Global ETD Search

11	The role of the basal ganglia in memory and motor inhibition Guo, Yuhua January 2017 (has links) This PhD thesis investigated the role of the basal ganglia in memory and motor inhibition. Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests a supramodal network of inhibition involving the lateral prefrontal cortex. Here we examined whether this supramodal network also includes subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia. Despite their well-established role in motor control, the basal ganglia are repeatedly activated but never interpreted during memory inhibition. We first used a series of meta-analyses to confirm the consistent involvement of the basal ganglia across studies using memory and motor inhibition tasks (including the Go/No-Go, Think/No-Think, and Stop-signal tasks), and discovered that there may be different subprocesses of inhibition. For instance, while the Go/No-Go task may require preventing a response from taking place, the Think/No-Think and Stop-signal tasks may require cancelling an emerging or ongoing response. We then conducted an fMRI study to examine how the basal ganglia interact with other putative supramodal regions (e.g., DLPFC) to achieve memory and motor inhibition during prevention and cancellation. Through dynamic causal modelling (DCM), we found that both DLPFC and basal ganglia play effective roles to achieve inhibition in the task-specific regions (hippocampus for memory inhibition; primary motor cortex (M1) for motor inhibition). Specifically, memory inhibition requires a DLPFC-basal ganglia-hippocampus pathway, whereas motor inhibition requires a basal ganglia-DLPFC-M1 pathway. We correlated DCM coupling parameters with behavioural indices to examine the relationship between network dynamics during prevention and cancellation and the successfulness of inhibition. However, due to constraints with DCM parameter estimates, caution is necessary when interpreting these results. Finally, we used diffusion weighted imaging to explore the anatomical connections supporting functions and behaviour. Unfortunately, we were unable to detect any white matter variability in relation to effective connectivity or behaviour during the prevention or cancellation processes of memory and motor inhibition at this stage. This PhD thesis provides essential INITIAL evidence that not only are the basal ganglia consistently involved in memory and motor inhibition, but these structures are effectively engaged in these tasks, achieving inhibition through task-specific pathways. We will discuss our findings, interpretations, and future directions in the relevant chapters.
12	Les liens entre l’impulsivité et la coercition sexuelle : les apports d’un modèle multidimensionnel et de tâches comportementales Carrier Emond, Fannie 09 1900 (has links) No description available. Coercition sexuelle Impulsivité UPPS-P Prise de décision Inhibition de la réponse automatique Tâche du signal-stop Spécificité au domaine Psychologie clinique Sexual coercion Impulsivity Response inhibition Delay discounting Stop-signal task Domain-specificity Clinical psychology
13	Measuring self-regulation in everyday life: Reliability and validity of smartphone-based experiments in alcohol use disorder Zech, Hilmar, Waltmann, Maria, Lee, Ying, Reichert, Markus, Bedder, Rachel L., Rutledge, Robb B., Deeken, Friederike, Wenzel, Julia, Wedemeyer, Friederike, Aguilera, Alvaro, Aslan, Acelya, Bach, Patrick, Bahr, Nadja S., Ebrahimi, Claudia, Fischbach, Pascale C., Ganz, Marvin, Garbusow, Maria, Großkopf, Charlotte M., Heigert, Marie, Hentschel, Angela, Belanger, Matthew, Karl, Damian, Pelz, Patricia, Pinger, Mathieu, Riemerschmid, Carlotta, Rosenthal, Annika, Steffen, Johannes, Strehle, Jens, Weiss, Franziska, Wieder, Gesine, Wieland, Alfred, Zaiser, Judith, Zaiser, Judith, Zimmermann, Sina, Liu, Shuyan, Goschke, Thomas, Walter, Henrik, Tost, Heike, Lenz, Bernd, Andoh, Jamila, Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich, Rapp, Michael A., Heinz, Andreas, Dolan, Ray, Smolka, Michael N., Deserno, Lorenz 22 April 2024 (has links) Self-regulation, the ability to guide behavior according to one’s goals, plays an integral role in understanding loss of control over unwanted behaviors, for example in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Yet, experimental tasks that measure processes underlying self-regulation are not easy to deploy in contexts where such behaviors usually occur, namely outside the laboratory, and in clinical populations such as people with AUD. Moreover, lab-based tasks have been criticized for poor test–retest reliability and lack of construct validity. Smartphones can be used to deploy tasks in the field, but often require shorter versions of tasks, which may further decrease reliability. Here, we show that combining smartphone-based tasks with joint hierarchical modeling of longitudinal data can overcome at least some of these shortcomings. We test four short smartphone-based tasks outside the laboratory in a large sample (N = 488) of participants with AUD. Although task measures indeed have low reliability when data are analyzed traditionally by modeling each session separately, joint modeling of longitudinal data increases reliability to good and oftentimes excellent levels. We next test the measures’ construct validity and show that extracted latent factors are indeed in line with theoretical accounts of cognitive control and decision-making. Finally, we demonstrate that a resulting cognitive control factor relates to a real-life measure of drinking behavior and yields stronger correlations than single measures based on traditional analyses. Our findings demonstrate how short, smartphone-based task measures, when analyzed with joint hierarchical modeling and latent factor analysis, can overcome frequently reported shortcomings of experimental tasks. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/150 ddc:150
14	Hodnocení uchazečů o zaměstnání použitím neurověd / Evaluation of Job Applicants Using Neuroscience Bank, Tomáš January 2017 (has links) This thesis deals with the possibility to evaluate cognitive and emotional traits and their relations to job positions and functions. The basis is to create a set of tests which could be used during a hiring procedure while deciding among candidates. It also suggests how to classify users based on a set of tests and thereby provide support in choosing the right job. The thesis gives a brief outlook of individually tested traits, describes a proposal of a web application and its implementation, describes implementation of neural network classifier and presents obtained results.
15	Framtagning av ny cykelbelysning med ljussignalering / Development of new bicycle lights with signal lights Ghorbani, Nathalie January 2018 (has links) Syftet med projektet var att ta fram en ny cykelbelysning för att höja cyklisters säkerhet och förenkla trafikregler samt utförandet av signalering. Genom en nulägesanalys av befintliga produkter, elektronikkomponenter och slutanvändarnas uttalanden kunde kundbehov tas fram. Därefter rangordnades kundbehoven och en funktionslista tillsammans med en produktspecifikation kunde verkställas. Med dem som grund utfördes en idégenerering med flera olika lösningskoncept där ett val gjordes baserat på en Kesselringmatris. Det vinnande konceptet var ett par pedaler med integrerad belysning. Genom en accelerometer fungerar pedalen som en bromslykta och med hjälp av en extern kontroll kan körriktningsvisare sättas igång som projiceras på marken. Elektriciteten som behövs till pedalernas belysning genereras när cyklisten roterar pedalaxeln via en generator. Som slutsats uppfylldes projektets mål men mer arbete behöver göras kring projektets avgränsningar för en färdig produkt. / The purpose of the project was to develop a new bicycle light in order to improve cyclists’ safety and to make it easier for them to follow traffic regulations. Using a status analysis of existing products, electronics and the end users statements the customer needs could be documented. Then the needs were ranked and a function list together with a product specification was produced. With them as a base the brainstorming could begin where multiple concept solutions were made and one of them chosen as a winner through a Kesselring matrix. The winning concept was a pair of pedals with integrated lighting. With the help of an accelerometer the pedal worked as a brake light and with an external control system turn signals could be turned on and were projected on the ground. The electricity needed for the pedals light system is generated when the user rotates the pedal axis with the help of a generator. As a conclusion all the project goals were fulfilled but more work needs to be done regarding the projects limitations for a complete production ready product. Bike light bicycle light turn signals stop signal pedal pedal lights signal lights light signals hand signing traffic signals blinkers stop light bicyclist cyclist brake signal Bluetooth IR accelerometer gyroscope Cykelbelysning körriktningsvisare stopplykta pedal cykellampa pedalbelysning ljussignalering handsignalering trafiksignalering blinkers stoppsignal cyklist cykel bromslykta Bluetooth IR accelerometer gyroskop Engineering and Technology Teknik och teknologier
16	Les mécanismes de l’inhibition spatiale et non spatiale Ouerfelli-Éthier, Julie 04 1900 (has links) Bien que l’inhibition soit souvent considérée comme un concept uniforme, les habiletés d’inhibition se divisent en plusieurs types : l’inhibition spatiale et l’inhibition de réponse. L’inhibition spatiale réfère à l’atténuation de l’interférence de localisations contenant des stimuli saillants et non pertinents. Par exemple, l’inhibition spatiale guide la recherche visuelle de sorte à limiter la visite répétée de localisations déjà explorées. À l’opposé, l’inhibition de réponse est un processus de type moteur et permet l’adaptation du comportement à un contexte changeant lorsqu’un mouvement doit être altéré ou arrêté. Bien qu’il soit admis que les habiletés d’inhibition se subdivisent en plusieurs types, tel que l’inhibition spatiale et l’inhibition de réponse, les différents mécanismes les sous-tendant demeurent mal compris et sous explorés. L’objectif principal de la présente thèse était d’explorer les mécanismes communs et différents de l’inhibition spatiale et l’inhibition de réponse. Particulièrement, les mécanismes de suppression et de facilitation lors de la sélection de la cible furent décrits pour l’inhibition spatiale. De même, la perturbation des habiletés de l’inhibition spatiale et la préservation relative des habiletés d’inhibition de réponse à la suite à de lésions du cortex pariétal postérieur dorsal furent exemplifiées. Finalement, les apports spécifiques du cortex pariétal postérieur dorsal pour l’inhibition spatiale et l’inhibition de réponse furent définis. / While inhibition is often considered a uniform concept, inhibition abilities can be divided in many types: spatial inhibition and response inhibition. Spatial inhibition refers to the attenuation of the interference from locations containing salient and non-pertinent stimuli. For example, spatial inhibition guides visual search to limit the repeated visit of already explored locations. In contrast, response inhibition is motor-based and allows the adaptability of behaviour in a changing context when a movement must be prevented or altered. Although it is widely accepted that inhibition abilities can be divided in many types, such as spatial or response inhibition, the different mechanisms underlying them remain poorly understood and under-explored. The main aim of the present thesis was to explore the common and different mechanisms of spatial and response inhibition. Precisely, the mechanisms of suppression and enhancement during target selection were described during spatial inhibition. The alteration of spatial inhibition processes and the relative preservation of response inhibition abilities in patients with dorsal posterior parietal cortex lesions were also underlined. Finally, the specific contributions of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex for spatial and response inhibition were defined. Saccade Programmation des mouvements oculaires Cognition visuelle Cartes de priorité Ataxie optique Inhibition de retour Anti-saccade Tâche signal stop Cortex pariétal postérieur Eye movement programming Visual cognition Priority maps Optic ataxia Inhibition of return Stop signal task Posterior parietal cortex

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