Text in Afrikaans / Die studie is onderneem om die wenslikheid van geregtelike beheer wat die Hooggeregshof van Suid-Afrika oor die werksaamhede van staatsdepartemente uitoefen te bepaal. Daar word na die funksies van die Departement van Binnelandse Sake verwys ten einde bepaalde werksaamhede van daardie Departement as voorbeeld te laat dien in die beantwoording van bogestelde vraag. Ter aanvang word voor-unie regeringinstellings en -openbare dienste, die ontstaan van Suid-Afrikaanse staatsdepartemente en die doelgerigtheid van open bare dienste beskryf. Daarna word die wyses waarop beheer oor die werksaamhede van 'n staatsdepartement asook hoe beheer in 'n departement uitgeoefen word, uiteengesit. Nadat die doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit van bestaande beheer ontleed, en die beheer wat die Hooggeregshof uitoefen van die van ander beheerinstellings onderskei word, word geregtelike beheer en statutere beperkings daarop beskryf. Die studie strek oor 'n tydperk wat eindig op 27 April 1994. Daar is bevind dat geregtelike beheer afsonderlik of tesame met ander wyses van beheer, en sander statutere beperkings daarop, uitgeoefen behoort te word. / The study was undertaken to determine the desirability of judicial control which the Supreme Court of South Africa exercises over the activities of state departments. The functions of the Department of Home Affairs are referred to in order that particular activities of that Department may serve as an example when answering the above-stated question. Initially, government institutions and public services prior to union, the origin of South African state departments and the purpose of public services are described. Thereafter the modes by which control is exercised over the activities of a state department and how control is exercised in a department, are set out. After an analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of existing control, and the control exercised by the Supreme Court is distinguished from that of other controlling institutions, judicial control and statutory limitations thereon are described. The study covers a period ending on 27 April 1994. It is found that judicial control should be exercised separately or in conjunction with other modes of control, and without statutory limitations. / Public Administration and Management / M.A. (Publieke Administrasie)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1997. / Title from title page screen, viewed June 8, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Dianne E. Ashby (chair), Paul J. Baker, Ronald S. Halinski, Donald S. Kachur, Max E. Pierson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-133) and abstract. Also available in print.

D.Phil. / The primary objective of this thesis is to follow a systems approach to improve property management in state departments and state-owned enterprises. The public sector, bureaucracy and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) globally and in South Africa (SA) are examined using a systems approach to provide the context for property management in state departments and SOEs. The effectiveness of property management in SA‟s National Department of Public Works and National Department of Public Enterprises are evaluated. Property management in rail transportation organisations globally and in SA receives focused attention. The SA state-owned company Transnet Limited, primarily a rail transportation enterprise, and Propnet, Transnet‟s property management unit, are examined in depth. Lessons learned, findings and recommendations are presented in a Management Matrix. The Management Matrix is incorporated in a State Property Management Transformation System, the implementation of which will improve property management in state departments and SOEs both globally and in SA.

[pt] A dissertação teve o objetivo de documentar as ações adotadas pelos governos de Acre, Pará, Amazonas, Roraima, Bahia, Pernambuco, Sergipe e Piauí para fornecer educação aos alunos de suas redes de ensino médio durante o período de suspensão das aulas presenciais, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19. Recupera, assim, a história de parte das ações de oito secretarias estaduais de educação, a partir de estudos prévios e do levantamento das medidas legais e das ações educacionais emergenciais divulgadas nos sites institucionais das secretarias desses estados e no Portal do Consed (Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Educação), no período de suspensão das aulas presenciais entre março de 2020 e julho de 2021. Nesse período, foram registradas inclusive iniciativas que, mesmo sendo anteriores ao contexto da pandemia, tiveram continuidade nos dois anos de fechamentos das escolas. Os estados selecionados formam quatro pares com indicadores socioeconômicos e educacionais contrastantes e fazem parte das duas regiões com menores índices de desenvolvimento. As ações educacionais promovidas por esses oito estados durante a pandemia foram organizadas em dois eixos que reúnem, respectivamente, políticas e programas de natureza pedagógica e de natureza social e socioemocional. O eixo que reúne as iniciativas estaduais de natureza pedagógica contempla oito dimensões, com subdivisões, que exprimem conteúdos próprios a cada estado, a saber: suspensão das aulas; acesso a tecnologias para o ensino remoto; formação de profissionais da educação; busca ativa; educação inclusiva; educação e diversidade; ações envolvendo o currículo escolar e avaliação. Em conjunto, essas dimensões dizem respeito a iniciativas estaduais voltadas para questões curriculares e de ensino que estão no centro dos esforços pedagógicos para garantir a aprendizagem dos alunos. O segundo eixo reúne iniciativas estaduais de natureza social e emocional e contempla seis dimensões que exprimem o apoio das secretarias de educação e dos governos estaduais a alunos, familiares e professores durante o fechamento das escolas, a saber: apoio a famílias vulneráveis; alimentação; relação família-escola; apoio emocional; segurança; transporte escolar. A pesquisa teve como hipótese que, mesmo no contexto de regiões com menor desenvolvimento, estados mais ricos e com melhores índices de desenvolvimento e de resultados no Ideb tenderiam a mobilizar mais cedo e a promover mais iniciativas educacionais durante o fechamento das escolas, em contraste com estados com mais baixos índices socioeconômicos e educacionais. Os resultados não confirmaram nossa hipótese já que há variações importantes na oferta de ações educacionais emergenciais que não estão relacionadas com o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e educacional do estado em análise. Por exemplo, na retomada das aulas na modalidade remota, o Pará, maior PIB da Região Norte, e Piauí, segundo menor PIB da Região Nordeste, demoraram quase o mesmo tempo, menos de 10 dias. A Bahia, o estado mais rico do Nordeste, demorou mais de três meses em oferecer ensino remoto. Sergipe e Piauí, os dois estados mais pobres do Nordeste, foram os que mais desenvolveram ações de formação de professores, ultrapassando os estados mais ricos, ou seja, Pernambuco e Bahia. Pernambuco foi o estado que mais investiu em ações de Busca Ativa, contrastando com Sergipe, Piauí, Roraima e Pará. Pará foi o estado que menos apresentou ações de apoio envolvendo recursos tecnológicos para alunos e professores, seguido pelo estado de Amazonas, ao passo que o Piauí fez maiores investimentos nessa dimensão, seguido por Pernambuco e Sergipe. No entanto, para além dessas variações, a constatação mais importante desta pesquisa diz respeito ao número significativo e à dupla natureza ao mesmo tempo social e pedagógica das ações que as secretarias estaduais foram capazes de promover no contexto de fechamento das escolas. / [en] This thesis aims to document the actions taken by the governments of Acre, Pará, Amazonas, Roraima, Bahia, Pernambuco, Sergipe and Piauí to provide education to students in their high school networks during the period of suspension of faceto-face classes, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, it recovers the history of part of the actions of eight state departments of education, based on previous studies and the survey of legal measures and emergency educational actions published on the institutional websites of the departments of these states and on Portal do Consed (Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Educação), in the period of suspension of face-to-face classes between March 2020 and July 2021. During this period, initiatives were even registered that, even before the context of the pandemic, continued in the two years of school closures. The selected states form four pairs with contrasting socioeconomic and educational indicators and are part of the two regions with the lowest development rates. The educational actions promoted by these eight states during the pandemic were organized into two axes that bring together, respectively, policies and programs of a pedagogical nature and of a social and socio-emotional nature. The axis that brings together state initiatives of a pedagogical nature includes eight dimensions, with subdivisions, which express content specific to each state, namely: suspension of classes; access to technologies for remote teaching; training of education professionals; active search; inclusive education; education and diversity; actions involving the school curriculum and assessment. Taken together, these dimensions concern state initiatives focused on curricular and teaching issues that are at the heart of pedagogical efforts to ensure student learning. The second axis brings together state initiatives of a social and emotional nature and includes six dimensions that express the support of education secretariats and state governments to students, family members and teachers during school closures, namely: support for vulnerable families; food; family-school relationship; emotional support; safety; school bus. The research has hypothesized that, even in the context of less developed regions, states that are richer and with better development indicators and results in the Ideb would tend to mobilize earlier and promote better educational initiatives during school closures, in contrast to states with lower socioeconomic and educational indicators. The results did not confirm our hypothesis, since there are important variations in the offer of emergency educational actions that are not related to the level of socioeconomic and educational development of the state under analysis. For example, in the resumption of classes in the remote modality, Pará, the highest GDP in the North Region, and Piauí, the second lowest GDP in the Northeast Region, took almost the same time to implement online learning and resume classes, less than 10 days. Bahia, the richest state in the Northeast, took more than three months to offer distance learning. Sergipe and Piauí, the two poorest states in the Northeast, were the ones that developed teacher training measures the most, surpassing the richest states, Pernambuco and Bahia. Pernambuco was the state that most invested in Busca Ativa actions, in contrast to Sergipe, Piauí, Roraima and Pará. Pará was the state that least presented support actions involving technological resources for students and teachers, followed by the state of Amazonas, while Piauí made greater investments in this dimension, followed by Pernambuco and Sergipe. However, in addition to these variations, the most important finding of this research concerns the significant number and the dual nature, both social and pedagogical, of the measures that state departments were able to promote in the context of school closures.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 72040100443.pdf.jpg: 11614 bytes, checksum: e4c5abacb530c4034098c8caecabc6c7 (MD5) 72040100443.pdf: 1554181 bytes, checksum: 6d254608e150549fe0a5b5e0e420a760 (MD5) 72040100443.pdf.txt: 723262 bytes, checksum: fa722d7685163f078034dd4c6b5f1744 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14T00:00:00Z / Research on Brazilian federalism has not yet significantly incorporated the implications of interstate relations into public policy. Furthermore, few researches have addressed the problem of intergovernamental coordination, either in a general plan or in specific governmental areas. The present Thesis intends to analyze the evolution of the federative coordination process, from the re-democratization to the present days, by examining four cases of National State Setorial Councils. The main hypothesis of this work is that two factors have established this process: First, is the general scenario of the Federation, marked by two critical junctures in the period – the re-democratization and the Plano Real. Second, and more important, is related to the origin, construction and the shape of the national policy for each sector. Therefore, the (1) level of institutionalization of intergovernmental articulation; (2) consensus among the actors; and (3) effectiveness of intergovernmental coordination instruments would lead to different results in the following areas: Tributary System, Health, Education and Public Administration. To understand this federative dynamic, this study has focused on the reasons of the expansion of the National Council of State Secretaries, choosing four cases that represents the most important sectors in the public area: the National Council of Tributary System, (CONFAZ); the National Council of State Health Secretaries; the National Council of State Education Secretaries (CONSED) and the National Council of State Administration Secretaries (CONSAD). The main concern of these entities is to integrate the States and the Federal District to discuss common issues, define strategies for coordinated actions and to influence the Federal policies. Considering the emergence of those councils in a conflicting environment of interstate relationship and the lack of coordination between them and the Federal Government, the objective of this research is to rescue the genesis and evolution of these councils aiming to answer the following main question: which factors have driven to this horizontal articulation and what are the results in terms of coordination among the constituent units? In a general view, we conclude that National Policies influence the interstate cooperation, as well as the whole process of Federal coordination. / Os estudos sobre o federalismo brasileiro ainda não incorporaram significativamente as implicações das relações interestaduais para as políticas públicas. Além disso, poucas pesquisas têm tratado do problema da coordenação intergovernamental, tanto no plano mais geral como em áreas governamentais específicas. A presente Tese pretende, a partir do estudo de quatro Conselhos Estaduais de políticas públicas, analisar a evolução dos processos de coordenação federativa desde a redemocratização até os dias de hoje. A hipótese principal do trabalho é que dois fatores determinam este processo. O primeiro é o cenário mais geral da Federação, norteado por duas conjunturas críticas durante o período – redemocratização e Plano Real. O segundo, e mais importante, diz respeito à origem, construção e formato das políticas nacionais em cada setor, de modo que o grau de institucionalização da articulação intergovernamental (1), o consenso entre os atores (2) e a efetividade dos instrumentos de coordenação intergovernamental (3) levariam a resultados distintos nas áreas Tributária, de Saúde, na Educação e na Administração Pública. Para entender esta dinâmica federativa, o estudo tem como foco a explicação do fenômeno da expansão de Conselhos Estaduais de políticas públicas, concentrando-se em quatro casos, a saber, o Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária (CONFAZ), o Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (CONASS), o Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Educação (CONSED) e o Conselho de Nacional de Secretários de Estado da Administração (CONSAD), selecionados por serem os mais importantes no conjunto dos setores governamentais. Estas entidades preocupam-se com a articulação dos estados e do Distrito Federal para debater questões de interesse comum, elaborar estratégias de ação coordenada e influir nas políticas que vêm do Governo Federal. Diante do surgimento desses Conselhos em um ambiente inicialmente competitivo entre os estados e de confronto e pouca coordenação com a União, o objetivo desta pesquisa é resgatar a gênese e a evolução desses colegiados tendo como pano de fundo a seguinte questão: quais fatores levaram à articulação horizontal e quais seus resultados em termos de coordenação entre os entes? Em linhas gerais, conclui-se que as políticas nacionais influenciam a cooperação interestadual, bem como todo o processo coordenador na Federação.

This thesis has identified and analysed the role of an NGO called Gadra Education in advancing education rights to the less advantaged people of Grahamstown in South Africa. Gadra Education’s role has been identified as twofold. Firstly as an educational NGO, Gadra Education’s initiatives directly impact on the lives of the less economically and socially privileged learners who, due to their previous learning environment in state schools, do not achieve academic results that ensure entry into tertiary level. Secondly its role is identified in its nature as an organisation that emerged due to the deficiencies in the state schooling system. It therefore stands de facto as a critical institution for critique of the state’s education system. The thesis concludes that without confronting the Department of Education or collaborating with it, Gadra Education offers a significant alternative approach which can potentially influence the state to improve the state schooling system. Its strategy of non-confrontation to the state, informal and non-corporatist is advantageous as an NGO that focuses on the actual provision of education. It focuses on instilling Ubuntu values of sharing and giving that are of critical significance in teaching and learning. The context of the thesis is located broadly within socio-economic rights and specifically on education rights. In South Africa where the state has not adequately met the educational obligations for the economically and socially less privileged citizens, the emergence of educational NGOs that focus on providing education to the poor is of vital importance. Although other NGOs that confront the state are important in pushing the state to deliver especially on school infrastructure, teacher deployment and other educational challenges, Gadra Education model ensures academic success for the learner. Lessons can be drawn from Gadra Education which can be potentially useful to state schools and other NGOs that seek to advance education rights to disadvantaged communities.

[pt] A pandemia de Covid-19, decretada em março de 2020 pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, afetou os mais diversos aspectos da vida humana, especialmente diante das milhares de mortes reportadas todos os dias pelos meios de comunicação. No Brasil, uma das áreas mais prejudicadas tem sido a educação básica pública. O fechamento das escolas como medida sanitária demandou das secretarias estaduais de educação a adoção do ensino remoto emergencial. Nesse contexto, caracteriza-se pela readequação das atividades escolares para meios remotos com tecnologias digitais, principalmente. A pesquisa que originou esta tese objetivou analisar os sentidos hegemônicos atribuídos a essas tecnologias, a partir dos discursos dos documentos orientadores para o ensino remoto, disponibilizados pelas secretarias estaduais de educação em seus portais de internet. A abrangência e relevância desses documentos permite identificar convergências relacionadas à concepção de educação mediada por tecnologias, especialmente no que tange ao trabalho docente, mesmo em regiões e condições muito heterogêneas. Para a investigação dos documentos orientadores, a tese se utiliza do aporte teórico-metodológico da análise de discurso crítica, que compreende a linguagem como prática social e oferece modelos de análise que revelam assimetrias e desigualdades materializadas no discurso. O estudo identificou como sentidos hegemônicos de tecnologias digitais nos documentos a redução do processo de ensino-aprendizagem ao mero compartilhamento de conteúdos via aplicativos e plataformas, o que evidencia uma expropriação do trabalho docente; o solucionismo tecnológico – uma crítica bem fundamentada às tecnologias como solução para qualquer problema – e as tecnologias digitais como objetos neutros, portanto, isentos de ideologia. Diante da precariedade no acesso aos artefatos para acompanhamento do ensino remoto emergencial, a tese conclui, ainda, que as tecnologias digitais, posicionadas hegemonicamente como solução para manutenção das atividades escolares, ao mesmo tempo em que capturam os sistemas públicos de educação e expandem seu controle sobre o trabalho docente, podem aprofundar as desigualdades no acesso à educação. / [en] The Covid-19 pandemic, decreted in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization, affected various areas of human life, especially in the face of thousads of deaths reported every day by the media. In Brazil, one of the most devastated areas has been the elementary public educational sector. The closing of schools as a sanitary measure made the State Education Departments adopt the emergency remote teaching. In this context, it may be defined as a reorganization of classroom practices to remote methodologies with the use of Digital Technologies (DT) principally. The research that originated this thesis aimed at analyzing the hegemonic meanings of these technologies identified in the discourses of the documents of State Education Departments for remote teaching, found in their websites. The coverage and relevance of these documents enlight convergences related to teachers work, even in different regions of the country and very heterogeneous conditions. In order to analyze the documents, the study applied the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical approach and method, which defines language as a social practice. Also, it offers models that reveal social inequalities and problems, materialized in the discourse. The study identified as hegemonic meanings of Digital Technologies in those documents the reduction of teaching and learning process to the simple sharing of contents through apps and platforms; technological solucionism – a well founded critic to the concept of technology as a solution for everything – and the DT as tools or ideology-free objects. With the difficulties in the access to equipments for remote teaching, this thesis also concludes that Digital Technologies, hegemonically understood as the solution to keep teaching and learning process during the pandemic, captures public educational sectors and expropriate teachers work, while they deepen inequalities in the acess to Education.