This study was done to add to the understanding of the effect of Swedish municipal governance on CO2 emissions and what other factors may contribute less or more to CO2 emissions. It adds to and captures the validity of political science research for embodying a problem-solving stance relevant to a contemporary topic. By including a large amount of observation of all municipalities, it captured the best accuracy of such a possible relationship. The problem of CO2 emissions increasing, and whether governmental factors are contributing to it is of importance to political science research, as well as examining the effect of a Swedish climate policy framework. The study is done using MRA on panel-fixed effect regressions using Stata as well as calculating the robust standard errors for reaching more accurate p-values.  Through different regressions, a statistically significant effect at the 99% confidence level of mean income on CO2 emissions was found in all regressions except the regressions including time dummies. A positive effect of left-wing governance was found in the regression counting for a one-year delayed effect of governance on CO2 emissions and using time dummies. This effect reached a statistical significance at the 90% confidence level. A negative effect of Green Party governance was found in a regression on a 1-year delayed effect on CO2 emissions. By capturing the relationship between these effects, the study rejected its null hypothesis. Further studies are advised to be done as more data is presented on CO2 emissions in Sweden.

Boko Haram, a Nigerian terrorist group, has been responsible for a number of attacks and suicide bombings during the past decade. This study compares, on a small scale, how Boko Haram's female militants are portrayed in Western versus local media. The study discovered variations in the portrayal of female terrorists through a content analysis of reports from local and Western news sites. Female terrorists were more often presented locally as active participants in the group's crimes, whilst Western media more frequently characterized them as victims who were persuaded or indoctrinated into joining Boko Haram. Local media focused on the underlying factors resulting in female participation, and Boko Haram as an organization, whilst Western media focused more on personal lives, such as their family histories and motivations for joining the group. The study also discovered variations in how the issue was portrayed, with local media emphasizing poverty and lack of education and job opportunities as major reasons while Western media concentrated on Boko Haram's radical ideology. The results of this study indicate that cultural and ideological variations between the two regions have an impact on how Boko Haram's female terrorists are portrayed in the media. This study deepens our understanding of how the media shapes public perceptions of terrorism and emphasizes the value of taking into account a variety of viewpoints when examining media material.

This thesis provides a description and an evaluation through a political discourse analysis of the report Deterioration of the security environment – implications for Sweden Ds 2022:8, which became the basis of the government’s decision to apply for NATO membership. The report was made by a working group that was provided with this task by the government; to deliberate on Swedish security policy concerning the changed European security environment due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The thesis first investigates how the NATO debate has taken form before the invasion, and what the main arguments have been. The political discourse analysis presents both a theoretical and methodological perspective, which will be used in the analysis of the thesis. The first part of the analysis describes the argumentative structure of the report, and these results are presented in a figure. The second part of the analysis evaluates the described structure of the report, and the conclusion of the evaluation is that the argumentation made in the report is reasonable. After the analysis, a discussion is held to answer the research questions, which is done satisfyingly due to the findings of the analysis. Lastly, a conclusion is presented that discusses how the thesis relates to the aim of the thesis, the research field and how further research can be conducted.

Previous research argues that strategic culture is mainly manifested by continuity. Studies on Swedish strategic culture either describe constant evolutionary change or observe change in the passing while explaining Swedish strategic behaviour, but with some shortcomings in defining central concepts and mechanisms of cultural change. This study uses a constructivist approach defining strategic culture as a socially constructed context with competing subcultures whose elites both act to preserve and change cultural traits.  Using a case study design with discourse analysis, the sedimentation of discursive expressions is assessed to uncover change in Swedish strategic culture during the period 2008 to 2022 while Russian use of military power in provocation and aggression in the vicinity of Sweden increases. The study argues that predominant cultural traits in Swedish strategic culture has changed between 2008 and 2022, but not all, and that these changes has facilitated the act of applying for NATO membership.

Anti-immigration parties have increased in popularity and influence in Europe over the last decade. In Sweden, the biggest AIP, the Sweden Democrats, have gathered a raised position in the national and local governments. As research on the uprise and aims of these parties exist in abundance, there needs to be more research regarding their influence on the local level. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between AIPs and immigration policy on a local level by comparing municipalities across Sweden. Previous research finds that type of influence matter in terms of policy decisions. Indirect and direct influence are different types of influence that provide different effect levels; this thesis will test this theory by examining it on a hard case. Using a qualitative method, this thesis compares municipalities with different types and levels of influence held by the Sweden Democrats. By examining 2022, this thesis will also provide further knowledge regarding how the Sweden Democrats have handled the refugee crises following the war in Ukraine. As the Sweden Democrats have stated that they want immigration into Sweden to stem from nearby places, this thesis examines if their actions match that statement. In 2016, a new refugee policy was introduced in Sweden, the Settlement Act. The main aim of this reform was to create an equal distribution of refugee hosting around the municipalities in Sweden. With the background of this reform, this thesis will examine the number of refugees hosted in areas that an AIP politically influences and if discrepancies can be found.  This thesis hypothesises that H1) Indirect and direct influence by an AIP leads to lower levels of immigration, and H2) Direct influence by an AIP leads to lower levels of immigration than indirect influence.  The findings show that both level and type of influence significantly affect immigration on a local level. The case with direct influence by the Sweden Democrats shows higher discrepancies than the case with indirect influence by the Sweden Democrats. Further, the negative case with no influence by the Sweden Democrats showed a higher percentual increase in immigration compared to the other cases. This thesis finds strong support for the hypotheses, although it is essential to note that alternative explanations, such as GRP/per cap, were disclosed. Outside of the cases studied, this thesis also finds that all municipalities governed or influenced by the Sweden Democrats in Skåne have received a percentual decrease in immigration. Municipal assemblies of centre and left-wing parties have instead experienced increased immigration.

Under de kommande decennierna kommer antalet äldre att öka kraftigt i de flesta västeuropeiska länder på grund av ökad medellivslängd och den stora kortheten av födslar under åren efter andra världskriget. Denna våg av äldre sätter press på de offentliga budgetarna och pensionsreformer diskuteras hett i de flesta länder. Äldre ålder kommer också att öka efterfrågan och behovet av hälso- och sjukvård och äldreomsorg. Svensk äldreomsorg var redan från början, före privatiseringen, en viktig uppgift särskilt tilldelad kommuner i Sverige. Syftet med arbetet är att ge en aktuell och fördjupad bild av tillståndet för den offentliga och privata äldreomsorgen i Borås stad där vi undersöker likheter och skillnader jämfört med privat och offentlig äldreomsorg. Rapporten riktar sig till framtida studier som är intresserade av äldreomsorgens framtid. / In the coming decades, the number of elderly people will increase sharply in most Western European countries due to increased life expectancy and the great shortness of births in the years after the Second World War. This wave of the elderly puts pressure on public budgets, and pension reforms are hotly debated in most countries. Older Age will also increase the demand and need for health care and care for the elderly. Swedish elderly care was from the very beginning, before privatization, an important task specifically assigned to municipalities in Sweden. The purpose of the work is to provide an up-to-date and in-depth picture of the state of public and private by elderly care in the city of Borås where we examine similarities and differences compared to private and public care for the elderly. The report addressed to future studies interested in the future of elderly care.

This essay bases itself on a qualitative method and a case study analysis of seven objects of analysis, partly the nations who are identified as superpowers among nuclear weapons states, long term possessors of nuclear weapons, and new players. It also examines the historical and contemporary nature of national nuclear doctrine with the aim of conceptualising change and why they occur in doctrines, as well as testing these changes against theories of offensive and defensive neorealist assumptions on what drives states to act within the sphere of nuclear force. Three research questions guide the thesis, pertaining to why nuclear doctrines change, whether states in nuclear force seek equilibrium or security, as well as what kind of incentive nuclear weapons add for states in the anarchic system. This evaluation is aided by a matrix illustrating the results of the empirical section. The study finds that states are motivated by three key elements to change their nuclear doctrines; politics, external pressure and state survival, and that a majority of cases analysed act in accordance with defensive realism, with Russia as an outlier case for offensive realism. It is further found that nuclear weapons can be argued to add the incentive of striving towards the “balance of power” as is the notion presented by defensive realism, as states utilise nuclear stockpiles as elements to wield in diplo

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Moderaterna, Kristdemokraterna och Sverigedemokraterna vill införa visitationszoner för attbekämpa den rådande brottsligheten som råder i Sverige till följd av att brottsligheten ochskjutningarna har ökat, kriminella kontrollerar högt brottsliga områden och en otrygghet harblivit alltmer utbrett i samhället. Visitationszoner innebär att det upprättas specifika zoner iområden som anses ha hög koncentration av brottslighet, där polisen har rätt till att rannsakaindivider utan någon misstanke om brott, med syfte att söka efter farliga brottsverktyg samtnarkotika. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur förslaget om visitationszoner motiverasbland de respektive partierna som tar ställning för det och om visitationszoner är förenliga medJohn Stuart Mills syn på individens frihet. I denna studie har en kvalitativ textanalys använts medCarol Bacchis WPR-ansats. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom att söka efter motionerpå riksdagens webbsida. Vår studie visar på att Moderaterna, Sverigedemokraterna ochKristdemokraterna motiverar införandet av visitationszoner som ett viktigt verktyg för att stoppabrottsligheten som råder i samhället, trots att individens frihet kan kränkas. Den visar även på attvisitationszoner, utifrån Mills tanke om individens frihet, innefattar både förenliga och oförenligaaspekter.