This architecture thesis is an exploration of an idea, an event, and a place. The idea was to explore design with water. The design had to be thoughtful and have an impact: an event. My place is on the waterfront. This thesis confirmed my ideas about site-specific and site-inspired architecture. I looked to my thoughts about water and tried to incorporate them into my design and enhance it with them. In my design I began to think about materials, about the senses, and about how we experience places through sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. My exploration led me to design a public park on the Hudson River in Nyack, New York. *note* the printed version of this book is in the format of double sided pages and is best viewed in the format of facing pages. / Master of Architecture

A fragmentação de hábitats, e conseqüente isolamento de populações animais e vegetais, tem sido apontada como uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade. Os elementos de conexão são estruturas que favorecem o deslocamento de organismos pela paisagem fragmentada. Um destes elementos, os trampolins ecológicos, também chamados de pontos de ligação ou stepping stones, são pequenas áreas de hábitat dispersas na matriz de não habitat, que potencialmente podem aumentar a conectividade na paisagem, reduzindo a probabilidade de extinção de diversas espécies. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Teodoro Sampaio e Euclides da Cunha, localizados na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas duas paisagens com situações distintas no que se refere à presença dos elementos de conexão: Paisagem da Água Sumida (AS) e Paisagem da Ponte Branca (PB). Para a amostragem da avifauna utilizou-se o método do ponto fixo, no qual os pontos foram alocados distantes pelo menos 200m uns dos outros e o tempo de observação foi de 10 minutos por ponto. A coleta de dados em campo ocorreu nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004. Em cada paisagem foram realizadas quatro visitas. Em função deste levantamento, foi calculado o Índice Pontual de Abundância (IPA) para cada espécie em todos os pontos amostrados. Diversos bosques agroflorestais foram estudados, a fim de se verificar se eram utilizados pela avifauna, o que seria um indicativo da potencialidade destes bosques como trampolim ecológico. Foram também incluídos a matriz de pasto e os elementos de conexão: corredores ecológicos e pequenos fragmentos naturais. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com outro estudo conduzido nos fragmentos grandes. Foi observada uma diferença na composição da avifauna entre os diversos tipos de hábitats considerados, mas que ainda pouco deve refletir no aumento de fluxo pela paisagem das espécies florestais. Estas espécies na maior parte das vezes foram somente observadas nos fragmentos grandes e, aparentemente, não usam os bosques ou qualquer outro elemento de conexão, provavelmente devido ao elevado grau de isolamento destes e à hostilidade da matriz. Apesar de ter sido observado que os sistemas agroflorestais ainda não beneficiam grande parte da avifauna dependente de floresta, os resultados apontam que as ações de manejo nos assentamentos rurais começam a ter reflexos na diversidade na escala da paisagem da região, além de fornecer sustento para as famílias assentadas. Estes benefícios provavelmente serão maximizados com a intensificação dos processos de implantação de novos bosques agroflorestais, recuperação das matas ciliares e melhoramento da qualidade da vegetação dos remanescentes florestais. / Habitat fragmentation and consequent isolation of fauna and flora populations have been mentioned as one of the most critical threat for the biodiversity. The landscape elements are structures that increase the biota movements throw landscape. One of these elements is the stepping stones, which are small portions of habitat spread in matrix, and potentially could increase landscape connectivity, reducing extinction probability of a number of species. This study was conducted in Pontal do Paranapanema, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in two different areas concerning the presence or absence of some of the landscape elements: Landscape of Água Sumida (AS) and Landscape of Ponte Branca (PB). Field work had happened from November 2003 to January 2004. Avifauna was surveyed by point counts, where birds were registered for 10 minutes. The points were located at least 200m far from another, and each point was visited four times. Punctual Abundance Index (IPA) were calculated for birds species in all surveyed points. Some agro-forest patches were surveyed to verify the avifauna presence, which would be an indication of the potentially effect of stepping stones. Matrix of pasture, corridors and smalls fragments of native forest were also surveyed. The data obtained were compared to big fragments data of another study. There were differences of birds species compositions among all kinds of habitat considered, but it does not indicate increase of movements of forest species throw landscape. These species were most of the time registered into the large forest fragments, and they did not use agro-forest patches nor landscape elements, probably due the isolation caused by matrix hostility. Despite agro-forest system still do not increase movements of forest birds, the results suggests that environment management in settleland areas interfere on the biodiversity in landscape scale in this region, besides provide support for settled families. These benefits probably will be optimized with implantation of new agro-forest patches, revegetation of riparian areas and quality improvement of vegetation of residual woodlots.

A fragmentação de hábitats, e conseqüente isolamento de populações animais e vegetais, tem sido apontada como uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade. Os elementos de conexão são estruturas que favorecem o deslocamento de organismos pela paisagem fragmentada. Um destes elementos, os trampolins ecológicos, também chamados de pontos de ligação ou stepping stones, são pequenas áreas de hábitat dispersas na matriz de não habitat, que potencialmente podem aumentar a conectividade na paisagem, reduzindo a probabilidade de extinção de diversas espécies. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Teodoro Sampaio e Euclides da Cunha, localizados na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas duas paisagens com situações distintas no que se refere à presença dos elementos de conexão: Paisagem da Água Sumida (AS) e Paisagem da Ponte Branca (PB). Para a amostragem da avifauna utilizou-se o método do ponto fixo, no qual os pontos foram alocados distantes pelo menos 200m uns dos outros e o tempo de observação foi de 10 minutos por ponto. A coleta de dados em campo ocorreu nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004. Em cada paisagem foram realizadas quatro visitas. Em função deste levantamento, foi calculado o Índice Pontual de Abundância (IPA) para cada espécie em todos os pontos amostrados. Diversos bosques agroflorestais foram estudados, a fim de se verificar se eram utilizados pela avifauna, o que seria um indicativo da potencialidade destes bosques como trampolim ecológico. Foram também incluídos a matriz de pasto e os elementos de conexão: corredores ecológicos e pequenos fragmentos naturais. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com outro estudo conduzido nos fragmentos grandes. Foi observada uma diferença na composição da avifauna entre os diversos tipos de hábitats considerados, mas que ainda pouco deve refletir no aumento de fluxo pela paisagem das espécies florestais. Estas espécies na maior parte das vezes foram somente observadas nos fragmentos grandes e, aparentemente, não usam os bosques ou qualquer outro elemento de conexão, provavelmente devido ao elevado grau de isolamento destes e à hostilidade da matriz. Apesar de ter sido observado que os sistemas agroflorestais ainda não beneficiam grande parte da avifauna dependente de floresta, os resultados apontam que as ações de manejo nos assentamentos rurais começam a ter reflexos na diversidade na escala da paisagem da região, além de fornecer sustento para as famílias assentadas. Estes benefícios provavelmente serão maximizados com a intensificação dos processos de implantação de novos bosques agroflorestais, recuperação das matas ciliares e melhoramento da qualidade da vegetação dos remanescentes florestais. / Habitat fragmentation and consequent isolation of fauna and flora populations have been mentioned as one of the most critical threat for the biodiversity. The landscape elements are structures that increase the biota movements throw landscape. One of these elements is the stepping stones, which are small portions of habitat spread in matrix, and potentially could increase landscape connectivity, reducing extinction probability of a number of species. This study was conducted in Pontal do Paranapanema, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in two different areas concerning the presence or absence of some of the landscape elements: Landscape of Água Sumida (AS) and Landscape of Ponte Branca (PB). Field work had happened from November 2003 to January 2004. Avifauna was surveyed by point counts, where birds were registered for 10 minutes. The points were located at least 200m far from another, and each point was visited four times. Punctual Abundance Index (IPA) were calculated for birds species in all surveyed points. Some agro-forest patches were surveyed to verify the avifauna presence, which would be an indication of the potentially effect of stepping stones. Matrix of pasture, corridors and smalls fragments of native forest were also surveyed. The data obtained were compared to big fragments data of another study. There were differences of birds species compositions among all kinds of habitat considered, but it does not indicate increase of movements of forest species throw landscape. These species were most of the time registered into the large forest fragments, and they did not use agro-forest patches nor landscape elements, probably due the isolation caused by matrix hostility. Despite agro-forest system still do not increase movements of forest birds, the results suggests that environment management in settleland areas interfere on the biodiversity in landscape scale in this region, besides provide support for settled families. These benefits probably will be optimized with implantation of new agro-forest patches, revegetation of riparian areas and quality improvement of vegetation of residual woodlots.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It is expected that networks of protected areas (NPAs) play a key role in conservation of several carnivores species, as jaguar, since habitat fragmentation and population isolation are strong threats. Therefore, the identification and establishment of connector structures, such as corridors and stepping-stones, are essential to ensure the population persistence of these species. Here, we used graph approach and the habitat availability metrics to design NPAs for jaguars in Atlantic Forest and ranking protected areas and other forest fragments according to their importance for landscape connectivity. Our results indicate that the protected jaguar areas (PJAs) are important to functional connectivity, mainly the state parks located in the Serra do Mar. The potential stepping-stone network, formed by 564 fragments with higher levels of importance for connectivity, increased the number of connections in landscape and reduced the amount of isolated PJAs. Only 15 fragments of this network, located in the south of the Atlantic Forest, contributed with 88% of interpatch connectivity, being considered as potential sites for jaguars reintroduction. Most of these connector areas are under the less restrictive protection of sustainable use protected areas. The approach used here has simple data requirements and provides a valuable initial guide to planning NPAs, can be applied to many other species. / (Sem resumo)

The present study characterized the deep-sea gastropods community collected on whale bones and wood parcels artificially implanted in the deep Southwest Atlantic Ocean at 1500 and 3300 m depth for 23 months. A total of 5493 gastropods were collected and their distribution, abundance and diversity on substrates, depths and latitudes were calculated. Species richness and abundance of gastropods were higher in whale bones and deeper sites. Latitude did not seem to influence the distribution of mollusks. Five species were selected due to their abundance and possible ecological importance for further studies. Three were new species of the superfamily Abyssochrisoidea and were morphologically and genetically described (two Rubyspira and one Cordesia). The other two were Hyslogyrina rissoela (Heterobranchia) and Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). To understand their feeding behavior and dispersal strategies were conduced stable isotopes analyzes, observations of gut content, and radular and larval shell morphology. Larval shell of most species suggested planktotrophic development. Animals on different growth stages were found. Gastropods presented a diversity of feeding strategies, such as bacterial mats grazing, predation and specialized bone eating. The overlap of this fauna with other chemosynthetic environments and with other basins corroborate with the ecological stepping stone hypothesis. Besides that, phylogenetic studies about Abyssochrysoidea were made. Their phylogenetic position within the Caenogastropoda are still uncertain but this group is considered closely related with Littorinidae. These snails are endemic from chemosynthetic environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls in the deep-sea. The genus Rubyspira is not settled at family level and no molecular studies were made for Cordesia. The present study also attempts to assign these groups phylogenetically. Concatenated COI, 16S, 18S and 28S and individual gene trees were constructed for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. In all analyses the family Newtoniellidae were a sister group of Abyssochrysoidea. Morphological and genetic evidences suggest that Rubyspira and Cordesia are closer related to Abyssochrysos than to other provannid snails. The most accepted hypothesis is that Provannidae is paraphyletic. However, there are other ideas that indicates Rubyspira and Cordesia could be included in Abyssochrysidae or the Provannidae should be considered Abyssochrysidae. A morphologic revision of the superfamily should be made to better understand the relation within the group. Clades within the Abyssochrysoidea were always well supported and similar to those found in the literature. The position of Rubyspira and Cordesia within Abyssochrysoidea suggest whale bones and wood parcels did not play an evolutionary role as stepping stones for this group. / O presente estudo caracterizou a comunidade de gastrópodes de mar profundo coletados em carcaças de baleia e parcelas de madeira artificialmente implantadas no Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico profundo a 1500 e 3300 m de profundidade por 23 meses. Um total de 5493 gastrópodes foram coletados e sua distribuição, abundância e biodiversidade nos substratos, profundidades e latitudes foram calculados. A riqueza e abundância dos gastrópodes foi maior nos ossos de baleia e em maiores profundidades. A latitude parece não ter influenciado na distribuição dos moluscos. Cinco espécies foram selecionadas devido à abundância e possível importância ecológica. Três são novas espécies da superfamília Abyssochrysoidea que foram descritas morfologicamente e filogeneticamente (duas Rubyspira e uma Cordesia). As outras duas foram Hyalogirina rissoela (Heterobranchia) e Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). Para compreender os hábitos alimentares e de dispersão desses animais análises de isótopos estáveis, observações do conteúdo do trato digestório, da morfologia das rádulas e das conchas larvais foram realizadas. A concha larval da maioria das espécies sugere um desenvolvimento planctotrófico. Os moluscos encontrados apresentaram diversos tipos de hábitos alimentares como raspadores de carpete bacteriano, predadores e especialistas de ossos. A sobreposição dessa fauna com a de outros ambientes quimiossintéticos e de outras bacias oceânicas colabora com a hipótese ecológica das \"stepping stones\" no mar profundo. Além disso, estudos sobre a posição filogenética dos Abyssochrysoidea foi feita. Sua posição nos Caenogastropoda ainda é incerta, mas são considerados próximos aos Littorinidae. Esses animais são endêmicos de ambientes quimiossintéticos, como fontes hidrotermais de mar profundo, fontes frias e quedas orgânicas. O gênero Rubyspira não está atribuído à nenhuma Família e não foram realizados estudos moleculares para Cordesia. Esse estudo também tenta organizar esses grupos filogeneticamente. Árvores concatenadas e individuais dos genes COI, 16S, 18S e 28S foram construídas para máxima verossimilhança e análise bayesiana. Em todos resultados a família Newtoniellidae foi um grupo irmão dos Abyssochrysoidea. Evidências morfológicas e genéticas s para que sugerem que Rubyspira e Cordesia então mais próximos dos Abyssochrysos do que de outros provannides. A teoria mais aceita é de que os Provannidae são parafileticos. Porém há outras ideias de que Rubyspira e Cordesia poderiam ser inclusos em Abyssochrysidae, ou que os Provannidae fossem considerados Abyssochrysidae. Uma revisão dessa superfamilia deveria se feita para entender as relações desse grupo. Os clados de Abyssochrysoidea sempre foram bem suportados como na literatura. A posição de Rubyspira e Cordesia nos Abyssochrysoidea. aponta que os ossos de baleia e parcelas de madeira possam não terem servido como \"stepping stones\" evolutivas para esses gastrópodes.

The present study characterized the deep-sea gastropods community collected on whale bones and wood parcels artificially implanted in the deep Southwest Atlantic Ocean at 1500 and 3300 m depth for 23 months. A total of 5493 gastropods were collected and their distribution, abundance and diversity on substrates, depths and latitudes were calculated. Species richness and abundance of gastropods were higher in whale bones and deeper sites. Latitude did not seem to influence the distribution of mollusks. Five species were selected due to their abundance and possible ecological importance for further studies. Three were new species of the superfamily Abyssochrisoidea and were morphologically and genetically described (two Rubyspira and one Cordesia). The other two were Hyslogyrina rissoela (Heterobranchia) and Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). To understand their feeding behavior and dispersal strategies were conduced stable isotopes analyzes, observations of gut content, and radular and larval shell morphology. Larval shell of most species suggested planktotrophic development. Animals on different growth stages were found. Gastropods presented a diversity of feeding strategies, such as bacterial mats grazing, predation and specialized bone eating. The overlap of this fauna with other chemosynthetic environments and with other basins corroborate with the ecological stepping stone hypothesis. Besides that, phylogenetic studies about Abyssochrysoidea were made. Their phylogenetic position within the Caenogastropoda are still uncertain but this group is considered closely related with Littorinidae. These snails are endemic from chemosynthetic environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls in the deep-sea. The genus Rubyspira is not settled at family level and no molecular studies were made for Cordesia. The present study also attempts to assign these groups phylogenetically. Concatenated COI, 16S, 18S and 28S and individual gene trees were constructed for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. In all analyses the family Newtoniellidae were a sister group of Abyssochrysoidea. Morphological and genetic evidences suggest that Rubyspira and Cordesia are closer related to Abyssochrysos than to other provannid snails. The most accepted hypothesis is that Provannidae is paraphyletic. However, there are other ideas that indicates Rubyspira and Cordesia could be included in Abyssochrysidae or the Provannidae should be considered Abyssochrysidae. A morphologic revision of the superfamily should be made to better understand the relation within the group. Clades within the Abyssochrysoidea were always well supported and similar to those found in the literature. The position of Rubyspira and Cordesia within Abyssochrysoidea suggest whale bones and wood parcels did not play an evolutionary role as stepping stones for this group. / O presente estudo caracterizou a comunidade de gastrópodes de mar profundo coletados em carcaças de baleia e parcelas de madeira artificialmente implantadas no Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico profundo a 1500 e 3300 m de profundidade por 23 meses. Um total de 5493 gastrópodes foram coletados e sua distribuição, abundância e biodiversidade nos substratos, profundidades e latitudes foram calculados. A riqueza e abundância dos gastrópodes foi maior nos ossos de baleia e em maiores profundidades. A latitude parece não ter influenciado na distribuição dos moluscos. Cinco espécies foram selecionadas devido à abundância e possível importância ecológica. Três são novas espécies da superfamília Abyssochrysoidea que foram descritas morfologicamente e filogeneticamente (duas Rubyspira e uma Cordesia). As outras duas foram Hyalogirina rissoela (Heterobranchia) e Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). Para compreender os hábitos alimentares e de dispersão desses animais análises de isótopos estáveis, observações do conteúdo do trato digestório, da morfologia das rádulas e das conchas larvais foram realizadas. A concha larval da maioria das espécies sugere um desenvolvimento planctotrófico. Os moluscos encontrados apresentaram diversos tipos de hábitos alimentares como raspadores de carpete bacteriano, predadores e especialistas de ossos. A sobreposição dessa fauna com a de outros ambientes quimiossintéticos e de outras bacias oceânicas colabora com a hipótese ecológica das \"stepping stones\" no mar profundo. Além disso, estudos sobre a posição filogenética dos Abyssochrysoidea foi feita. Sua posição nos Caenogastropoda ainda é incerta, mas são considerados próximos aos Littorinidae. Esses animais são endêmicos de ambientes quimiossintéticos, como fontes hidrotermais de mar profundo, fontes frias e quedas orgânicas. O gênero Rubyspira não está atribuído à nenhuma Família e não foram realizados estudos moleculares para Cordesia. Esse estudo também tenta organizar esses grupos filogeneticamente. Árvores concatenadas e individuais dos genes COI, 16S, 18S e 28S foram construídas para máxima verossimilhança e análise bayesiana. Em todos resultados a família Newtoniellidae foi um grupo irmão dos Abyssochrysoidea. Evidências morfológicas e genéticas s para que sugerem que Rubyspira e Cordesia então mais próximos dos Abyssochrysos do que de outros provannides. A teoria mais aceita é de que os Provannidae são parafileticos. Porém há outras ideias de que Rubyspira e Cordesia poderiam ser inclusos em Abyssochrysidae, ou que os Provannidae fossem considerados Abyssochrysidae. Uma revisão dessa superfamilia deveria se feita para entender as relações desse grupo. Os clados de Abyssochrysoidea sempre foram bem suportados como na literatura. A posição de Rubyspira e Cordesia nos Abyssochrysoidea. aponta que os ossos de baleia e parcelas de madeira possam não terem servido como \"stepping stones\" evolutivas para esses gastrópodes.

Abstract The primary focus of this research project was an evaluation of the Group Stepping Stones Triple P parenting program for parents of a child with a disability. In addition there was an investigation into the similarities and differences in child behaviour and parenting experience, and program outcomes, for families of children with different developmental disabilities. While the Triple P Positive Parenting Program has an impressive evidence base (Sanders, 1999; Sanders, Markie-Dadds, Tully & Bor, 2000) and research indicates that the standard Stepping Stones Triple P Program is efficacious for different disability groups (Roberts, Mazzucchelli, Studman & Sanders, 2006) and for parents of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (Whittingham, Sofronoff, Sheffield & Sanders, 2009), to date the group version of Stepping Stones Triple P has not been comprehensively evaluated, nor the efficacy of the program evaluated when administered concurrently to parents of children with different developmental disabilities. Currently, there is a lack of participant-friendly, evidence-based group parenting programs that can be utilised in a cost-effective manner with all parents of children with disabilities. Many interventions have been designed specifically to cater to the requirements of a particular disability group. While there is some divergence in disability characteristics and in the experience of families of children with different disabilities, there is compelling evidence that many of the most challenging experiences faced by parents of disabled children (such as emotional and behavioural disturbance and delays in skill development) are shared by many disability populations (Raina et al., 2005; Bourke et al., 2008). Consequently there is empirical support for the implementation of a broad, skill-based parenting program for all parents of children with disabilities. The first study in this research project was a randomised controlled trial the Group Stepping Stones Triple P program for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Down syndrome, other intellectual disabilities and Cerebral Palsy. Fifty-two families were included in this trial and were randomly allocated to treatment and wait-list control groups. The results demonstrate significant improvements in child behaviour and parenting difficulties that were maintained at follow-up six months later. For over a third of participants the change in child behaviour and parenting styles was clinically reliable (Jacobsen & Truax, 1991; Evans, Margison & Barkham, 1998). In addition, the majority of parents reported the attainment of their program goals following the intervention. The second study was a comparison of program outcomes for parents from different disability groups. The sample was divided into two groups; parents of children with ASD and parents of children with intellectual and physical disabilities. The results demonstrated significant improvements in child behaviour and parenting difficulties from pre- to post-intervention for both the ASD group and the Intellectual and Physical disability group. For a third of parents in the ASD group and over a third of parents in the Intellectual and Physical disability group, the changes were clinically reliable (Jacobsen & Truax, 1991; Evans et al., 1998). In addition, the means for both groups on the child behaviour, parenting style and parental psychological functioning variables were compared. The results indicated that there were some differences in child behaviour, parenting styles and parent distress between the two groups, and in the program goals set by parents. However, overall the results revealed no systematic differences in treatment outcomes across disability groups, demonstrating that the program was effective for families of children with ASD and families of children with Intellectual and Physical disabilities. Finally, a series of three case evaluations were conducted to examine program outcomes and differences in child behaviour and parenting experiences for the families of a child with ASD, Down syndrome and Cerebral palsy. The results of the case studies revealed significant improvements in child behaviour and parenting styles for all three families, along with high levels of program satisfaction and successful attainment of parenting goals. For all three families these changes in child behaviour and parenting style were clinically reliable (Jacobsen & Truax, 1991; Evans et al., 1998) and maintained at six-month follow up. The results also provided information about the similarities and differences in parenting experiences, child behaviour and program goals across the three disabilities. Overall, this research project has demonstrated that the Group Stepping Stones Triple P program is an effective parenting intervention for challenging behaviour and dysfunctional parenting in families of children with a range of developmental disabilities. The results of this research provide evidence to suggest that mixed disability group format used in the administration of the Group Stepping Stones Triple P program did not preclude positive program outcomes. Finally, the results of this research project indicate that there are many shared parenting experiencing across families of children with different disabilities and that regardless of observed differences in disability characteristics and family experiences, the Group Stepping Stones Triple P program is sufficiently flexible and comprehensive in its scope to meet the needs of families from different disability populations.

Master of Music / Department of Music / Frank C. Tracz / This document was submitted to the Graduate School of Kansas State University as a partial requirement for the Master’s of Music Education degree. It contains information about music education philosophy, what defines quality literature, theoretical and historical analyses, and rehearsal plans for each of the three pieces that were performed on the Graduate Student Conducting Recital on Wednesday, March 11, 2009. Selections performed on the recital included in the document’s analysis portion include Four Scottish Dances by Malcolm Arnold, arranged by John Paynter, Mosaic, Op. 30 by Mario Gaetano, and Celebration Fanfare from “Stepping Stones” by Joan Tower, arranged by Jack Stamp. The analytical methods employed in this document and the rehearsal techniques listed are based on the Blocker/Miles unit studies and macro-micro-macro concepts from the Teaching Music Through Performance in Band book series.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5263.pdf: 2004882 bytes, checksum: 5d8e45f36dbd4dbefb1cd60663c37ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The semideciduous seasonal forests in the state of São Paulo are highly fragmented due to the history of intensive human interventions in the landscape, especially agricultural activities. In this context, we selected the Basin Corumbataí (BHRC), São Paulo (22 ° 04'46 "and 22 ° 41'28" S, 47 ° 26'23 "and 47 ° 56'15'' W) to understand the role of native trees isolated in pastures consolidated in maintaining connectivity between forest fragments near. So we had a goal, answer the following questions: i) Isolation of native trees in pastures, determined by distance, proximity index, fragment size and forest cover (within a radius of 900 m from the isolated tree), as well as characteristics of isolated trees, height and crown area, can determine the abundance and richness of seeds derived from the seed rain under isolated trees? ii) The richness and abundance of seeds produced from the seed rain is greater under native trees isolated in pastures than inside fragments of semideciduous forests adjacent to pastures of BHRC? We installed 36 seed collectors with an area of 1.5 m2: 18 of them within three fragments, and the other 18 under isolated trees in pastures. We collected fortnightly for six months. We recognize, identify and categorize the seeds on the type of dispersal and seed size sampled. To answer the first question, we tested whether differences in the abundance and species richness could be determined by isolation and structural characteristics (height and crown area) of native trees in the pastures of BHRC regarding forest fragments. Conducted multiple regression analyzes using generalized linear models. To reply the second question, we performed an analysis of covariance to compare the richness and mean abundance of seeds among isolated trees and inside the fragments. We use the sort method of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) to ascertain the similarity in species composition in the two environments; use the rank-abundance curve to analyze evenness in the distribution of species in both environments. Regarding isolated trees in pastures, we found that those with higher canopy cover and closer to forest fragments exhibit greater abundance of animal dispersed seeds, especially when considering the seeds zoochoric "small" (<3 mm), whose abundances were higher in trees with greater canopy cover, closer to forest fragments and in areas with high forest cover. Plenty of seeds > 3 mm, anemochoric or autochorous as well as the wealth of animal dispersed anemochoric or autochorous, no significant differences in relation to the isolation of the trees. Comparing seed rain under trees and isolated within the forest fragments, found that forest fragments are richest and most abundant species arising from the rain, but the difference was expressed only in relations: total species richness anemochoric, being clearer results for the seeds between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and larger than 10 mm; abundance anemochoric of between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and the total wealth of animal dispersed, especially those smaller than 3.0 mm. NMDS analyzes revealed that most of the samples (both trees as isolated forest fragments) share the same species. Through rank-abundance curve, we found that the evenness in the abundance of species collected is distributed differently (p = 0.03) and between individual trees within the forest fragments, being more equitable within the fragments, in addition, more species were found in the interior of the fragments under isolated trees. Isolated trees in pastures can serve as recruitment points of seeds and plants and potentially contribute to maintaining the flow of propagules, acting as connectors between forest fragments scattered across the landscape. Nevertheless, the retention and conservation of forest fragments dispersed in agricultural matrices can contribute to the maintenance of seed rain, given the composition and structure of species present. / As Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais do interior do estado de São Paulo encontram-se fortemente fragmentadas devido ao histórico intensivo de intervenções humanas na paisagem, destacando-se as atividades agropecuárias. Nesse contexto, selecionamos a Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí (BHRC), São Paulo (22°04'46" e 22°41'28"S; 47°26'23" e 47°56'15''W), para entender parte do papel das árvores nativas isoladas em pastagens consolidadas na manutenção da conectividade entre fragmentos florestais próximos. Assim, tivemos por objetivo responder às seguintes questões: i) O isolamento de árvores nativas em pastagens, determinado pela distância, índice de proximidade, tamanho do fragmento e cobertura florestal (num raio de 900 m a partir da árvore isolada), bem como características das árvores isoladas, altura e área da copa, podem determinar a abundância e riqueza de sementes oriundas da chuva de sementes sob as árvores isoladas? ii) A riqueza e abundância de sementes advindas da chuva de sementes é maior sob árvores nativas isoladas em pastagens que no interior de fragmentos de florestas estacionais semideciduais adjacentes às pastagens da BHRC? Instalamos 36 coletores de sementes com área de 1,5 m2: 18 deles no interior de três fragmentos; e os outros 18 sob árvores isoladas em pastagens. Fizemos coletas quinzenais durante seis meses. Triamos, contabilizamos, identificamos e categorizamos as sementes quanto à síndrome de dispersão e o tamanho das sementes amostradas. Para responder à primeira pergunta, testamos se as diferenças na abundância e riqueza de espécies poderiam ser determinadas pelo isolamento e características estruturais (altura e área da copa) das árvores nativas nas pastagens da BHRC em relação aos fragmentos florestais. Realizamos análises de regressão múltipla, utilizando modelos lineares generalizados. Para responder à segunda pergunta, realizamos análises de covariância para comparar a riqueza e abundância média de sementes entre as árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos. Utilizamos o método de ordenação de Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-Métrico (NMDS) para averiguar a similaridade na composição de espécies nos dois ambientes; utilizamos o gráfico da curva de ranking-abundância para analisar a equitatividade na distribuição das espécies nos dois ambientes. A respeito das árvores isoladas nas pastagens, verificamos que aquelas com maior cobertura de copa e mais próximas aos fragmentos florestais apresentam maior abundância de sementes zoocóricas, especialmente quando consideramos as sementes zoocóricas pequenas (< 3 mm), cujas abundâncias foram maiores em árvores com maior cobertura de copa, mais próximas ao fragmentos florestais e em áreas com maior cobertura florestal. A abundância de sementes > 3 mm, anemocóricas ou autocóricas, bem como a riqueza de zoocóricas, anemocóricas ou autocóricas, não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao isolamento das árvores. Comparando a chuva de sementes sob árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos florestais, encontramos que os fragmentos florestais são mais ricos e abundantes em espécies advindas da chuva; porém, a diferença significativa foi expressa apenas nas relações: riqueza total de espécies anemocóricas, sendo mais evidentes os resultados para as sementes entre 3,0 mm e 10 mm e maiores que 10 mm; abundância de anemocóricas entre 3,0 mm e 10 mm e a riqueza total de zoocóricas, principalmente naquelas menores que 3,0 mm. As análises de NMDS revelaram que a maior parte das amostras coletadas (tanto das árvores isoladas quanto dos fragmentos florestais) compartilham as mesmas espécies. Pela curva de ranking-abundância, verificamos que a equitatividade na abundância de espécies coletadas distribui-se de maneira distinta (p = 0,03) entre árvores isoladas e no interior dos fragmentos florestais, sendo mais equitativo no interior dos fragmentos; além disso, foram encontradas mais espécies no interior dos fragmentos que sob as árvores isoladas. As árvores isoladas em pastagens podem servir como pontos de recrutamento de sementes e propágulos e potencialmente contribuir para manutenção do fluxo de propágulos, atuando como conectores entre fragmentos florestais dispersos pela paisagem. Não obstante, a permanência e conservação dos fragmentos florestais dispersos em matrizes agrícolas podem contribuir para a manutenção da chuva de sementes, dada a composição e estrutura de espécies que apresentam.

Marine Inseln beherbergen einen großen Teil der biologischen Vielfalt unseres Planeten und weisen gleichzeitig einen hohen Anteil endemischer Arten auf. Inselbiota sind allerdings zudem besonders anfällig für anthropogene Einflüsse wie den globalen Klimawandel, Habitatverlust und invasive Arten. Für ihren Erhalt ist es daher wichtig, die ökologischen Prozesse auf Inseln detailliert zu verstehen. Aufgrund ihrer definierten Größe und isolierten Lage eignen sich Inseln als Modellsysteme in der ökologischen und evolutionären Forschung. Der Großteil der bisherigen Inselstudien hat sich allerdings mit kleinräumigen Mustern befasst, so dass standardisierte globale Daten zu den biogeographischen Eigenschaften und eine makroökologische Synthese ihrer Biota bislang fehlen. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich eine physische und bioklimatische Charakterisierung der Inseln der Welt vor und behandle die Frage, wie abiotische Inseleigenschaften die Diversität von Inselfloren beeinflussen. Ich bearbeite zwei Hauptaspekte dieser Fragestellung: Zuerst konzentriere ich mich auf historische und heutige Klimabedingungen und physische Inseleigenschaften als Triebfedern von Pflanzendiversitätsmustern auf Inseln. Hierbei setze ich einen Schwerpunkt auf die räumliche Anordnung von Inseln und Struktur von Archipelen. Als Zweites behandle ich taxon-spezifische Unterschiede in der Antwort von Diversitätsmustern auf abiotische Faktoren. Hierzu stelle ich eine globale Datenbank mit historischen und heutigen Klimabedingungen und physischen Eigenschaften, wie Fläche, Isolation und Geologie, von 17883 Inseln größer als 1 km² vor. Mit Hilfe von Ordinations- und Klassifikationsverfahren charakterisiere und klassifiziere ich die Inseln in einem multidimensionalen Umweltraum. Außerdem entwickele ich einen Satz von ökologisch relevanten Maßen zur Beschreibung von Isolation von Inseln und ihrer räumlichen Anordnung in Archipelen, darunter Maße zu Trittstein-Inseln, Wind- und Meeresströmungen, klimatischer Ähnlichkeit, Distanzen zwischen Inseln und umgebender Landfläche. Diese Maße berücksichtigen verschiedene Aspekte von Isolation, welche Immigration, Artbildung und Aussterben auf Inseln sowie Austausch zwischen Inseln beeinflussen. Um abiotische Bedingungen mit biotischen Eigenschaften von Inselfloren in Verbindung zu bringen, nutze ich eine für diese Arbeit erstellte Datenbank aus 1295 Insel-Artenlisten, die insgesamt ca. 45000 heimische Gefäßpflanzenarten umfassen. Dies ist der umfassendste und erste globale Datensatz für Pflanzen auf Inseln, der Artidentitäten anstatt lediglich Artenzahlen beinhaltet. Die globale Insel-Charakterisierung bestätigt quantitativ, dass sich Inseln in bioklimatischen und physischen Eigenschaften vom Festland unterscheiden. Inseln sind im Durchschnitt signifikant kühler, feuchter und weniger saisonal geprägt als das Festland. Die weiteren Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine sorgfältige Beschreibung der räumlich-physischen Eigenschaften von Inseln und Archipelen nötig ist, um die Diversitätsmuster ihrer Biota zu verstehen. Isolation ist nach Inselfläche der zweitwichtigste Einflussfaktor für den Gefäßpflanzenartenreichtum auf Inseln. Von den verglichenen Isolationsmaßen eignet sich der Anteil an umgebender Landfläche am besten zur Erklärung der Artenzahlen. Außerdem erhöht sich durch die Berücksichtigung von Trittsteininseln, großen Inseln als Quell-Landflächen und klimatischer Ähnlichkeit der Quell-Landflächen die Vorhersagekraft der Modelle. Isolation spielt eine geringere Rolle auf großen Inseln, wo in situ Diversifizierung den negativen Effekt von Isolation auf Immigration ausgleicht. Die räumliche Struktur innerhalb von Archipelen ist von besonderer Bedeutung für β-Diversität, d.h. für den Unterschied in der Artenzusammensetzung der Inseln. Außerdem beeinflusst sie indirekt, durch den Effekt auf die β-Diversität, auch die γ-Diversität, d.h. die Diversität des gesamten Archipels. Die Ergebnisse heben die enorme Bedeutung der relativen räumlichen Position von Inseln zueinander für Diversitätsmuster auf Inseln hervor und zeigen die Notwendigkeit für Inselforschung und Naturschutz, Inseln im Kontext ihres Archipels zu betrachten. Die Ergebnisse für Farne auf südostasiatischen Inseln zeigen, dass die Bedeutung von physischen Inseleigenschaften für Diversität kontinuierlich mit der Größe der betrachteten Untersuchungsfläche von der Insel- bis zur Plotebene abnimmt, wohingegen der Einfluss von lokalen Umweltbedingungen zunimmt. Lokale Artgemeinschaften sind häufig gesättigt, wodurch die Anzahl an Arten, die aus dem regionalen Artenbestand einwandern können, limitiert wird. Um Vorhersagen über lokalen Artenreichtum zu machen, ist es daher wichtig, die Skalenabhängigkeit der Effekte des regionalen Artenbestandes zu berücksichtigen. Großgruppen von Pflanzen unterscheiden sich in ihrer Ausbreitungsfähigkeit, ihrem Genfluss, Artbildungsraten und Anpassungen an das Klima. Dementsprechend zeigen die vergleichenden Analysen zwischen taxonomischen Pflanzengruppen deutliche Unterschiede in der Reaktion von Artenreichtum und phylogenetischen Diversitätsmustern auf abiotische Faktoren. Die Arten-Fläche-Beziehung, d.h. die Zunahme von Artendiversität mit zunehmender Fläche, variiert zwischen den Pflanzengruppen. Die Steigung der Arten-Fläche-Beziehung ist für Spermatophyten größer als für Pteridophyten und Bryophyten, wohingegen der y-Achsenabschnitt kleiner ist. Unter der Annahme, dass Merkmale und klimatische Anpassungen innerhalb von taxonomischen Gruppen phylogenetisch konserviert sind, führen die Filterwirkung von Ausbreitungsbarrieren und Umwelteigenschaften sowie in situ Artbildung zu Gemeinschaften eng verwandter Arten (phylogenetic clustering). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass physische und bioklimatische Inseleigenschaften, die mit der Filterwirkung und Artbildung in Verbindung stehen, die phylogenetische Struktur von Inselgemeinschaften beeinflussen. Die Stärke und Richtung der Zusammenhänge variieren zwischen taxonomischen Gruppen. Abiotische Faktoren erklären mehr Variation in phylogenetischer Diversität für alle Angiospermen und Palmen als für Farne, was auf Grund höherer Ausbreitungsfähigkeit und größerer Verbreitungsgebiete von Farnen den Erwartungen entspricht. Die abiotische Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung der weltweiten Inseln und die zugehörigen Daten ermöglichen eine integrativere Berücksichtigung von Inseln in der makroökologischen Forschung. In dieser Arbeit präsentiere ich die ersten Vorhersagen globaler Pflanzenartenvielfalt auf Inseln und die ersten Analysen zu unterschiedlichen Diversitätskomponenten (α, β, γ und phylogenetische Diversität) von Inselsystemen und ihren abiotischen Einflussfaktoren auf globalem Maßstab. Ich zeige, dass Zusammenhänge zwischen Umweltfaktoren und Artenzahl sowie phylogenetischen Eigenschaften von Inselgemeinschaften zwischen unterschiedlichen taxonomischen Gruppen in Abhängigkeit ihrer vorwiegenden Ausbreitungs- und Artbildungseigenschaften variieren können. Dies ist eine neue Sichtweise in der makroökologischen Inselforschung, die Rückschlüsse auf die Mechanismen hinter Diversitätsmustern von Pflanzen auf Inseln erlaubt. Ein detailliertes Verständnis davon, wie Diversität unterschiedlicher Pflanzengruppen durch Immigration und Diversifizierung auf Inseln entsteht, dürfte auch das Verständnis globaler Diversitätsmuster im Allgemeinen verbessern.