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The growing concern for water quality enhancement of our surface waters has led to changes in detention facility design. Providing a filter media for the effluent water to travel through before discharge into the environment has become an area of interest. Thus, detention facilities may be used for both water quality and quantity control. Different soil medias were studied for the potential of pollutant removal and infiltration rates usable in design work. Both laboratory and field experimentation were performed. A computer program was also developed to model stormwater movement through a swale detention system. This research was performed to examine filter media and to indicate the advisability of designing a combination of detention ponds and berms.

A brief study of the history of classical music and the subsequent performance of it reveal magnificent innovative achievements in the inspired evolution of composers and the performing artists that have presented it. Throughout the centuries these performers have stimulated generations of audiences while taking them on musical journeys that cover the complete spectrum of human emotion. Today the classical music world faces weighty challenges that that could very well crush the future of this valuable art form and lead the industry into a desolate demise. A thick cloud of smoke has descended upon these once proud and distinguished music institutions in the United States. Orchestras, opera companies, and other traditional performing institutions are facing financial tribulations, and many of these organizations have already shut their doors. Interest in classical music has plummeted and audiences have continued to disintegrate along with it. In the meantime, music colleges and conservatories have ignored the plight of the professional organizations in turmoil by continuing to train performers in the United States the same way that they have always done since the National Association of Music Schools developed their accreditation standards in 1924. This has led to a generation of music performance majors being trained for jobs that are no longer viable. What’s worse, once these students are finished studying, their music colleges and conservatories disregard them, and institutions move forward with training the next generation of students who will undoubtedly face a similar fate. Along with the turmoil surrounding traditional performing institutions and a music performance curriculum built for a different time, another problem exists that will ultimately push these two concerns to the forefront in the coming years. Higher education in the United States is beginning to experience a colossally devastating financial crisis as a result of decades of unlimited federal student loan aid, decreased state funding, overspending by institutions, and technological alternatives to traditional education that have triggered steady increases in tuition rates for students. These increases have culminated in a substantial amount of graduates taking on debt, on which significant percentages of those graduates are now defaulting. Subsequently, enrollment in higher education has been dropping every year since 2011, and a growing number of prospective students are losing faith in the system and are looking towards alternative avenues to receive their educations. A “perfect storm” has developed in our midst. Several problematic elements of the storm have been simmering for quite a while, but have never been properly confronted or treated. Now a fresh set of storm indicators are emerging that will further emphasize the severity of the problems that have been there for years. Addressing challenges in institutions that have done things the same way for many decades can admittedly be arduous. But regardless of how long these problems have been ignored, they generally don’t go away by themselves, and they often become so insurmountable that only undesirable solutions are feasible. The perfect storm threatening the classical music world is not going away, but, fortunately, reforms are possible that can assist music colleges and conservatories in weathering it and help to reverse the negative forecast. The purpose of this monograph will be to detail the different elements that make up this “perfect storm,” and explain why reforming the music performance curriculum so that it becomes relevant to the current realities of being a 21st-century performing artist is essential. In order to be able to proceed with these reforms, a fundamental reorganization of foundational aspects in music higher education needs to occur. This project is not something that I wanted to take on, but I felt that it was my duty to do everything possible to reinvigorate and transform the training of performing musicians so that the next generation will be able to succeed in saving our art from its downward trajectory and move it onto a path of sustainability and relevance. I am writing this for my colleagues who are navigating the professional music world, for current music students, for future prospective students preparing to enter the music industry, for current and future music professors, for deans in music schools, and for the accreditors who build the music performance curriculum. / Music Performance

Stormwater management in urban areas is a major concern today. The problem of disposing of this stormwater runoff in a satisfactory manner is very difficult indeed. Both the quantity and quality aspects of the runoff must be dealt with to obtain a solution of this problem. The water quality of the runoff can vary depending upon the different land uses of the drainage basin. The quantity of the stormwater runoff also depends upon the land uses, the rainfall intensity and duration of the storm. The traditional methods available for determining the quantity of the stormwater runoff are numerous. These traditional methods and recently developed mathematical simulation models are discussed in this paper. Prediction of the water quality of stormwater runoff is in its infancy. Several of the mathematical models have the capabilities of quality simulation, however, the simulation results are usually inconsistent with actual quality data. Of the simulation models currently in use, the EPA Storm Water Management Model is one of the most comprehensive models. Application and verification of these newly developed models is limited. The EPA Model was chosen to simulate the quantity and quality of a small urban drainage area. The study area chosen was an urban commercial section of the Lake Eola drainage basin. Physical data of the study area, such as ground slopes, storm sewer sizes and locations and slopes were determined. This data was then utilized for simulations of actual rainfall events. Verification of the quantity and quality simulation results was performed with actual quantity and quality data obtained for these rainfall events. Quantity simulation was considered successful with good correlation between the simulated and actual runoff. Quality simulation was successful to a lesser degree, the conclusion being that further quality calibration of the Model was required. Correlation between actual and simulated stormwater quality was achieved to some extent. The lack of correlation was felt to be due to calibration of the Model.

A desk top model has been developed for "user-friendly" application in personal computers to simulate watershed response to a rainfall event in terms of runoff generation and to estimate nonpoint source pollutant loadings associated with the storm event. The algorithms utilize the SCS TR - 55 method for calculating runoff hydrographs for a single storm event. A methodology has been adapted to generate pollutographs which combines the SCS Type II rainfall distribution with the standard pollutant washoff equations. In addition, this model allows for the design, evaluation, and cost effectiveness analysis of various best management practice (BMP) measures as tools to manage stormwater quantity and quality. / M.S.

Barrier islands can protect the mainland from flooding during storms through reduction of storm surge and dissipation of storm generated wave energy. However, the protective capability is reduced when barrier islands breach and a direct hydrodynamic connection between the water bodies on both sides of the barrier island is established. Breaching of barrier islands during large storm events is complicated, involving nonlinear processes that connect water, sediment transport, dune height, and island width among other factors. In order to assess the impacts barrier island breaching has on flooding on the mainland, we modified a storm surge model, GeoClaw, to impose a Gaussian bell-curve on the barrier island that opens during a hurricane simulation and deepened over time. We added a new method of generating storm surge with storm forcing inputs in the form of wind and pressure fields to expand GeoClaw's current utilization of best track information so that storm forcing from planetary boundary layer models can also be utilized in simulations. We created a statistical method to assess the sensitivity of mainland storm-surge to barrier island breaching by randomizing the location, time, and extent of a breach event across the barrier island at Moriches, NY. My results show that total mainland inundation is affected by the changes in location, size, timing and numbers of breaches. Total inundation has a logarithmic relationship with total breach area and breach location is an important predictor of inundation and bay surge. The insights from this study can help prepare shoreline communities for the differing ways that breaching affects the mainland coastline. The model updates created can also allow others to use this framework to study differing regions. Understanding which mainland locations are vulnerable to breaching, planners and coastal engineers can design interventions to reduce the likelihood of a breach occurring in areas adjacent to high flood risk. / Doctor of Philosophy / Storm surge is one of the most deadly and expensive parts of a hurricane. Storm surge can be reduced if a barrier island exists near the mainland coastline. The sand dunes, beach vegetation, and size of the island aid in reducing the waves and storm-surge generated by large storms. When a barrier island breaches it causes a channel of water that connects the ocean and the bay that separates the island from the mainland. This channel of water allows waves and storm surge to be directly pushed into the bay, increasing the storm surge along the mainland coast. Breaching is complex with many factors such as dune size and total island width determining when or where a breach will form. In order to study how breaching affects the mainland during a hurricane, we chose a program that simulates storm surge from a hurricane, made a simple breaching calculation that opens a hole in a sand dune on a barrier island so that the ocean and bay are directly connected and the storm surge can pass through this hole, and enabled the program to use storm data that is pre-computed rather than generated during the simulation. In order to understand how breaching impacts the mainland coast at Moriches, NY, we simulated a hurricane and varied the number, size, and time of different breaches. We learned that total of all breach dimensions has a linear relationship to the amount of coastal flooding up to a threshold, where the breaches cover most of the island. Coastal communities can use the results of this study to determine where to put interventions in place that will reduce the impacts of barrier island breaching, update flood risk maps, and warn community members of changes in their location's risk assessment. Additionally, other regions with barrier islands nearby can use the software updates we created to study their own regions and assess different risk patterns than this study.

Storm surges induced by tropical cyclones have been ravaging coastal communities worldwide, where a growing number of people reside. Tremendous life and economic losses are caused by tropical cyclones, contributing to more than half of the damages induced by natural hazards. To improve the resilience of coastal communities to surge hazards, it is of great importance to provide reliable and efficient real time forecasts of the spatiotemporal evolution of storm surge, as well as reliable predictions of the probabilistic surge hazards under future conditions. Three specific goals are addressed in this work. Studies on characterization and prediction of surge before a hurricane landfall show that a dimensionless relationship between intensity scaled surge magnitude and wind-duration scaled surge timing may effectively be used for rapid and reliable forerunner surge forecasting. Investigation of how probabilistic surge hazard changes with sea level rise (SLR) shows that the probabilistic surge with SLR can be 1.0 m larger, while different individual storm's surge with the same magnitude can be 1.5 m larger or 0.1 m smaller, indicating the importance of not relying on results from a limited number of storm surge events to assess the probabilistic surge hazard change to SLR. Finally, studying the temporal evolution of coastal flooding changes with SLR shows forerunner surge responds differently to SLR than peak surge, and that storm forward speed is a key factor determining the forerunner-SLR response. / Ph. D. / Flooding induced by tropical cyclones have been ravaging coastal communities worldwide, where a growing number of people reside. Tremendous life and economic losses are caused by tropical cyclones, contributing to more than half of the damages induced by natural hazards. To improve the resilience of coastal communities to flood hazards, it is of great importance to provide reliable and efficient real time forecasts of the flooding time series, as well as reliable predictions of the statistical flood elevation under future conditions. Three specific goals are addressed in this work. Studies on forecasting early coastal flooding show that a dimensionless relationship between storm characteristics and flood elevation may effectively be used for rapid and reliable early flood forecasting. Investigation of how statistical flood elevation changes with sea level rise show the importance of modeling the physical processes and of the storm sample size to address this issue. Finally, studying the coastal flooding time series with sea level rise shows early flooding responds differently to sea level rise, compared to maximum flooding, and that storm’s moving speed is a key factor determining flooding response to sea level rise.

This proposed research focused on the prediction and identification of dissolved heavy metals in storm water runoff from elevated roadways. Storm water runoff from highways transports a significant load of contaminants, especially heavy metals and particulate matter, to receiving waters. Heavy metals, either in dissolved or particulatebound phases, are unique in the fact that unlike organic compounds, they are not degraded in the environment. The objective of this research was to develop a mathematical model to relate dissolved heavy metal concentration to different measurable parameters which are easily available and routinely measurable for elevated roadways. The reliability of the developed models was then evaluated by comparing the raw data versus data predicted by the models. The test site for this research was selected at the intersection of the Interstate-10 and Interstate-610, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Louisiana. Subsequently a research test site was developed and highway storm water runoff was collected. Volumetric flow rates were measured with every collected sample by measuring the amount of collected water and the collection time. Storm water runoff from the examined elevated roadway section was sampled for 10 storm events throughout the course of the study from which hydrologic and water quality data were collected. The measurement of different parameters made it possible to determine the percentage of dissolved heavy metal mass loading and the characterization of high runoff flow intensity and low runoff flow intensity storm events. Another very important achievement in this research was the construction of a predictive model for dissolved heavy metal concentrations based on field measurements. Data analysis proceeded by applying different variable selection statistical methods as well as multiple regression analyses in order to evaluate the simultaneous effects of all variables on the concentration of dissolved heavy metals in storm water runoff. The developed model enables the user to predict dissolved heavy metal concentrations with known field measurements within a prediction interval of 95 % confidence. The reliability of the models was verified by carrying out significant-difference tests for both sets of data, observed and predicted, for a 5% of significance level.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 1997 / Detention storage IS a well tested, and generally accepted, method of attenuating flood hydrographs, but relatively littlo data is available from the monitoring of full scale instc'lations An onstrearn pond was constructed at Sunninqhill Park and details of 15 inflow and outflow hydro [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT2016

<p>En av huvuddelarna i manöverkrigföringen, som Försvarsmakten nyttjar, är indirekt och direkt metod. Men då Sverige inte har varit i krig på väldigt länge så beslöt jag att skriva denna uppsats i syfte att skapa ett underlag för en ökad förståelse för nyttjandet av indirekt och direkt metod vid manöverkrigföring. För att göra detta så försökte jag svara på följande fråga:</p><ul><li>Hur ser fördelningen mellan indirekt och direkt metod ut vid flyginsatser i krig under 1990-talet?</li></ul><p>För att få ett svar på frågan så gjorde jag en fallstudie på Operation Desert Storm där jag först analyserade vilken metod de allierade styrkorna använde mot de olika anfallsmålen. Efter detta gjorde jag en undersökning i hur många anfall och uppdrag som genomfördes mot varje mål. Resultaten visade bland annat att även om de flesta målen var kritiska sårbarheter, där indirekt metod nyttjades, så gjordes de flesta anfallen med direkt metod.</p> / <p>A fundamental part of the manoeuvre warfare, which the Swedish Armed Forces use, is indirect and direct approach. But since Sweden has not been in a war for a long time I decided to write this essay with the purpose to create a basis of further understanding of how to use indirect and direct approach during manoeuvre warfare. To do this I have tried to answer the following question:</p><ul><li>How are the indirect and direct approach divided in air raids in wars during the 1990s?</li></ul><p>To answer this question I made a case study on Operation Desert Storm, where I first analysed which approach the allied forces used on the different targets. After that I made a research on how many attacks and missions they made on each target. The results showed among others that even though most of the targets were critical vulnerabilities, on which the indirect approach was used, the most part of the attacks were made using the direct approach.</p>