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Two-year-olds' knowledge of gender-stereotyped tasks was assessed in an experiment that utilized the preferential looking paradigm. The looking times of toddlers' (N = 18) gazes towards gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent activities were measured and assessed. In the procedure, toddlers viewed either a male or female actor on two displays performing a masculine stereotyped activity (shaving, putting on a tie) on one screen and a feminine stereotyped activity (putting on lipstick, putting on nail-polish) on the other screen. Infants also viewed male and female actors performing gender-neutral activities (eating, drinking water) side by side in control trials. Consistent with our predictions and previous research, the toddlers looked longer at the gender-inconsistent events than the gender-consistent or gender-neutral activities. The results suggest that children have developed some knowledge of gender-stereotyped events by 24 months of age.

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Lisa Melander / The media has a substantial role in providing knowledge about criminality to the public. Previous research has demonstrated that many media representations of crime and criminality perpetuate racial stereotypes and myths. The current study examines photographs in newspapers to investigate if a person of color has a higher chance of being presented by their mugshot over White individuals in crime stories. In addition the analysis examines how female offenders are presented in newspaper crime stories compared to men. To date, there has been no published research on the influence gender and race has on mugshot portrayals in newspaper media. The current study addresses this gap through an ethnographic content analysis of newspaper crime stories from widely circulated newspapers published between August 1, 2014 and October 31, 2014. The analyses are also informed by social constructionism and labeling theory.

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Thesis advisor: Timothy A. Duket / Abstract The primary goal of this research was to examine men's and women's meta-stereotypes, the stereotypes that group members expect out-group members to hold about their own group, and out-group stereotypes, the stereotypes that group members hold about the opposite gender. It was predicted that the magnitude of these stereotypes would be greater among individuals with higher sexism scores than among individuals with lower sexism scores. Results of this study indicate the existence of meta-stereotypes and out-group stereotypes held by men and women, along with specifying the adjectives that comprise these views. At the same time, only weak correlations were found between levels of sexism and magnitudes of meta-stereotypes and out-group stereotypes. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2003. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Previous research on stereotyping has focused on perceptions of and negative consequences for individuals who activate stereotypes based on their membership in one stigmatized group. In contrast, relatively little research has examined stereotyping following categorization of targets into more than one stigmatized group. This dissertation focuses on perceptions of individuals who activate more than one set of stereotypes. In particular, I focused on the combination of stereotypes associated with the older adult age group and the Black racial group - two stereotype sets which contain elements that directly contradict one another. To examine the interaction of these two sets of stereotypes, I examined perceptions of four types of targets: young Black men, young White men, old Black men, and old White men. In Chapter 1, I examine perceptions of anger and happiness on the faces of young and old Black and White men. These perceptions are examined among young (Study 1a) and old (Study 1b) perceivers. In Chapter 2, I attempt to bias these perceptions of facial emotion in line with race or age stereotypes using a categorization priming procedure. The final three studies examine more basic perceptions of these targets of interest. I examine current and projected trait-related perceptions of novel (Chapter 3) and famous (Chapter 4) young and old Black and White men at various points across the lifespan. Finally, in Chapter 5, I directly compare these four targets on a number of traits using a forced-choice comparison task for both current and projected ratings. Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest that race-based and age-based stereotypes combine via a process of selective inhibition. Specifically, old Black and White men are characterized according to the old age stereotypes which most strikingly contrast them against their younger counterparts. Compared with their corresponding young targets, this pattern results in relatively positive evaluations of older Black men, but relatively negative evaluations of older White men.

The Study of the Lower Graders¡¦ Sex Roles and Stereotypes in a Primary school Sue-Min Hong Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the lower graders¡¦ views on sex roles and stereotypes. In addition, this study aims to explore whether the attitudes of parents have influence on children¡¦s views on sex roles and stereotypes. And the research problem intends to examine the differences of boys¡¦ and girls¡¦ views. The subjects are twelve 2nd grade children (6 females, 6 males). The author would like to understand the lower graders¡¦ views on sex roles and stereotypes which relate to infer the correlation of parents and children in order to offer some implications on children¡¦s sex education in the future. The study adopts individual interview and focus group interview to collect data. The former of which is to use ¡§Pilot Questionnaire¡¨ to know individuals, and the latter of which is to employ ¡§Focus Group Interview Outline¡¨ after children have read picture¡¦s books on sex stereotypes. In addition, there are six mothers who are interviewed (3 females, 3 males). The final conclusions as following: (1) the lower graders don¡¦t think sex roles as distinctive in nature, which might be influenced by adults attitudes and their experiences of life; (2) the stereotypes of lower graders whose personality traits reveal frankly and strong for boys and dependent for girls; and children¡¦s interests are differently among both sexes; and in achievements boys are better than girls and girls catch hardly; (3) the relation of children¡¦s views on sex roles and stereotypes to those of parents reveals that parents¡¦ image is the best teaching materials, then the deviation leads children¡¦s stereotypes; (4) in comparison with boys¡¦ and girls¡¦ views, they tend to obey the adult¡¦s rules, and focus not alike as growing up in different world, and obtaining modification of behaviors and beliefs after reading. As for sex stereotypes, boys tend to be difficult to escape and girls intend to counter gender¡¦s bounds. This study offers some suggestions on children¡¦s sex education and future research.

Despite wide-spread legislative and social change, the contemporary workplace remains a difficult environment for those performing non-traditional occupational roles (e.g., female pilots, male nurses). The current thesis sought to explore stereotype activation and application for such individuals in both adults and children. Using a set of standardised stimuli depicting males and females performing both traditional and non-traditional jobs, the first set of experiments explored the activation of sex-role stereotypes in adults. Results indicated that for both Experiment 1 (i.e., sex-categorisation task) and Experiment 2 (i.e., name-categorisation task) participants were slower to respond when the stimuli depicted an individual performing a stereotype-incongruent occupation, suggesting that occupational stereotypes were automatically activated. Experiments 3 and 4 explored the evaluative nature of such stereotypes using the Implicit-Association Test (IAT) and the Single-Category Implicit-Association Test (SC-IAT), respectively. The IAT results demonstrated that participants exhibited stronger stereotypic-positive/counter-stereotypic-negative associations compared to when these mappings were reversed. Moreover, a follow-up SC-IAT revealed a specific association between counter-stereotypical occupations and negativity, an effect that was stronger for male than female targets. Finally, Experiments 5-8 investigated stereotype activation and application in children. Interestingly, results from these studies were comparable to those of the adult findings, namely children automatically activated occupational stereotypes and showed an evaluative preference for stereotype-congruent compared to stereotype-incongruent targets. In sum, the current thesis reveals that both adults and children not only automatically activate occupation-related sex-role stereotypes, but they also negatively evaluate those in counter-stereotypical professions. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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