Issu d’une dynastie de sculpteurs parisiens, formé sous la Régence, en plein triomphe du style « rocaille », Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1704-1778) construit sa renommée sur la faveur que lui accorde Louis XV. Des années 1730 aux années 1750 Lemoyne s’illustre dans le genre colossal. À moins de dix ans d’intervalle, en 1743 et 1754, le sculpteur inaugure à Bordeaux puis à Rennes deux monuments à la gloire de Louis XV, prouesse artistique et technologique jamais égalée jusqu’alors. À partir des années 1750, le sculpteur recentre sa production sur l’art du portrait, devenant, avant Houdon, le sculpteur des grands hommes. Célébré de son vivant, Lemoyne connut une destinée posthume tragique : la plupart de ses monuments religieux et royaux furent détruits sous la Révolution et le sculpteur tomba dans l’oubli, victime du mépris de la génération néoclassique. L’artiste est demeuré longtemps méconnu, éclipsé par la renommée de Bouchardon puis de Houdon. Cette étude se propose de reconsidérer l’une des figures majeures de la sculpture française du XVIIIe siècle, en mettant l’accent sur son héritage familial et esthétique, l’influence de son atelier et le rôle que la « sociabilité » des Lumières a joué dans la réussite de sa carrière et le succès de ses portraits. / Born in a family of Parisian sculptors, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne was trained under the Régence period when the rocaille style triumphed. His fame then was rooted in Louis XV’s favor. From the 1730s to the 1750s, Lemoyne became renowned for his colossal sculptures. In less than ten years, between 1743 and 1754, he erected in Bordeaux and Rennes two monuments to glorify the King, thus achieving a unique artistic as well as technological performance. From the 1750s on, Lemoyne focused on sculpting portraits, thus preceding Houdon in being the sculptor of illustrious men. Although he was a celebrated and well-known artist during his lifetime, Lemoyne’s fame vanished after he died. Most of his religious and royal monuments were destroyed during the French Revolution. His work, despised by the néoclassique generation, fell into oblivion. Unlike his rivals Bouchardon and Houdon, he remained unstudied for a long time. My dissertation proposes to reconsider one of the leading figures of eighteenth-century French sculpture. I particularly focus on three points: the aesthetic heritage Lemoyne received from his family, his influential workshop, and the key role played by enlightened networks and societies in his successful career as a portraitist.

The habit of honouring outstanding individuals with statues was common throughout the Roman Empire. Yet after the end of the Severan reign at the beginning of the third century AD, a decrease in honorific statues is generally assumed to have taken place. This thesis aims to evaluate this hypothesis, focusing specifically on the years AD 222-285. The thesis is assessing the contemporaneous imperial remains for the Roman Empire as a whole and the evidence from four exemplary cities that are particularly conspicuous in their statuary production and display, both before and after the time frame under investigation (Leptis Magna, Athens, Ephesus, Aphrodisias). The purpose is to explore the standards, conventions, and limitations of statuary practice in Roman society in a synthetic and comparative analysis and thereby to evaluate its political and social role during a state of internal and external instability, labelled 'the third century crisis'. By providing concrete figures, the practice of the third century can be juxtaposed with both the antecedent and subsequent centuries and this will facilitate a more coherent insight into the overall development and changes in Roman honorific statuary practice. The results suggest that the assumed decline in the number of statuary installations might have to be re-evaluated. It has become apparent that in order to obtain comparable numbers, the inclusion of imperial family members in any statistical evaluation is indispensable, a factor which has previously been disregarded. A gradual decrease cannot be supported and neither can a decrease in the appreciation of honours.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Abigail Ribeiro Gomes.pdf: 2388791 bytes, checksum: 8cdcbeb59b5a5ae454e26120866324db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-23 / This research intends to establish a comparative study between two characters: Joaquim de Almeida Leite Moraes, author and main character in the narrative Apontamentos de Viagem; and Macuna?ma, title character of M?rio de Andrade s rapsode. The parameter for comparison between the two characters starts from the family relation between both authors, of grandfather and grandson, which enables the possibiity of intertextuality between the texts. From that point on, this work proposes to check the existance of aspects which were beyond references of Leite Moraes text inside Mario de Andrade s text. This way, having as theorical support the Parody, it was established a comparative study, observing: the textual construction, the insertion of the texts in the aesthetic propositions of their contexts and points of convergence and divergence of the aesthetic propositions; the characters view about the environment they went during the narratives, the natural space and the city space, and the points of agreement and disagreement of the characters; the consolidation of morality and amorality and the insertion of characters behaviour in both categories. This way, having such data in hands, it could be verified how the construction of a framework happened in the periods of time the narratives were inserted, such framework which could identify brazilian cultural characteristics and the role of such narratives in the formulation of a brazilian statute. / Esta disserta??o se prop?e a estabelecer um estudo comparado entre duas personagens: Joaquim de Almeida Leite Moraes, autor e personagem principal da narrativa Apontamentos de Viagem; e Macuna?ma, personagem t?tulo da raps?dia escrita por M?rio de Andrade. O par?metro de compara??o entre as personagens inicia-se pela rela??o de parentesco entre os dois autores, de av? e neto, que viabiliza a possibilidade de intertextualidade entre ambos. A partir da?, este trabalho prop?e a verifica??o da exist?ncia de aspectos que fossem al?m de refer?ncias do texto de Leite Moraes no texto marioandradino. Desta feita, tomando como sustenta??o te?rica a par?dia, estabeleceu-se o estudo comparado, observando: a constru??o textual, a inser??o do texto nas propostas est?ticas vigentes quando da produ??o dos textos e os pontos de converg?ncia e diverg?ncia das propostas est?ticas; a vis?o das personagens a respeito dos ambientes pelos quais passaram no decorrer das narrativas, o espa?o natural e o espa?o citadino, e os pontos de acordo e desacordo de ambas as personagens; a consubstancia??o de moralidade e de amoralidade e o enquadramento da atua??o das personagens nas duas categorias. Desta forma, tendo tais dados em m?os, p?de-se verificar como se deu, nos per?odos em que as obras analisadas se inseriram, a constru??o do arcabou?o capaz de caracterizar o car?ter cultural brasileiro e o papel de tais obras na formula??o de um estatuto de brasilidade.

<p>Abstract.</p><p>The question in this analysis is which gender moai, the big statues on Rapa Nui, represent. My hypothesis is that they have developed from visual symbols to metaphores in mythologies from an polynesian context. That these statues were symbols for human origin and creation of ancestors ideological power, and gods in consideration male gender. In the long isolation, in both time and space, the mytologies in Rapa Nui was changed, and the pictures got a new meaning. These changes depended on clearing of wood and big trees and the following difficult situation in farming. It led to difficult exposure to climatchanges and much more hard work in the cultivation. This happened in the same time as rapanuis life became more dependent on what the earth could producece because of bad fishing and a growing population. The cult of fertility get a more central place in rapanuis religious life. The male metaphore changes to female when the mother of earth, papa, became the most important spiritual force concerning food supply. I mean that moai follow the mythologies change, and developed in both form, size and contents. The theories behind this discussion is the analysis of Karen Armstrong, in how mythologhies change when human go from hunting- to cultivating society, and where she explain how the gender of gods changes from male to female. I also use theories from structuralism that say that human thinking and building mythologies follow an arcetypical pattern, for us to make our world understandable and organized. This analysis, and changed interpretation of moai from male to female representation, is a critical studie of traditional interpretation to “primitiv” art from aborigines and prehistorical humans. I mean the common interpretation of prehistorical pictures in Rapa Nui have a basic europeen code where an abstract male is standard. My theoretical support here is the analysis of Yvonne Hirdmans of gender from a historical perspective. The most important sources I have use in this work comes from archaeology, ethnology and art analythic work on Rapa Nui, with litterature from Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Georgia Lee and more scientist search from the island. I have also made field studies of my own. I hope this analys can contribute toward a critical view of a stereotypical european norm in interpretation of “primitive” and prehistorical art.</p>

Due to constant expansion of the European Community, the harmonization in the fields of European company law and development of internal European market have emerged into considerably bigger and more complex issues. Aspects of corporate mobility, having a direct simultaneous connection to the right of freedom of establishment, have been one of the most problematic spheres for reaching international consensus. Despite numerous directives adopted by Member States (MS) European undertakings continue to be regulated by national legislations. The idea of a common European limited liability company, sc. Societas Europaea (SE), was put into process of realization in order to facilitate the internal trade and to help multinational companies to obtain legal certainty and trans-European character by rising above the variety of national legislations. Furthermore, the SE was to make cross-border enterprise management more flexible and less bureaucratic and to help improving the general competitiveness of Community enterprises. The process of formation of the European Company Statue took over forty years and the result of the final adoption turned out to be something completely different from the es-sential idea of the European Company. Due to the historical, socio-political and legal dif-ferences MSs had difficulties with compromising on the majority of aspects and instead of one common SE form, the Community had basically adopted 28 different alternatives, loosing the original valuable supranational character. The strongest advantage of the SE are the rights conferred to it by the Regulation. The frequent use of renvoi technique undermines this aspect of SE’s precedence over national legislation. The true potential of the European Company remains thus highly theoretical and the current shape of the SE presents only a weak alternative to the national corporate forms of the MSs. A European Company cannot be freely incorporated solely by investment of private capi-tal. There is a need for existence of at least two legal enterprises which furthermore must fall under the scope of different national legislations. In other words in order to create an SE, the definite cross-border element between companies at hand must be visible or can be identified. It can be formed by means of merger, creation of a holding, incorporation of a subsidiary or conversion. The subscribed capital for the SE shall at its minimum equal €120 000. The Council Regulation on SE provides a flexible management regime, permit-ting companies to choose between two administration systems (one-tier/two-tier) that exist in the Community. The issues of employee involvement are regulated in separate directive that is a supplement to the Regulation. Despite the recent developments of freedom of establishment through the case-law, the matter remains utterly complicated. The SE may seem on one hand as a logical solution, being able to incorporate in different MSs, to merge or to form a holding without burden-some processes of winding-up and re-incorporation. On the other hand the Regulation re-stricts the mobility of the SE by provisions prohibiting location of registered and head of-fice of the company in different MSs, depriving it thus from one of the basic Community freedoms. Prudent attitude to mobility and aspiration to protect national interests have partly diminished essential advantages of the SE. It appears to be impossible to conduct business in one MS while being registered in another. Possible amendments are awaited shortly, but so far the SE has definitely not achieved many of practical goals considering mobility and has fulfilled very few of its important theoretical expectations. National perspective on the adoption of the SE seems to be relatively positive, accepting the theoretical advantages of corporate mobility, options of structure and management and possibility to obtain an essentially European trademark. However, there is also an amount of skepticism addressed to deficient practical functioning due to the lack of uniform legislation. European organizations and companies tend to have a slightly more cautious and restrained approach. The idea of a European Company is praised more for its genuinely European character. Representatives for established SEs prefer to talk about internationalization of trade, European recognition, enhanced competitiveness and market integration, while very little speaks about the true practical potential. The SE is furthermore often observed as a useful but still mainly theoretical legal instrument, playing an indispensable part in the overall development of European company law. Political motives seem to be considerably heavier while discussing the question of necessity of adoption that later attracted so little interest. Additionally, the basic idea of the SE also seems to include definite measures for general European unification, granting SE the symbolic value of commonly European enterprise. Consequently, failing in purely practical application in the absence of a clear need for common limited liability company, the SE has its theoretical and crucially important socio-psychological purposes.

Abstract. The question in this analysis is which gender moai, the big statues on Rapa Nui, represent. My hypothesis is that they have developed from visual symbols to metaphores in mythologies from an polynesian context. That these statues were symbols for human origin and creation of ancestors ideological power, and gods in consideration male gender. In the long isolation, in both time and space, the mytologies in Rapa Nui was changed, and the pictures got a new meaning. These changes depended on clearing of wood and big trees and the following difficult situation in farming. It led to difficult exposure to climatchanges and much more hard work in the cultivation. This happened in the same time as rapanuis life became more dependent on what the earth could producece because of bad fishing and a growing population. The cult of fertility get a more central place in rapanuis religious life. The male metaphore changes to female when the mother of earth, papa, became the most important spiritual force concerning food supply. I mean that moai follow the mythologies change, and developed in both form, size and contents. The theories behind this discussion is the analysis of Karen Armstrong, in how mythologhies change when human go from hunting- to cultivating society, and where she explain how the gender of gods changes from male to female. I also use theories from structuralism that say that human thinking and building mythologies follow an arcetypical pattern, for us to make our world understandable and organized. This analysis, and changed interpretation of moai from male to female representation, is a critical studie of traditional interpretation to “primitiv” art from aborigines and prehistorical humans. I mean the common interpretation of prehistorical pictures in Rapa Nui have a basic europeen code where an abstract male is standard. My theoretical support here is the analysis of Yvonne Hirdmans of gender from a historical perspective. The most important sources I have use in this work comes from archaeology, ethnology and art analythic work on Rapa Nui, with litterature from Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Georgia Lee and more scientist search from the island. I have also made field studies of my own. I hope this analys can contribute toward a critical view of a stereotypical european norm in interpretation of “primitive” and prehistorical art.

<p>Due to constant expansion of the European Community, the harmonization in the fields of European company law and development of internal European market have emerged into considerably bigger and more complex issues. Aspects of corporate mobility, having a direct simultaneous connection to the right of freedom of establishment, have been one of the most problematic spheres for reaching international consensus. Despite numerous directives adopted by Member States (MS) European undertakings continue to be regulated by national legislations. The idea of a common European limited liability company, sc. Societas Europaea (SE), was put into process of realization in order to facilitate the internal trade and to help multinational companies to obtain legal certainty and trans-European character by rising above the variety of national legislations. Furthermore, the SE was to make cross-border enterprise management more flexible and less bureaucratic and to help improving the general competitiveness of Community enterprises.</p><p>The process of formation of the European Company Statue took over forty years and the result of the final adoption turned out to be something completely different from the es-sential idea of the European Company. Due to the historical, socio-political and legal dif-ferences MSs had difficulties with compromising on the majority of aspects and instead of one common SE form, the Community had basically adopted 28 different alternatives, loosing the original valuable supranational character. The strongest advantage of the SE are the rights conferred to it by the Regulation. The frequent use of renvoi technique undermines this aspect of SE’s precedence over national legislation. The true potential of the European Company remains thus highly theoretical and the current shape of the SE presents only a weak alternative to the national corporate forms of the MSs.</p><p>A European Company cannot be freely incorporated solely by investment of private capi-tal. There is a need for existence of at least two legal enterprises which furthermore must fall under the scope of different national legislations. In other words in order to create an SE, the definite cross-border element between companies at hand must be visible or can be identified. It can be formed by means of merger, creation of a holding, incorporation of a subsidiary or conversion. The subscribed capital for the SE shall at its minimum equal €120 000. The Council Regulation on SE provides a flexible management regime, permit-ting companies to choose between two administration systems (one-tier/two-tier) that exist in the Community. The issues of employee involvement are regulated in separate directive that is a supplement to the Regulation.</p><p>Despite the recent developments of freedom of establishment through the case-law, the matter remains utterly complicated. The SE may seem on one hand as a logical solution, being able to incorporate in different MSs, to merge or to form a holding without burden-some processes of winding-up and re-incorporation. On the other hand the Regulation re-stricts the mobility of the SE by provisions prohibiting location of registered and head of-fice of the company in different MSs, depriving it thus from one of the basic Community freedoms. Prudent attitude to mobility and aspiration to protect national interests have partly diminished essential advantages of the SE. It appears to be impossible to conduct business in one MS while being registered in another. Possible amendments are awaited shortly, but so far the SE has definitely not achieved many of practical goals considering mobility and has fulfilled very few of its important theoretical expectations.</p><p>National perspective on the adoption of the SE seems to be relatively positive, accepting the theoretical advantages of corporate mobility, options of structure and management and possibility to obtain an essentially European trademark. However, there is also an amount of skepticism addressed to deficient practical functioning due to the lack of uniform legislation. European organizations and companies tend to have a slightly more cautious and restrained approach. The idea of a European Company is praised more for its genuinely European character. Representatives for established SEs prefer to talk about internationalization of trade, European recognition, enhanced competitiveness and market integration, while very little speaks about the true practical potential. The SE is furthermore often observed as a useful but still mainly theoretical legal instrument, playing an indispensable part in the overall development of European company law.</p><p>Political motives seem to be considerably heavier while discussing the question of necessity of adoption that later attracted so little interest. Additionally, the basic idea of the SE also seems to include definite measures for general European unification, granting SE the symbolic value of commonly European enterprise. Consequently, failing in purely practical application in the absence of a clear need for common limited liability company, the SE has its theoretical and crucially important socio-psychological purposes.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of French and Italian, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61).

This thesis analyzes and demonstrates the similarities and differences between some of the national symbols of France and the United States. This includes the shared and borrowed aspects of each one and the ways in which each culture is reflected through, and built around them. The flags, national anthems, and several national icons such as France's Marianne and Uncle Sam are discussed. This analysis deals with the historical contexts and cultural meanings of the symbols, showing the changes each has undertaken in form and in national and international importance. Through the study of national symbols, this thesis reveals the similarities along with the differences between the two nations, which are often perceived as being highly dissimilar and even opposing in belief systems, cultures, and histories.

This work deals with the iconographic programme of the Jesuits in the baroque sculptural decoration of Svatá Hora (Holy Mountain). The first chapter is devoted to the literature, which has been written about Svatá Hora (Holy Mountain) near Pribram. The next chapter talks of the history of the pilgrimage site before the Society of Jesus became active there, after its arrival in 1647 until its suppression in 1773. It was also opportune to deal with the history of Svatá Hora (Holy Mountain) during the period of the provosts in the years 1773 - 1861. I also dealt at least in outline form with the years 1871-1950, when the Redemptorists administered Svatá Hora (Holy Mountain) and made significant changes to the iconography of the compound. In the following chapter, I devoted myself to the building and artistic activities during the time of the priests of the Society of Jesus. A separate chapter is dedicated to the illustration and veneration of Our Lady of Svatá Hora (Holy Mountain). In another work, I focused primarily on the individual sculptural decorations of the pilgrimage site and its iconographic illustrations. Individual sub-chapters deal with the Marian Pillar, the Calvary statue, the Upper Terrace inside the ambit, the Prague and the Breznice Gates. In the last chapter, I dealt with the...