A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.

Arbetet handlar om styrning och reglering av stegmotorer och permanentmagnetmotorer, genom attanvända det grafiska programmeringsspråket Labview från National Instruments (NI) tillsammansmed hårdvara i form av NI CompactRIO och NI USB datainsamlingskort. Implementeringen har sketti form av en robot med ett för uppgiften specialbyggt styrsystem, PWM – styrning av enpermanentmagnetmotor och en egenkonstruerad manöverdosa. / This report deals about controlling and regulating stepping motors and PM-motors by using thegraphical programming language NI Labview, with hardware NI CompactRIO and NI DAQ-USB.The implementation has been done by controlling a robot with a for the task built system, controllinga PM-motor by PWM and a own created controller.

<p>Arbetet handlar om styrning och reglering av stegmotorer och permanentmagnetmotorer, genom attanvända det grafiska programmeringsspråket Labview från National Instruments (NI) tillsammansmed hårdvara i form av NI CompactRIO och NI USB datainsamlingskort. Implementeringen har sketti form av en robot med ett för uppgiften specialbyggt styrsystem, PWM – styrning av enpermanentmagnetmotor och en egenkonstruerad manöverdosa.</p> / <p>This report deals about controlling and regulating stepping motors and PM-motors by using thegraphical programming language NI Labview, with hardware NI CompactRIO and NI DAQ-USB.The implementation has been done by controlling a robot with a for the task built system, controllinga PM-motor by PWM and a own created controller.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to propose several corotational beam formulations for both 2D and 3D nonlinear dynamic analyse of flexible structures. The main novelty of these formulations is that the cubic interpolation functions are used to derive not only the internal force vector and the tangent stiffness matrix but also the inertial force vector and the dynamic matrix. By neglecting the quadratic terms of the local transversal displacements, closed-form expressions for the inertial terms are obtained for 2D problems. Based on an extensive comparative study of the parameterizations of the finite rotations and the time stepping method, and by adopting an approximation of the local rotations, two consistent and effective beam formulations for 3D dynamics are developed. In contrast with the first formulation, the second one takes into account the warping deformations and the shear center eccentricity. The accuracy of these formulations is demonstrated through several numerical examples.

[Truncated abstract] Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are a major problem in sport. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the causative factors of ACL injuries and to study the effect of various types of lower-limb training on underlying neuromuscular mechanisms involved in stabilisation and risk of ACL injury. Investigation of the mechanisms was conducted on controlled balance and strength tests as well as in sporting manoeuvres. It was aimed to assess if the neuromuscular changes map over into the performance of sporting manoeuvres and if potential for loading on the ACL and risk of injury was reduced or exacerbated . . . ACL strain can be decreased through reduction in the applied loads and greater knee flexion. Further to this, muscle activation has the ability to reduce loading on the ACL through co-contraction and selective activation patterns. This thesis demonstrated differing neuromuscular adaptations from various training types that map over into the performance of sporting manoeuvres. The research indicated that the Balance-Training was the most favourable in reducing potential for injury risk on the ACL. Alternatively strength training elicited neuromuscular changes that were likely to increase the risk of force on the ACL. The Machine+Balance training resulted in some negative and positive outcomes with the balance training tending to counteract the negative affects of machine weights training resulting in small improvements in muscular support and load reduction. This study provides us with better understanding of the underlying mechanisms from various training types and their potential affect on risk of ACL injury.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5263.pdf: 2004882 bytes, checksum: 5d8e45f36dbd4dbefb1cd60663c37ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The semideciduous seasonal forests in the state of São Paulo are highly fragmented due to the history of intensive human interventions in the landscape, especially agricultural activities. In this context, we selected the Basin Corumbataí (BHRC), São Paulo (22 ° 04'46 "and 22 ° 41'28" S, 47 ° 26'23 "and 47 ° 56'15'' W) to understand the role of native trees isolated in pastures consolidated in maintaining connectivity between forest fragments near. So we had a goal, answer the following questions: i) Isolation of native trees in pastures, determined by distance, proximity index, fragment size and forest cover (within a radius of 900 m from the isolated tree), as well as characteristics of isolated trees, height and crown area, can determine the abundance and richness of seeds derived from the seed rain under isolated trees? ii) The richness and abundance of seeds produced from the seed rain is greater under native trees isolated in pastures than inside fragments of semideciduous forests adjacent to pastures of BHRC? We installed 36 seed collectors with an area of 1.5 m2: 18 of them within three fragments, and the other 18 under isolated trees in pastures. We collected fortnightly for six months. We recognize, identify and categorize the seeds on the type of dispersal and seed size sampled. To answer the first question, we tested whether differences in the abundance and species richness could be determined by isolation and structural characteristics (height and crown area) of native trees in the pastures of BHRC regarding forest fragments. Conducted multiple regression analyzes using generalized linear models. To reply the second question, we performed an analysis of covariance to compare the richness and mean abundance of seeds among isolated trees and inside the fragments. We use the sort method of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) to ascertain the similarity in species composition in the two environments; use the rank-abundance curve to analyze evenness in the distribution of species in both environments. Regarding isolated trees in pastures, we found that those with higher canopy cover and closer to forest fragments exhibit greater abundance of animal dispersed seeds, especially when considering the seeds zoochoric "small" (<3 mm), whose abundances were higher in trees with greater canopy cover, closer to forest fragments and in areas with high forest cover. Plenty of seeds > 3 mm, anemochoric or autochorous as well as the wealth of animal dispersed anemochoric or autochorous, no significant differences in relation to the isolation of the trees. Comparing seed rain under trees and isolated within the forest fragments, found that forest fragments are richest and most abundant species arising from the rain, but the difference was expressed only in relations: total species richness anemochoric, being clearer results for the seeds between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and larger than 10 mm; abundance anemochoric of between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and the total wealth of animal dispersed, especially those smaller than 3.0 mm. NMDS analyzes revealed that most of the samples (both trees as isolated forest fragments) share the same species. Through rank-abundance curve, we found that the evenness in the abundance of species collected is distributed differently (p = 0.03) and between individual trees within the forest fragments, being more equitable within the fragments, in addition, more species were found in the interior of the fragments under isolated trees. Isolated trees in pastures can serve as recruitment points of seeds and plants and potentially contribute to maintaining the flow of propagules, acting as connectors between forest fragments scattered across the landscape. Nevertheless, the retention and conservation of forest fragments dispersed in agricultural matrices can contribute to the maintenance of seed rain, given the composition and structure of species present. / As Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais do interior do estado de São Paulo encontram-se fortemente fragmentadas devido ao histórico intensivo de intervenções humanas na paisagem, destacando-se as atividades agropecuárias. Nesse contexto, selecionamos a Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí (BHRC), São Paulo (22°04'46" e 22°41'28"S; 47°26'23" e 47°56'15''W), para entender parte do papel das árvores nativas isoladas em pastagens consolidadas na manutenção da conectividade entre fragmentos florestais próximos. Assim, tivemos por objetivo responder às seguintes questões: i) O isolamento de árvores nativas em pastagens, determinado pela distância, índice de proximidade, tamanho do fragmento e cobertura florestal (num raio de 900 m a partir da árvore isolada), bem como características das árvores isoladas, altura e área da copa, podem determinar a abundância e riqueza de sementes oriundas da chuva de sementes sob as árvores isoladas? ii) A riqueza e abundância de sementes advindas da chuva de sementes é maior sob árvores nativas isoladas em pastagens que no interior de fragmentos de florestas estacionais semideciduais adjacentes às pastagens da BHRC? Instalamos 36 coletores de sementes com área de 1,5 m2: 18 deles no interior de três fragmentos; e os outros 18 sob árvores isoladas em pastagens. Fizemos coletas quinzenais durante seis meses. Triamos, contabilizamos, identificamos e categorizamos as sementes quanto à síndrome de dispersão e o tamanho das sementes amostradas. Para responder à primeira pergunta, testamos se as diferenças na abundância e riqueza de espécies poderiam ser determinadas pelo isolamento e características estruturais (altura e área da copa) das árvores nativas nas pastagens da BHRC em relação aos fragmentos florestais. Realizamos análises de regressão múltipla, utilizando modelos lineares generalizados. Para responder à segunda pergunta, realizamos análises de covariância para comparar a riqueza e abundância média de sementes entre as árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos. Utilizamos o método de ordenação de Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-Métrico (NMDS) para averiguar a similaridade na composição de espécies nos dois ambientes; utilizamos o gráfico da curva de ranking-abundância para analisar a equitatividade na distribuição das espécies nos dois ambientes. A respeito das árvores isoladas nas pastagens, verificamos que aquelas com maior cobertura de copa e mais próximas aos fragmentos florestais apresentam maior abundância de sementes zoocóricas, especialmente quando consideramos as sementes zoocóricas pequenas (< 3 mm), cujas abundâncias foram maiores em árvores com maior cobertura de copa, mais próximas ao fragmentos florestais e em áreas com maior cobertura florestal. A abundância de sementes > 3 mm, anemocóricas ou autocóricas, bem como a riqueza de zoocóricas, anemocóricas ou autocóricas, não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao isolamento das árvores. Comparando a chuva de sementes sob árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos florestais, encontramos que os fragmentos florestais são mais ricos e abundantes em espécies advindas da chuva; porém, a diferença significativa foi expressa apenas nas relações: riqueza total de espécies anemocóricas, sendo mais evidentes os resultados para as sementes entre 3,0 mm e 10 mm e maiores que 10 mm; abundância de anemocóricas entre 3,0 mm e 10 mm e a riqueza total de zoocóricas, principalmente naquelas menores que 3,0 mm. As análises de NMDS revelaram que a maior parte das amostras coletadas (tanto das árvores isoladas quanto dos fragmentos florestais) compartilham as mesmas espécies. Pela curva de ranking-abundância, verificamos que a equitatividade na abundância de espécies coletadas distribui-se de maneira distinta (p = 0,03) entre árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos florestais, sendo mais equitativo no interior dos fragmentos; além disso, foram encontradas mais espécies no interior dos fragmentos que sob as árvores isoladas. As árvores isoladas em pastagens podem servir como pontos de recrutamento de sementes e propágulos e potencialmente contribuir para manutenção do fluxo de propágulos, atuando como conectores entre fragmentos florestais dispersos pela paisagem. Não obstante, a permanência e conservação dos fragmentos florestais dispersos em matrizes agrícolas podem contribuir para a manutenção da chuva de sementes, dada a composição e estrutura de espécies que apresentam.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Bernardete da Silva.pdf: 1124461 bytes, checksum: af908c9af2f2467bc1dc36b3d17d4585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The torque ripple in electric motors affects the performance of devices and machines which need precision in its control. Due to the undesirable effect of the ripple torque it has had recently an effort in the direction to get minimization strategies which permit the reduction or even elimination of this kind of torque. The goal of this work is the study and comparison between two minimization strategies of the ripple torque in hybrid step motor and apply that strategies in digital control. A step motor´s description is supplied together with other kinds of torque belong to this motors. The mathematical model for the step motor is described and based on this model has got the ripple torque´s equation which will be used in the formulation of the torque ripple minimization. To each strategy is presented a detailed mathematical foundation to the reader to be clear the development to each strategy. The first strategy presents a ripple torque´s model by hybrid step motors linearization that after linearized may be used standard methods of digital control design. The second uses an adaptative linearization to improve the hybrid step motor´s performance with low cost. By the end, a comparison between two strategies is made giving to the reader the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. / O conjugado de ondulação em motores elétricos afeta o desempenho de máquinas e dispositivos que exijam precisão no seu controle. Devido aos efeitos indesejáveis do conjugado de ondulação tem havido recentemente um esforço no sentido de se obter estratégias de minimização que tornem possíveis a redução ou até mesmo a eliminação desse tipo de conjugado. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo e a comparação de duas estratégias de minimização do conjugado de ondulação em motores de passo híbrido onde as duas estratégias analisadas são aplicadas em controle digital. Uma descrição dos motores de passo é fornecida juntamente com os diversos tipos de conjugado existentes nesses tipos de motores. Um modelo matemático para o motor de passo é descrito e a partir desse modelo é obtida a equação do conjugado de ondulação que será usada na formulação dos problemas de minimização do conjugado de ondulação. Para cada uma das estratégias é apresentada em detalhes a fundamentação matemática para que o leitor tenha um claro entendimento do desenvolvimento de cada uma das estratégias. A primeira estratégia apresenta um modelo de máquina que representa as ondulações de conjugados pela linearização de motores de passo híbridos que, após linearizado permite o emprego de métodos padrões de projeto de controle digital. A segunda utiliza a linearização adaptativa para melhorar a performace do motor de passo híbrido com baixo custo. Por fim, é feita uma comparação entre as duas estratégia, apresentando-se ao leitor as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma delas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-02-24T17:38:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T19:29:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho apresenta um novo esquema de marcha no tempo capaz de reduzir oscilações espúrias através de amortecimento numérico para problemas de propagação de ondas elásticas no âmbito da Aproximação Explícita de Green (\Explicit Green's Approach" (ExGA)) [1]. A expressão integral referente ao ExGA é escrita em termos das funções de Green e Degrau. Seus cálculos são realizados de forma independente por meio da formulação semi-discreta do MEF e o método Diferença Central. Devido ao princípio da causalidade, as funções de Green e Degrau possuem um suporte compacto ao redor dos pontos fonte para um intervalo de tempo suficientemente pequeno que é usualmente Empregado nos métodos explícitos clássicos de integração temporal aplicados à modelagem de propagação de ondas. Neste sentido, as funções de Green e Degrau em t = Δt podem ser eficientemente calculadas localmente através de subdomínios pequenos. Cada subdomínio local com sua respectiva submalha cobre somente pontos nodais onde os valores das funções de Green e Degrau são não nulos. A precisão e eficiência da metodologia proposta é demostrada ao analisar três exemplos numéricos. / This work presents a new time-marching scheme able to reduce spurious oscillations by means of numerical damping for elastic wave propagation problems in the framework of the Explicit Green's Approach (ExGA) [1]. The integral expression concerned with the ExGA is written in terms of the Green's and the Step response functions. Their computations are carried out independently by means of the semidiscrete FEM and the Central difference method. Due to the principle of causality, the Green's and Step response functions admit a compact support surround the source points for a small enough time step that is usually employed in common explicit time integration methods applied to wave propagation modeling. In this sense, the Green's and Step response functions at t = Δt can be e ciently computed locally through small subdomains. Each local subdomain with its respective submesh covers only nodes whose Green's and Step response function values do not vanish. The accuracy and e ciency of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by analyzing three numerical examples.

O objetivo do trabalho é investigar como as condições biomecânicas de portadores de Osteoartrite (OA) de joelho afetam a capacidade de realizar atividades de vida diária. Participaram desse estudo 39 indivíduos, sendo 18 indivíduos com OA de joelho bilateral grau 3, na escala Kellgren Lawrence, e 21 indivíduos saudáveis. Foram utilizadas duas plataformas de força (AMTI) para registrar a Força de Reação do Solo, cinco câmeras (Sistema Vicon) para registrar as variações angulares das articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, nos planos sagital e frontal, e cinco sensores de eletromiografia wireless (Sistema Noraxon) para registrar as atividades dos músculos reto femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) e gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) no segmento dominante (segmento D) dos sujeitos do grupo controle e no segmento com maior gravidade de lesão nos indivíduos com OA (segmento OA). Também foram calculados por meio de dinâmica inversa os momentos articulares nos planos sagital e frontal. Três atividades de vida diária foram investigadas, a marcha, o levantar e sentar em uma cadeira e o descer de um degrau de 20cm. Nos resultados, foi observada uma menor variação angular de forma geral nas articulações do quadril e joelho. Não foi observada diferença nas cargas mecânicas aplicadas ao aparelho locomotor. Nas três atividades cotidianas, os indivíduos com OA apresentaram adução no quadril e abdução no joelho, que denota um alinhamento em valgo durante a execução das tarefas. Poucas diferenças foram observadas nos momentos articulares flexores e extensores, nas três atividades de vida diária investigadas. No levantar e sentar menores momentos extensores foram observados no joelho durante as duas fases do movimento. Nos momentos adutores, poucas diferenças foram observadas na marcha. No levantar e sentar, o segmento OA não apresentou momentos adutores de joelho maiores que nos outros segmentos. No descer degrau, o segmento CL apresentou maior momento adutor que o segmento OA e D. De forma geral, as diferenças na ativação muscular indicam maior intensidade de ativação no grupo controle. O músculo VL nas três atividades apresentou intensidade de ativação menor nos indivíduos com OA. Observou-se maior co-ativação na marcha e no descer degrau, mas não no levantar e sentar. Na marcha a maior co-ativação ocorreu nas três articulações. No descer degrau, ocorreu no quadril e no joelho. Nas três atividades, maior co-contração foi observada e principalmente no joelho. Conclui-se que as alterações na técnica de movimento mostram-se tarefa dependente. As alterações na execução do movimento no plano sagital não foram suficientes para afetar o controle das cargas mecânicas, na marcha e no descer degrau. Apenas na tarefa de levantar e sentar surgiu algum indicio de que a eficiência seria pior. O alinhamento no joelho e os momentos adutores não sugerem maior magnitude de força no compartimento medial do joelho. Aparentemente, as características temporais sejam mais sensíveis à presença da OA no joelho do que a intensidade de ativação / The aim of this study is to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and hoe it affects the ability to perform daily living activities. Thirty nine subjects participated in this study, 18 subjects with bilateral knee OA grade 3 Kellgren Lawrence scale) and 21 healthy individuals. Two force platforms (AMTI) were used to register the Grourd Reaction Force (GRF). Five cameras (System Vicon) were used to register the angular variations of the hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal and frontal planes. Five electromyographic electrodes (Noraxon System) were used to record the activities of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) in the dominant segment (D segment) on control group and the segment with greater severity of injury in individuals with OA (OA segment). Inverse dynamics was used to calculate joint moments sagittal and frontal planes. Three daily living activities were investigated, the gait, the Sit-to stand and Stand-to-sit and Stepping down from a 20cm height step. In results, there was a smaller angular variation in hip and knee joints. No difference was observed in the mechanical loads applied to the locomotor system. In the three daily activities, people with knee OA showed hip adduction and knee abduction, in the three daily activities, which suggests an alignment valgus in the knee. Few differences were observed in joint moments in the three daily living activities. In sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit lower peak extensor moments were observed in the knee. Few differences were observed in adductor moments in gait. In sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit, no difference was observed in knee adductor moments. In stepping down, the CL segment showed greater adductor moment than OA segment and D. In general, differences in muscle activation indicate greater activation intensity in the control group. The VL muscle showed lower activation intensity in individuals with OA in all three activities. A higher co-activation was observed in gait and in stepping down, but not in sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. In gait the higher co-activation occurred subjects with knee OA in the three joints. In stepping down, higher co-activation occurred in the hip and knee. In the three activities, greater co-contraction was observed and especially in the knee. It can be concluded that changes in movement technique appears to be task dependent. Changes in movement technique in the sagittal plane were not enough to affect the control of the mechanical loads on gait and stepping down movements. Only in sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit some indication of worse efficiency to perform the task was observed. Knee alignment and knee adductor moments do not suggest greater magnitude of force in the medial compartment of the knee. Apparently, the temporal characteristics of muscle activity are more sensitive to the presence of knee OA than the intensity of activation

<div>Positive displacement machines are used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from fluid power where they act as a transmission of power, to lubrication and fluid transport. As the core of the fluid system responsible for mechanical--hydraulic energy conversion, the efficiencies of these units are a major driver of the total efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the durability of these units is a strong decider in the useful life of the system in which they operate.</div><div><br></div><div>The key challenge in designing these units comes from understanding their working principles and designing their lubricating interfaces, which must simultaneously perform a load carrying and sealing function as the unit operates. While most of the physical phenomena relevant to these machines have been studied previously in some capacity, the significance of their mutual interactions has not. For this reason, the importance of these mutual interactions is a fundamental question in these machines that this thesis answers for the first time. In analysis of two different machine types, it is confirmed that mutual interactions of both physical phenomena and neighboring fluid domains of the unit contribute significantly to the overall performance of the machine. Namely, these analyses demonstrate load sharing owing to mutual interactions on average of 20% and as high as 50%, and mutual flow interactions of at least 10%.</div><div><br></div><div>In this thesis, the behavior of the thin films of fluid in the lubricating interfaces of the units, the bodies that make up these films, and the volumes which interface with them will be considered. The resulting coupled problem requires a model that can consider the effects of motion of all floating bodies on all films and volumes, and collect the resulting loads applied by the fluid as it responds. This will require a novel 6 degree of freedom dynamics model including the inertia of the bodies and the transient pressure and shear loads of all interfaces of the body and the fluid domain.</div><div><br></div><div>During operation, fluid cavitation and aeration can occur in both the displacement chambers of the machine and its lubricating interfaces. To capture this, a novel cavitation algorithm is developed in this thesis, which considers the release of bubbles due to both gas trapped within the fluid and vaporization of the operating fluid in localized low pressure regions of the films. In the absence of cavitation, this model will also be used to find the pressures and flows over the film, communicating this information with the remainder of the fluid domain.</div><div><br></div><div>Due to the high pressures that form in these units, the bodies deform. The resulting deformation changes the shape of the films and therefore its pressure distribution. This coupled effect will be captured in one of two ways, the first relying on existing geometric information of the unit, and the other using a novel analytical approach that is developed to avoid this necessity. In either case, the added damping due to the shear of the materials will be considered for the first time. Additionally in regions of low gap height, mixed lubrication occurs and the effects of the surface asperities of the floating bodies cannot be neglected. Accurate modeling of this condition is necessary to predict wear that leads to failure in these units. This work will then develop a novel implementation for mixed lubrication modeling that is directly integrated into the cavitation modeling approach.</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, effort is made to maintain a generic tools, such that the model can be applied to any positive displacement machine. This thesis will present the first toolbox of its kind, which accounts for all the mentioned aspects in such a way that they can be captured for any machine. Using both multithreaded and sequential implementations, the tool will be capable of fully utilizing a machine on which it is run for both low latency (design) and high throughput (optimization) applications respectively. In order to make these applications feasible, the various modules of the tool will be strongly coupled using asynchronous time stepping. This approach is made possible with the development of a novel impedance tensor of the mixed universal Reynolds equation, and shows marked improvements in simulation time by requiring at most 50% of the simulation time of existing approaches.</div><div><br></div><div>In the present thesis, the developed tool will be validated using experimental data collected from 3 fundamentally different machines. Individual advancements of the tool will also be verified in isolation with comparison to the state of the art and commercial software in the relevant fields. As a demonstration of the use of the tool for design, detailed analysis of the displacing actions and lubricating interfaces of these same units will be performed. These validations demonstrate the ability of the tool to predict machine efficiencies with error averaging around 1% over all operating conditions for multiple machine types, and capture transient behavior of the units. To demonstrate the utility as a virtual optimization tool, design of a complete external gear machine design will be performed. This demonstration will start from only analytical parameters, and will track a route to a complete prototype.</div>