of suture dehiscence. However, there was no difference between the groups regarding the histological evaluation of cicatricial biopsy at 14 days. The barbed wire showed security in the suture and easy manipulation in the dermorrhaphy of dogs, while the surgical staple used proved to be unreliable due to the high degree of dehiscence.

O feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e caupi [Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp] são alimentos básicos em muitos países, principalmente no Brasil, sendo uma importante fonte de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, incluindo ferro e zinco. O cádmio (Cd) é considerado o metal pesado mais preocupante à saúde humana. Não há estudos sobre a variabilidade genotípica quanto a concentração de Cd em diferentes feijoeiros especialmente quando submetidos próximos a concentração limítrofe para intervenção pela CETESB (3 mg kg-1). O objetivo foi determinar e comparar a concentração de Cd em grãos de diversos cultivares de feijoeiros comuns Phaseolus vulgaris L. e vigna Vigna ungüiculata L. (Walp.) em vasos de 2,5 dm-3 de terra oriunda de um latossolo típico, bem como estudar os efeitos e o acúmulo do elemento em plantas com comportamentos distintos. Os experimentos foram delineados inteiramente ao acaso. No primeiro experimento, sementes de cada espécie (15 variedades de feijoeiro comum e 5 variedades de feijoeiro vigna) foram plantadas em potes sob dois tratamentos: contaminado (3 mg dm-3 Cd) e testemunha, em três repetições. O índice SPAD foi medido nas plantas ao final do estádio vegetativo e a avaliação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea no final do ciclo. As concentrações de Cd em grãos foram determinadas por ICP-MS. Após a seleção dos cultivares com maior e menor acumulação de Cd no grão, este foram replantados em um experimento com 3 tratamentos: 3 mg dm-3 Cd + 109Cd (solo); 109Cd (solo); 3mg dm-3 Cd (solo) + 109Cd (folha) e cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas a medição da taxa de assimilação de CO2 in vivo e amostras do limbo foliar foram coletadas para visualização através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A parte aérea de feijoeiros radiomarcados foram expostas a filmes radiográficos e a contagem referente à atividade do 109Cd foi determinada por espectrometria de cintilação líquida. Resultados: O índice SPAD foi diminuído na maioria dos feijoeiros testados, principalmente nas folhas jovens. A menor e maior concentração de Cd foi observada nos cultivares BR3 Tracuateua (0,6 mg kg-1) and BRS Timbó (2,3 mg kg-1) respectivamente. Em ambos a assimilação de CO2 foi alterada pela toxicidade de Cd, mas com a presença de deformidades do limbo, clorose e abscisão da folha no BRS Timbó. Os cloroplastos do feijoeiro comum contaminado mostraram abundância de corpos osmiofílicos quando comparado ao vigna. A auto-radiografia confirmou menor transporte de Cd da raiz para a parte aérea pelo feijoeiro vigna e as concentrações deste metal na parte aérea são maiores no caule e nervuras foliares. Comparado ao BR3 Tracuateua, o feijoeiro comum BRS Timbó absorve e transloca maior quantidade de Cd aplicado na folha para o grão, mas contribui muito pouco na concentração total de Cd no feijão / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea [Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp] are a staple foods in many countries, particularly in Brazil, and it is an important source of protein, vitamins, and minerals including iron and zinc. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal considered one of the most hazardous elements for humans. No data are available on the cadmium (Cd) concentration in grain of these species, especially under conditions of CETESB critical limits in soil (3 mg kg-1). The objective were to determine and compare concentrations of Cd in grain of common beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and cowpea Vigna ungüiculata L. (Walp.) cultivated in 3 L pots with a typical oxysol, as well as to study the effects and accumulation of Cd in plants with distinct comportment. The trials were arranged as randomized design. In the first experiment, seeds of each species (15 common beans and 5 cowpea cultivars) were sowed in pots (3 mg kg-1 Cd and control), replicated three times. The SPAD índex was measured in plants at the end of vegetative stage and the dry matter yield were evaluated. Cd concentration in grain was determined by ICP-MS. After the selection of major and minor Cd accumulators, these cultivars were sowed in a new trial with 3 treatments 3 mg dm-3 Cd + 109Cd (soil); 109Cd (soil); 3 mg dm-3 Cd (soil) + 109Cd (leaves) with five replications. The CO2 assimilation was measured in vivo. Samples of leaves were collected and the ultrastructure was observed in transmission electronic microscope. The aerial parts of beans plants were exposed to radiographic films and the activity of 109Cd in was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Results: SPAD index were affected in most of plants tested, especially in Young leaves. The minor and major concentration of Cd were observed in BRS Timbó (2,3 mg kg-1) and BR3 Tracuateua (0,6 mg kg-1), respectively. In both cultivars, the CO2 assimilation was affected by Cd phytotoxicity, but there were leaves deformities, chlorosis and leaf abscision in BRS Timbó. Common beans chloroplasts showed more osmiophylics globules compared to cowpea. Autoradiography confirmed low translocation root-to-shoot in caupi BR3 Tracuateua and the concentration of Cd was higher in BR3 Timbó, especially in stem and veins of leaves. In comparison to cowpea BR3 Tracuateua, the common bean BRS Timbó absorb and translocate more Cd applied in leaves to grain, but it is inexpressive in total content of Cd in beans

A dermorrafia é vital para o sucesso do procedimento por ser a última etapa cirúrgica. Este estudo comparou a síntese e o processo de cicatrização de pele em cães com a utilização de três diferentes materiais, fio de náilon (grupo GFN), fio farpado (grupo GFF) e grampo cirúrgico (grupo GGC), após ovariohisterectomia. Foram utilizadas 27 fêmeas caninas aptas a serem castradas eletivamente que não apresentavam comorbidades. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente nos três grupos e submetidos à dermorrafia com os materiais a serem testados. Foram avaliados: o tempo para a sutura da pele, as complicações relatadas pelos tutores e a temperatura local da pele em cicatrização. Foram também avaliados diversos parâmetros clínicos de cicatrização em sete dias de pósoperatório, bem como parâmetros histológicos de biópsias de pele coletadas aos 14 dias. O grampo cirúrgico apresentou o menor tempo (p<0,001) para dermorrafia e a maior ocorrência de deiscências de sutura. O fio farpado apresentou o menor escore (p=0,006) de alterações clínicas aos sete dias de pós-cirúrgico e não apresentou ocorrência de deiscência de sutura. Contudo não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à avaliação histológica da biópsia cicatricial aos 14 dias. O fio farpado apresentou segurança na sutura e fácil manipulação na dermorrafia de cães, enquanto o grampo cirúrgico utilizado mostrou-se pouco confiável devido ao grau elevado de deiscência. / Dermorrhaphy is vital to the success of the procedure because it is the last surgical step. This study compared the synthesis and the process of skin healing in dogs using three different materials, nylon thread (GFN group), barbed wire (GFF group) and surgical staple [SV1] (GGC group) after ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-seven canine females without comorbidities were electively castrated. The animals were randomly divided into three treatment groups and submitted to dermorrhaphy with the materials to be tested.. The following were evaluated: time to suture the skin with each material, the complications reported by the tutors and the local temperature of the skin in healing process. Several clinical parameters of healing were also evaluated in seven postoperative days, as well as histological parameters of skin biopsies collected at 14 days. The surgical staple showed the shortest time (p<0.001) for dermorrhaphy and the higher occurrence of suture dehiscences. The barbed wire had the lowest score (p=0.006) of clinical changes on the seventh postoperative day and did not presented an occurrence of suture dehiscence. However, there was no difference between the groups regarding the histological evaluation of cicatricial biopsy at 14 days. The barbed wire showed security in the suture and easy manipulation in the dermorrhaphy of dogs, while the surgical staple used proved to be unreliable due to the high degree of dehiscence.

There are several different methods for checking whether certificates on the web have been revoked, timely discovery of revoked certificates are important to ensure security when authentication within the HTTPS protocol is used. These methods have both advantages and disadvantages as they can contribute to security but at the same time worsen performance on the web browsers. This thesis examines these methods in more detail to identify the pros and cons and whether it is possible to find a good tradeoff between security and performance. This is important as a user is exposed to major security flaws if the integrity of a domain cannot be verified. Our analysis includes to which extent OCSP and CRL are used, how much OCSP affects the browser Firefox's performance, and how many web servers implement methods to verify revoked certificates, such as OCSP staple and must-staple. We also compare web browsers own lists of revoked certificates and look for patterns and differences between them. The analysis shows that OCSP and CRL have largely been replaced by other methods of verifying revoked certificates such as OneCRL and CRLSet. It turned out that OneCRL and CRLSet only cover a small fraction of the total number of certificates available. Often, it takes several weeks for certificates to appear in these lists after being revoked. We also found that OCSP's impact on the web pages performance is minimal. We concluded that the existing methods for verifying revocation statuses are inadequately used by CAs, web browsers and web servers, which poses a major security risks for users. Many certificates are not checked at all. However, we believe that it is possible to increase the security without reducing performance if CAs, web browsers and web servers can collaborate in the development of improving and combining current methods for checking revoked certificates.

Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Micronutrient deficiencies are of public health concern in South Africa. These deficiencies affect pregnancy outcomes, growth, functional and cognitive development of children and, the health and productivity of women. As an intervention, the South African government implemented the National Food Fortification Programme (NFFP), which was mandated in 2003 and according to which, the staple foods consumed by most of the population e.g. maize meal and wheat flour (and thus bread) are fortified with a premix of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B6, iron and zinc. There is limited data which looks at the contribution fortified staple food to the dietary intakes and measures of nutrient assessment among South African women of reproductive age (WRA).

This study investigated the lateral shear resistance of multi-staple joints, static and fatigue bending moment resistances of stapled gusset-plate joints, and fatigue bending performance of full size sofa structural members in three oriented strandboard (OSB) materials. It is concluded that the lateral shear resistance capacity of multi-staple joints in OSB can be predicted with power equations including single-staple lateral resistance capacity, number of staples, and material density. The bending moment resistance of stapled gusset plate joints in OSB can be predicted by mechanical models including the lateral resistance property of multi-staple joints. The static moment capacity study of a gusset-plate joint concluded that its maximum moment resistance is 2 times of its corresponding proportional limit moment resistance. Experimental results indicated that there was no significant difference in lateral shear resistance among vertically-aligned multi-staple joints constructed of three OSB materials even though there were significant differences in lateral resistance among single-staple joints in these three materials. However, there were significant differences in lateral resistances among horizontally-aligned multi-staple joints in three OSB materials. Fatigue test results concluded that the ratio of static to passed fatigue moment capacity of gusset-plate joints was 2.6. The proposed equations reasonably estimated fatigue life of less brittle OSB materials subjected to cyclic stepped and constant fatigue loads but underestimated the brittle OSB material. The ratios of material modulus of rupture to passed fatigue stress were 2.17 and 2.25 for cyclic stepped and constant cyclic tests, respectively.

In a world of imbalance, food consumption exhibits great diversity among regions and countries. Although farmers in developed economies benefit from up-to-date agricultural technology and produce much more than they consume, households in the developing world are still combating food insecurity. This dissertation is composed of two manuscripts. One is about consumption in developing countries, while the other is related to promoting agricultural production in a developed economy. Chapter 1 applies a three-stage demand system to nationally representative household survey data to identify food demand behavior with an emphasis on food staples in two West Africa countries ‒ Niger and Nigeria. The third stage of the demand system offers demand elasticities of specific staple items. Instead of treating the population as a whole, the study distinguishes rural and urban households and households of different welfare status. Results confirm the complexity of the food and staples demand between rural/urban areas and among welfare quintiles. Therefore, researchers and policymakers should consider not only the average demand response but also its distribution among households. In addition to demand elasticities, the effects of household demographic characteristics on the structure of food consumption are also obtained. Chapter 2 estimates the rates of return to Virginia's public expenditure on agricultural research and extension (RandE) during 1949-2016 and attempts to address the ad hoc model selection problem common in previous studies. Among the econometric modeling strategies in previous literature, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM) are two promising methods to solve the issue of model uncertainty. The rate-of-return estimates by BHM are preferable because BHM imposes fewer restrictions on lag structures and offers more reasonable lag shapes. By BHM, the internal rates of return (IRR) of Virginia's public expenditures on agricultural RandE are 26% and 42%, respectively. Nineteen percent of Virginia's agricultural productivity growth during 1949-2016 results from its RandE investments, and the contribution of research to that growth is about twice of that of extension. One extra million dollar expenditure on research in 1992 would have brought a benefit of $4.5 million, and the same expenditure in 1983 would have brought $5.4 million in additional benefits. If the extra expenditure is spent on extension, it would have brought a benefit of $6.1 million and $6.3 million if the expenditure occurs in 1992 and 1983, respectively. Besides the modeling strategy, this study is distinguished from previous studies in that distributions of rates of return instead of only point estimates are obtained, which is missing in most studies. / Doctor of Philosophy / In a world of imbalance, food production and consumption exhibit great diversity among regions and countries. While farmers of developed economies benefit from up-todate agricultural technology and produce more than they consume, households in the developing world are still facing food insecurity. This dissertation is composed of two manuscripts. Chapter 1 is about food consumption in developing countries. It analyzes household food demand behavior in the two West Africa countries Niger and Nigeria with a focus on staple foods. Food demand behavior differs for rural and urban households and households of different income. Therefore, when evaluating the effects of policies and other impacts, policymakers and researchers should treat households with different attributes separately. Chapter 2 is on how to improve agricultural production within the context of a developed economy: it evaluates the returns to public expenditures on agricultural research and extension (R&E) in Virginia. Previous studies choose statistical models arbitrarily, and this study attempts to address this issue. It finds that Virginia’s investments in agricultural R&E contribute to nineteen percent of the productivity growth in 1949-2016, and the contribution of research is about twice of that of extension.

Dissertation (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism)) -- Vaal University of Technology / Very poor families, mostly in developing parts of the world, consume a monotonous staple diet out of need and are least likely to eat healthy diets. This study focussed on how the low income households in the urbanised informal settlement of Eatonside used available income to buy plant staples (situation analysis), the share of the food budget Rand allocated to this (investigative survey), as well as the extent of influence of low income, food prices, and locality on the buying behaviour. The aspects of where, how much, when and how low-income households purchased were examined in order to determine the purchasing patterns for plant staples. From the households surveyed, most (62,2%) received an income of less than R500.00/month. Household size affected food purchasing and varied according to the type of household head. Total food budget expenditure by male-headed households was 83,1 percent, 58,1 percent by female-headed households and 27,9 percent by de facto headed households. The total average share/portion of the food budget allocated to purchasing of plant staples was reported as R64.63 ±(R8.04). While male-headed households spent 15 percent of the total share/portion/month allocated to purchasing of plant staples, female-headed households spent 23,1 percent and de facto-headed households spent 21,1 percent. Total average expenditure allocated to plant staples was 58,1 percent for maize meal, 23,2 percent for rice, 4,6 percent for mabella, 3,9 percent for sugar beans, 3,7 percent for samp, 2,5 percent for split peas and 4 percent on various other plant staples. Price and quantity (63,6%) were main purchasing indicators. Less plant staples were purchased when prices were high and more when prices were low. Normally when prices of other food products are high, people buy more staples to survive. Most frequent purchases for maize meal was 12,5 kg (65%) once a month (41,7%) at an average price of R32.80 per unit from spaza shops. Plant staples were mostly purchased once a month (80,2%) at supermarkets (47%) or spaza shops (42%). The urbanised low income households of Eatonside were poor, leading to the allocation of a major component of the budget to food (plant staples). Purchasing patterns, plant staples, low-income households, Eatonside informal settlement. / Central Research Committee of the Vaal University of Technology

In addition to the well known quantum confinement effects resulted from size and shape, interfacial bond structure is another factor, affecting the properties of the nanomaterial that is rarely studied. Inspired by the “Au-S-Au” staple motif discovered from the crystal structure of monothiol protected Au102 nanocluster (Science, 2007, 318, 430), dithiol molecules (e. g. 1, 2-dithiol, 1, 4-dithiol, etc.) with molecular structural constraint have been employed to create dithiolate protected clusters or mixed monothiolate and dithiolate protected clusters. The structure and properties of the Au clusters are expected to change due to two effects: The entropy gain of dithiol over monothiol protection and the constraint to the formation of the thiol bridging motif. DMPS (1, 2-dithiol molecule) stabilized clusters with characteristic absorption bands have been obtained, and characterized by multiple techniques. Monolayer reaction on gold core surface between the monothiol tiopronin and dithiol DMPS has been performed, and the mechanism has been probed. Mixed phenylethanethiolate and durene-dithiolate (1, 4-dithiol molecule) protected Au130 clusters with rich electrochemical features have been created, and the optical and electrochemical energetics have been successfully correlated based on core and core-ligand energy states. Furthermore, the impact of 1, 4-dithiolate-Au bonding on the near infrared luminescence has been studied.

Esta tese tem como ampla proposta apresentar evidências a respeito da situação de segurança alimentar mundial, já que o mundo enfrenta problemas graves e urgentes relacionados à insegurança alimentar. Para tanto, são apresentados cinco estudos que abordam tal temática. O primeiro estudo se propõe a investigar as exportações de feijão brasileiro, observando as condições de segurança alimentar de seus compradores. O segundo estudo busca discutir os perfis agrícolas das principais regiões da África, bem como a parceria estabelecida entre a África e o Brasil com intuído de fomentar a inovação na agricultura e o desenvolvimento econômico. O terceiro estudo busca identificar e analisar os principais padrões de abastecimento alimentar da população mundial, e, em seguida, relacioná-los com as respectivas condições de desnutrição de suas localidades. A hipótese é que existem padrões de suprimento específicos, geograficamente identificáveis, que estão associados com o desalinhamento nutricional de certas populações em maior grau do que outras. O quarto estudo investiga a situação e a tendência de insegurança alimentar em todo o mundo considerando suas principais regiões geográficas. O quinto estudo objetivou analisar o impacto de fatores sócio-econômicos e comportamentais sobre a situação obesogênica em todo o mundo. Para tanto, os estudos se baseiam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgão oficiais como FAO, WHO, UNSD, IBGE e Banco Mundial. Além disso, para a análise dos dados foram empregadas técnicas de estatísticas descritivas, análise do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson e Spearman), regressão linear (múltipla e simples), análise de cluster e análise fatorial. Também foram elaborados diagramas de dispersão e gráficos de séries temporais. Os resultados sugerem que os modelos de suprimento alimentar estão significativamente relacionados aos problemas de insegurança alimentar mundial. Também ficou evidenciado que algumas nações e regiões mundiais enfrentam gravidades severas de segurança alimentar, com tendências alarmantes de agravamento. Especificamente a região do sul da África apresenta aumento tanto de sobrepeso quando baixo peso infantil. Já os países do leste asiático apresentam os melhores indicadores de segurança alimentar. Também o estudo sugere que o Brasil tem potencial de auxiliar na promoção da segurança alimentar, tanto por meio da produção e suprimento de alimentos, como por meio de parcerias inovativas com regiões mais desfavorecidas como a África subsaariana. As implicações deste estudo abrangem o âmbito das políticas públicas, práticas privadas e elementos econômico-sociais. As evidências aqui apresentadas poderão auxiliar no desenvolvimento de iniciativas em prol da promoção da segurança alimentar mundial. Além disso, o papel do agronegócio Brasileiro como potencial atenuador da insegurança alimentar mundial é destacado, necessitando de uma articulação política e privada para seu desenvolvimento sustentável. / The wide proposal of this thesis is to present evidence about the situation of food security worldwide, since the world is facing severe and urgent problems related to this issue. Considering this finality, this thesis is composed by five studies addressing the food security worldwide issue. The first study aims to investigate the export of Brazilian dry-beans, observing the conditions of food security of importers. The second study aims to discuss the agricultural profiles of the main regions of Africa, as well as the partnership between Africa and Brazil established to foster innovation in agriculture and economic development. The third study seeks to identify and analyze the main food supply patterns of the world's population, and then relate them to their conditions of malnutrition in their localities. The hypothesis is that there are specific supply patterns, geographically identifiable, which are associated with nutritional misalignment of certain populations to a greater degree than others. The fourth study investigates the status and trend of food insecurity around the world considering its major geographic regions. The fifth study aimed to analyze the impact of socio-economic and behavioral factors on obesogenic situation worldwide. All five studies are based on data available at official organizations and institutions as FAO, WHO, UNSD, World Bank and IBGE. In addition, data analysis techniques complies descriptive statistics, correlation analysis (Pearson and Spearman), linear regression (simple and multiple), cluster analysis and factor analysis. Scatterplots and time series graphs were also elaborated. The main results suggest that food supply patterns are significantly related to the problems of global food insecurity. It was also found that some nations and world regions face severe severities of food security, with alarming trends of worsening. Specifically, Southern Africa region has increased prevalence of overweight and underweight children. The countries of Eastern Asia have the best indicators of food security, considering anthropometric indicators. The study also suggests that Brazil has the potential to assist the promotion of food security worldwide through the production and supply of food, and through innovative partnerships with poorer regions like sub-Saharan Africa. The implications of this study include the realm of public policy, private practices and economic-social elements. The evidence presented here may assist in developing initiatives for the promotion of world food security. Furthermore, the role of the Brazilian agribusiness as potential attenuator of food insecurity worldwide is highlighted, requiring political and private articulation for the sustainable development.