The importance of mathematics instruction including "real life" contexts relevant to students’ lives and experiences is widely acknowledged (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2010; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000; 2006; 2009), however questions about why contextualized mathematics is beneficial and how different types of contextualization impact problem solving have yet to be fully addressed by research. Common justifications for contextualized mathematics include the idea that relevant contexts may help students to apply what they learn in school to out-of-school situations, and that relevant contexts may scaffold learning by providing a bridge between what students understand and the content they are trying to learn. The present study investigates these justifications, as well as students' beliefs and problem-solving methods, using story problems on linear functions. A situated cognition theoretical framework (Greeno, 2006) is used to interpret student behavior in the complex, social system of "school mathematics." In a series of interviews, students from a low-performing urban school were presented with algebra problems. Some problems were personalized to the ways in which they described using mathematics in their everyday lives, while others were normal story problems, story problems with equations, or abstract symbolic equations. Results showed that students rarely explicitly used situational knowledge when solving story problems, had consistent issues with verbal interpretation of stories, and engaged in non-coordinative reasoning where they bypassed the intermediate step of understanding the given situation before trying to solve the problem. After completing most of Algebra I, students still had considerable difficulty with symbolic representations, and struggled to coordinate formal and informal mathematical reasoning. Problems with the same mathematical structure with different amounts of verbal and symbolic support elicited different strategies from students, with personalized problems having high response rates and high use of informal strategies. This suggests that students can use sophisticated, situation-based reasoning on contextualized problems, and that different problem framings may scaffold learning. However, results also demonstrated that the culture of schooling, and story problems as an artifact of this culture, undermines many of the justifications for contextualizing mathematics, and that students need more authentic ways to develop their mathematical reasoning. / text

Η παρούσα έρευνα εντάσσεται στην ευρύτερη επιστημονική περιοχή της διδακτικής αξιοποίησης των υπολογιστικών περιβαλλόντων στην επίλυση προβλημάτων. Αφορά τη διερεύνηση των δυνατοτήτων των υπολογιστικών περιβαλλόντων και της υποστήριξής τους στη μάθηση και γενικότερα στη γνωστική ανάπτυξη των μαθητών. Συγκεκριμένα, εστιάζει στο πως το περιβάλλον γενικού σκοπού των Ηλεκτρονικών Λογιστικών Φύλλων (ΗΛΦ) μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί στην κατασκευή αλγεβρικών εκφράσεων που αποτελούν τη λύση των λεκτικών μαθηματικών προβλημάτων (ΛΜΠ). Στο πλαίσιο αυτό διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση των βασικών λειτουργιών του περιβάλλοντος των ΗΛΦ στη γνωστική διαδικασία της επίλυσης ΛΜΠ. Ειδικότερα, η έρευνα εστιάζει στην επίδραση της επαλήθευσης των λύσεων που υποστηρίζει το περιβάλλον αλλά και τη γνώση του χειρισμού των βασικών λειτουργιών του περιβάλλοντος στη διαδικασία επίλυσης ΛΜΠ. Για τη διεξαγωγή της έρευνας ακολουθήθηκε ποσοτική προσέγγιση, με συνδυασμό ποιοτικών και ποσοτικών δεδομένων, τα οποία αναλύθηκαν ποσοτικά. Αρχικά, μελετήθηκε η εξοικείωση των φοιτητών με τις βασικές λειτουργίες εισαγωγής τύπων των ΗΛΦ και ακολούθως η επίλυση προβλήματος με αυτά. Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτελείται από φοιτήτριες του Τμήματος Επιστημών Εκπαίδευσης και Αγωγής στην Προσχολική Ηλικία (ΤΕΕΑΠΗ) του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Η ανάλυση των δεδομένων που αφορούν την επίλυση προβλημάτων, αφενός με «μολύβι-χαρτί» και αφετέρου στο περιβάλλον των ΗΛΦ, έδειξε ότι το περιβάλλον των ΗΛΦ συμβάλει στην επίλυση προβλήματος αφού φαίνεται να υποστηρίζει τη μετάβαση από αριθμητικού σε αλγεβρικού τύπου λύσεις και ταυτόχρονα παρέχει εργαλεία τα οποία διευκολύνουν τις φοιτήτριες να επαληθεύσουν τις λύσεις τους. Επιπρόσθετα, από την ανάλυση των δεδομένων σχετικά με την εξοικείωση των φοιτητών με τις βασικές λειτουργίες εισαγωγής τύπων φάνηκε ότι η πλειονότητα των φοιτητών είναι σε θέση να χρησιμοποιήσει τις λειτουργίες αυτές για τη διατύπωση τύπων στο περιβάλλον των ΗΛΦ. Στο ίδιο πλαίσιο, παρατηρήθηκε ότι η άμεση ανάδραση του λογισμικού μέσω των μηνυμάτων λάθους που εμφανίζονται από τη μη ορθή εισαγωγή τύπου φαίνεται να κινητοποιεί τους φοιτητές να διορθώσουν τα λάθη τους, στις περισσότερες των περιπτώσεων, με επιτυχία. Τέλος, η διερευνητική ανάλυση, που έλαβε χώρα στη συνέχεια, είχε στόχο να προσδιορίσει τις συσχετίσεις συγκεκριμένων παραγόντων με την επίλυση του κάθε προβλήματος με το περιβάλλον των ΗΛΦ. Συγκεκριμένα, ανέδειξε άμεσες συσχετίσεις, τόσο της πρότερης επιλυτικής ικανότητας όσο και της συχνότητας επαλήθευσης των λύσεων καθώς και την έμμεση συσχέτιση της εξοικείωσης με τις βασικές λειτουργίες εισαγωγής τύπων. Η επιβεβαιωτική ανάλυση με χρήση μοντέλων δομικών εξισώσεων (structural equation modeling) που πραγματοποιήθηκε στα δεδομένα της έρευνας επιβεβαίωσε τις παραπάνω εκτιμήσεις. / This study is situated within the research area of the educational implementation of software environments in problem solving. The study is relevant to the investigation of the potential and support of software environments as tools for learning, and their links to the cognitive development of the students. More specifically, it focuses on the employment of spreadsheets in mathematics education for the construction of algebraic expressions and the solution of story problems. Within this framework, the impact of the affordances of the environment on the cognitive processes of students during problem solving tasks was investigated. The study focuses on the impact of the process for the verification of the solution which is supported by the environment, as well as on the impact of the existing knowledge and skills relevant to the manipulation of the spreadsheet environment elements and the interaction with the interface, during the process of problem solving. We employed a quantitative research approach and we combined qualitative and quantitative data which were quantitatively analysed. The existing experience of the students with the main functions for entering formulas in the spreadsheets as well as their problem solving processes with spreadsheets were initially tested. The sample of our study was consisted of students of the Department of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education of the University of Patras. Analysis of the data relevant to the problem solving process with pen and paper and by employing the spreadsheets indicated that the computer environment of the spreadsheets contributes to the solution of the problem. It seems that the computer spreadsheet environment supports the transition from numeric to algebraic solutions and also provides the tools which can facilitate the verification of the solution by the students. Concerning the prior experience and knowledge of the students with the functions for entering formulas, data analysis also indicated that the majority of the students were able to employ these functions for constructing formulas in the computer spreadsheet environment. Within this context, it was observed that immediate feedback provided by the software through the error messages upon an erroneous formula insertion, alerted the students so as to successfully, in most of the cases, revise and correct their mistakes. Finally, through an exploratory analysis, we aimed at defining the impact of specific factors on the solution of each of the problems in the computer spreadsheet environment. The analysis indicated the direct impact of both prior problem solving skills and of the frequency of solution verifications, and also the indirect impact of the knowledge and skills of the functions of the environment for entering formulas. Confirmatory data analysis through Structural Equation Modeling further confirmed these indications.

abstract: The mathematics test is the most difficult test in the GED (General Education Development) Test battery, largely due to the presence of story problems. Raising performance levels of story problem-solving would have a significant effect on GED Test passage rates. The subject of this formative research study is Ms. Stephens’ Categorization Practice Utility (MS-CPU), an example-tracing intelligent tutoring system that serves as practice for the first step (problem categorization) in a larger comprehensive story problem-solving pedagogy that purports to raise the level of story problem-solving performance. During the analysis phase of this project, knowledge components and particular competencies that enable learning (schema building) were identified. During the development phase, a tutoring system was designed and implemented that algorithmically teaches these competencies to the student with graphical, interactive, and animated utilities. Because the tutoring system provides a much more concrete rather than conceptual, learning environment, it should foster a much greater apprehension of a story problem-solving process. With this experience, the student should begin to recognize the generalizability of concrete operations that accomplish particular story problem-solving goals and begin to build conceptual knowledge and a more conceptual approach to the task. During the formative evaluation phase, qualitative methods were used to identify obstacles in the MS-CPU user interface and disconnections in the pedagogy that impede learning story problem categorization and solution preparation. The study was conducted over two iterations where identification of obstacles and change plans (mitigations) produced a qualitative data table used to modify the first version systems (MS-CPU 1.1). Mitigation corrections produced the second version of the MS-CPU 1.2, and the next iteration of the study was conducted producing a second set of obstacle/mitigation tables. Pre-posttests were conducted in each iteration to provide corroboration for the effectiveness of the mitigations that were performed. The study resulted in the identification of a number of learning obstacles in the first version of the MS-CPU 1.1. Their mitigation produced a second version of the MS-CPU 1.2 whose identified obstacles were much less than the first version. It was determined that an additional iteration is needed before more quantitative research is conducted. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Technology 2018

There is a growing body of research that suggests that video-based interventions, such as video modeling and video prompting, are effective tools for teaching academic skills to students with disabilities. This study used a single subject, multiple-baseline-across-subjects design to evaluate whether a video-prompting intervention could effectively assist second grade students who had been identified by their teachers as "struggling"in mathematics to better solve multiplication story problems. Five second grade students (one female and four males) ages 7 to 8 viewed the intervention videos on an iPad that modeled how to solve multiplication word problems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the videos, a rubric was used as the primary measure to assess the domains of problem-solving, communicating, and representing with numbers. Based on visual analysis between baseline and intervention, there was a functional relationship between the introduction of the intervention and the performance on the math problems. In addition, a visual analysis between intervention and maintenance appeared stable for all participants. These results indicate that technology can be used to implement interventions for struggling learners and may be utilized in regular classrooms. Results also demonstrate that video modeling can be a useful instructional tool for helping many individuals, not just those with an identified disability, to learn complex tasks. Implementing video models in a classroom setting could enable teachers to consistently provide interventions to students that work more independently, allowing teachers to work on a more one-on-one or small group basis with their students.

Much research has been done showing the difficulty people have with word problems. This has been shown to be true for many types of word problems and for different demographics. Questions have remained unanswered regarding the reasons for this difficulty. It has been unclear if the word problems were hard because the people had forgotten or had not yet learned how to do the math calculations involved or for some other reason. This study deals with high school students who are currently in a high school level math class. They were given an assessment involving word problems and number-only problems. The results demonstrate that these students can do the math calculations needed for the problems but that the difficulty lies in their ability to formulate the word problems into correct mathematical expressions. Among the students in math classes higher than Secondary 2, it cannot be shown that those who have passed Financial Literacy demonstrate a significantly higher ability to do word problems with p > 0.05.

The purpose of this action research study was to investigate the affects of teaching through a situative perspective with story problems on students' understanding of fraction concepts and operations in my fifth-grade mathematics classroom. Students participated in twelve weeks of instruction. Data was collected in the form of pre and post tests, audiotaped and videotaped recordings of instructional sessions, and student work samples. Data analysis revealed that my students constructed their own knowledge about various fraction concepts and operations because students engaged in discussions, after solving story problems, that developed, extended and restructured their knowledge. One example of this occurred after students had solved an equal-sharing problem. Two students came up with different answers and another student explained why both answers were equivalent. Student work samples and post test results indicated that the one student's explanation was understood, adopted and extended by all the students in my class. The data also revealed that students' pictures typically represented the context and action of the story problems. For example, subtraction problems dealing with length were usually represented by number lines or horizontal rectangles with crossed-out markings to show the subtraction operation. Throughout this research study, I discovered that my students were capable of learning from each other and solving problems for which they have no preconceived algorithm. I also learned that analyzing students' work and listening to their discussions in ways that focused on their thinking, not their answers, provided me with information about what my students were grasping and not grasping.

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