[pt] Testes de formação são normalmente realizados para determinar as propriedades rochosas do reservatório e os dados obtidos costumam ser interpretados com base no pressuposto que o reservatório é homogêneo na direção vertical e descrito por um modelo uni dimensional. No entanto, muitos reservatórios são compostos por diversas camadas que possuem características diferentes. Os poços de produção nesses reservatórios podem receber óleo de mais de uma camada. Em um sistema de reservatório estratificado, o comportamento da pressão e da temperatura não é necessariamente o mesmo de um sistema em camada única e raramente revela as mesmas propriedades médias de todo o sistema. Prever as características das camadas individuais é importante para descrever adequadamente o reservatório e melhorar o gerenciamento da produção. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo numérico, transiente-térmico para um sistema acoplado poço - reservatório 2D, levando-se em consideração efeitos Joule-Thompson responsáveis pelo aquecimento / resfriamento do fluido, expansão/compressão adiabática, além de efeitos de condução e convecção para o poço e o reservatório em um escoamento monofásico. A análise bidimensional do reservatório permite que se simule zonas de estratificação e barreiras. O modelo permite fluxo através de camadas adjascentes com propriedades de rocha diferentes. Pressão e temperatura a uma certa posição no poço produtor são avaliadas ao longo do tempo. Resultados mostram que a análise do transiente de pressão (PTA) e a análise do transiente de temperatura (TTA) podem ser utilizadas para caracterizar diferentes configurações de um reservatório estratificado. / [en] Well formation tests are usually performed to determine rock properties of a reservoir and the obtained data has often been interpreted based on an assumption that the reservoir is homogeneous in the vertical direction and described by a 1-D model. However, many reservoirs are found to be composed of different number of layers that have different characteristics. Production wells in such reservoirs may receive oil from more than one layer. In stratified reservoir system, the pressure and temperature behavior are not necessarily the same as in single layered system, and rarely reveals the same average properties of the entire system. The prediction of the characteristics of the individual layers is important to describe properly the reservoir and improve production management. This work presents a numerical transient-thermal model for a coupled wellbore/2D-reservoir considering Joule-Thompson heating/cooling, adiabatic fluid expansion/compression, conduction and convection effects for both wellbore and reservoir for a single-phase fluid flow. The two-dimensional reservoir model allows the analysis of stratified zones and barriers. The model allows cross flow between the adjacent layers with different rock properties.Wellbore temperature and pressure at a certain gauge depth are evaluated along the time. Results show how pressure transient analysis (PTA) and temperature transient analysis (TTA) can be used to characterize different configuration of stratified reservoirs.

No description available.

The value proposition of Personalized Medicine is to deliver the “right drug, to the right patient, at the right time”. Companion diagnostics is the required tool for Personalized Medicine used to aid clinical decision making with the aim to identify patients who are most suitable for a given treatment approach and to avoid adverse effects. However, even 16 years after the first co-approval of a therapeutic drug and an associated diagnostic test (trastuzumab (Herceptin1) from Genentech and the HercepTest1 from Dako), the co-development and co-approval of drug-diagnostic pairs is a challenging task.This study has the aim to identify major challenges for diagnostics companies when developing and commercializing companion diagnostics. This is achieved by (1) a literature research and (2) an empirical case study in form of interviews with diagnostics companies. The collected data is analyzed and discussed with focus on current regulatory and reimbursement frameworks in the USA and European Union. The co-development strategies and business models of companion diagnostics developers are identified.The conclusion of this study is that the major hurdles for companion diagnostics development and commercialization are gaps in scientific evidence and lacking regulatory guidelines for co-development and clinical biomarker studies. Companion diagnostics commercialization is further challenged by poor reimbursement levels. The main strategy of diagnostics companies to address these challenges is the demonstration of a beneficial outcome for patients in form of clinical studies. Small companies with limited resources for clinical research receive funding from academic research grants, patient support groups, pharmaceutical industry, and governmental Innovation agencies.Finally the formation of a new “pharma-diagnostics” sectoral innovation system as a result of the emerging paradigm of stratified medicine has been proposed.

A CFD validation study was made using corner supplied impinging jet ventilation operating in cooling mode. The air distribution system has two equilateral triangle shaped inlets placed 80cm above the floor at the two that share a common wall. The supply air was introduced at 2.26m/s. The temperature of the supply air at one of the inlets was slightly higher than the other. The room air velocity and temperature profiles were studied using realizable k-e, RNG k-e, k-e SST and v2-f turbulence models and compared with experimental values. Generally, the agreement between the experimental measurement data of the room air temperatures and velocities and the CFD results was very good in all turbulence models. However, the RNG k-e turbulence model showed better correlation with average errors of 1.9% and 2.8% in predicting temperature and velocity respectively. Possibility of local thermal discomfort with the indoor air were investigated using the Fanger’s thermal comfort indices and draught rate while the air quality was evaluated by the mean age of air and the diffusion coefficient. The thermal comfort indices were computed using a user-defined function and the mean age of air was computed by user- defined scalar that solves a partial differential equation that uses the source diffusivity and calculate the residence time of air in the room. The results show that there is a higher risk of draft at the ankle level (close to 20%) and the room air is freshest near the lower region at the centre of the room. The room air is oldest at the region close to the ceiling in the area between the two mannequins. The study concludes that a satisfactory prediction of thermal stratification and velocity fields can made for evaluating the indoor thermal comfort and air quality using RANS based turbulence models.

As the globalisation process accelerates there is a growing need for individual countries to understand the bases for effective performance in international trade. Because it makes up such a large share of world trade, it is especially important to understand what determines effectiveness in exporting. Despite much empirical research, especially over recent decades, the state of knowledge on this topic remains fragmented, unclear and unsatisfactory. The motivation for the present study was therefore twofold: dissatisfaction with the present state of knowledge in this vital area and the importance to the UK economy of improving its export performance in a world of increasing competition. Its aim was to contribute to the resolution of both. In addition to finding what appeared to be quite serious methodological problems in a group of earlier studies, our review of the literature indicated that the best prospects for identifying the determinants of effective exporting were to be found, not at national or sectoral level but at that of the individual firm. Accordingly, an empirical survey research project was developed. To minimise unquantifiable inter-sectoral variability, it was focused on a single sector of industry. For a range of reasons, including the limited amount of information available about its current export activity and prospects, the UK knitted apparel industry was chosen.. Special care having been taken to assemble the fullest possible sampling frame and to develop a suitable instrument (which included an export performance model), a mail survey in the form of a stratified random sample of exporting UK manufacturers of knitted apparel was carried through from late 2000. Persistent follow-up by mail and telephone generated a response rate of 70 per cent, comprising close to half of the sampling frame, that was representative of all company size bands, levels of exporting and products. The overall quality of the responses was good; tests of non-response did not find any indications of non-response bias. Data analysis, designed to test thoroughly our 10 export-determinants hypotheses, relied primarily on Pearsonian correlation at the bivariate level then sequentially on Multiple Regression Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares. A perhaps slightly novel aspect of the research was that it was not solely cross-sectional in format; a longitudinal element was provided by drawing on the researcher¿s earlier surveys ; and a panel element by following-up, in 2007, the main 2000 field survey. Where possible, these data were drawn upon in the analysis and interpretation. There did not appear to be any conflict between the three multivariate techniques employed and indeed their findings were not dissimilar. The outcome of the data analysis was to uphold, to varying degrees, most of our hypotheses about the determinants of effective/ or successful exporting. Those that did not find support were three: firm size, product adaptation, and price determination method. Most strongly supported as determinants were promotional intensity, serving many markets and visits to trade fairs/ exhibitions; others which were statistically significant, included management commitment, special staff skills and the use of Commission Agents. While the conclusions must remain a bit tentative they are encouraging.

No description available.

No description available.

[pt] O comportamento de grupos de estacas sob carregamento vertical estático, cêntrico, com bloco rígido ou flexível, em maciços estratificados, é investigado neste trabalho. O método de análise é baseado em versão simplificada do Método dos Elementos de Contorno, sugerida por POULOS (1968) para meios elásticos homogêneos. Estimativas dos valores de recalque são obtidas por meio de um programa computacional, implementado nesta pesquisa, avaliando-se a influência da estratificação do maciço de solo nos efeitos de grupo e nos valores dos recalques do topo das estacas componentes. Grupos com diferentes configurações, usuais na prática da Engenharia de Fundações, foram considerados em perfis estratigráficos básicos, homogêneo e formado por duas camadas distintas. Os resultados numéricos obtidos para o caso de bloco flexível, indicam que a estratigrafia do maciço, a rigidez relativa das estacas e seus comprimentos relativos não influenciam significativamente os valores dos fatores de interação para cálculo dos recalques do topo. Assim, um método aproximado simples, direto e eficiente, é proposto para determinação dos recalques do topo em grupos com número qualquer de estacas, com base na superposição dos valores do fator de interação entre apenas duas estacas sob diferentes espaçamentos relativos. No caso de bloco rígido, os resultados obtidos indicaram que, sob o ponto de vista prático, os fatores de redução de grupo também não são significativamente influenciados pela estratigrafia, rigidez e comprimentos relativos das estacas. Dessa forma, os fatores de redução de grupo obtidos para o perfil de solo homogêneo podem ser aproximadamente utilizados para outros casos de estratigrafia. / [en] The behaviour of vertically loaded pile groups with a rigid or flexible cap, in layered soils, is investigated in this research. The analysis is based on a simplified version of the Boundary Element Method, as suggested by POULOS (1968), for the case of an homogeneous and linearly elastic half-space. The estimation of settlements is obtained using a computational program, developed in this work, which evaluates the influence of the soil layering on the group effects as well as on the settlement of individual piles in the same group. Groups with usual geometrical configuration are considered, resting on some basic soil profiles (single and double layered systems). Numerical results thus calculated for the case of flexible cap indicate that soil layering, pile-stiffness factors and length-to- diameter ratios do not significantly affect the interaction factors for the top of piles. Hence, a simple, direct and efficient method of evaluation is proposed for the estimation of settlements in groups with any number of piles based on the superposition of the interaction factors determined for the case of just two piles at different spacing. For groups with a rigid cap, under the pratical point of view, the results also indicated that, the respective reduction factors are not significantly influenced by the soil layering, pile-stiffness factors and length-to- diameter ratios. So, reduction factors obtained for homogeneous soil profile can be used for others cases of soil profiling. / [es] Este trabajo investiga el comportamiento de grupos de estacas bajo sobrepeso vertical estático, céntrico, con bloque rígido o flexible, en macizos estratificados. El método de análisis se basa en una versión simplificada del Método de los Elementos de Contorno, sugerida por POULOS (1968) para medios elásticos homogéneos. Estimativas de los valores de recalque se obtienen por medio de un programa, implementado en esta investigación, que evalúa la influencia de la estratificación del macizo de suelo en los efectos de grupo y en los valores de los recalques de la parte superior de las estacas. Grupos con diferentes configuraciones, usuales en la prática de Ingeniería de Fundaciones, fueron considerados en perfiles estratigráficos básicos, homogéneo y formado por dos capas distintas. Los resultados numéricos obtenidos para el caso de bloque flexible, indican que la estratigrafía del macizo, la rígidez relativa de las estacas y sus dimensiones relativas no influyen significativamente en los valores de los factores de interación para el cálculo de los recalques. De esta forma, se propone un método aproximado, simple, directo y eficiente para la determinación de los recalques en grupos con cualquier número de estacas, con base en la superposición de los valores del factor de interacción entre apenas dos estacas bajo diferentes espaciamientos relativos. En el caso de bloque rígido, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que, desde el punto de vista práctico, los factores de reducción de grupo también no recibenuna influencia significativa por parte de la estratigrafía, rígidez y dimensiones relativas de las estacas. De esa forma, los factores de reducción de grupo obtenidos para el perfil de suelo homogéneo pueden ser aproximadamente utilizados para otros casos de estratigrafía.

Une étude numérique de la dynamique d'ondes internes de gravité en fluide stablement stratifié est menée. On décrit un algorithme pseudo-spectral<br />parallèle permettant d'intégrer les équations de Navier-Stokes sur une machine paralèele. En deux dimensions d'espace, on analyse la dynamique d'un<br />champ d'ondes internes propagatives, d'amplitude modérée et initialement plan et monochromatique. Le champ d'ondes est instable et déferle. Le déferlement produit une turbulence de petites échelles spatiales influencées par la stratification. L'étude<br />est étendue au cas tridimensionnel, plus réaliste. En trois dimensions, on étudie le même champ d'ondes internes, que l'on perturbe par un bruit infinitésimal ondulatoire tridimensionnel, mais on considère des ondes statiquement stables et<br />instables (grandes amplitudes). On montre que le déferlement d'une onde interne est un processus intrinsèquement tridimensionnel, y compris pour les ondes de faible amplitude. La tridimensionalisation du champ d'ondes s'opère dans les zones de l'espace où le champ de densité devient statiquement instable. L'effondrement gravitationnel d'une zone est de structure transverse au plan de propagation de l'onde. Les effets de la turbulence des petites échelles sur la production de la composante non propagatrice de l'écoulement, le mode de vorticité potentielle et la production d'un écoulement moyen, permet de conclure que seule une petite proportion de l'énergie mécanique initiale est convertie sous ses deux formes, la majeure partie étant dissipée par la dissipation visqueuse et conduction thermique. On reconsidère le mode de vorticiée potentielle par une approche Hamiltonienne non-canonique du fluide parfait stratifié. La dérivation d'un système de dynamique modifiée permet d'étudier la relaxation d'un écoulement stratifié, conservant sa vorticité potentielle et sa densité, vers un état stationnaire d'énergie minimale, correspondant au mode de vorticité potentielle.

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the engineering properties of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) that are necessary in the design of landfills. The engineering properties of MSW such as compressibility, shear strength, stiffness and hydraulic conductivity are crucial in design and construction of landfills. The variation of the engineering properties with time, age and degradation are of paramount importance in the field of landfill engineering. There is a need to address the role of the engineering properties in landfill engineering as it is not apparent how the engineering characteristics vary with time. The thesis presents the results of study of the engineering properties of MSW comprehensively and develops experimental data for design of MSW landfills. The work includes the study of the index properties and the engineering properties of MSW such as compressibility, shear strength, shear modulus and damping ratio and a detailed experimental study of the bioreactor landfill. The components of settlements, variation of shear strength with respect to unit weight and particle size are determined experimentally and analyzed. The dynamic properties such as shear modulus and material damping ratio and its variation with parameters such as unit weight, load, amplitude, degradation and moisture content are studied and analyzed. The normalized shear modulus reduction curve which is used in the seismic analysis of the landfills is developed for MSW based on the experimental results and previous studies. A pilot-scale bioreactor was setup in the laboratory for long term monitoring of the settlement, temperature variation and gas production simultaneously. The parameters of interest viz, pH, BOD, COD, conductivity, alkalinity, methane and carbon-di-oxide were determined. The generated data can be effectively used in the engineered design of landfills. For a better understanding, the present thesis is divided into the following eight chapter Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the thesis with respect to the importance of engineering properties of MSW and presents the organization of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents a detailed review of literature pertaining to the basic, index and the engineering properties of MSW namely compressibility, shear strength, shear modulus and damping ratio, bioreactor landfill and also the scope of the study. Chapter 3 includes the materials and methods followed in the thesis. Chapter 4 presents the evaluation of compressibility characteristics of MSW including the components of settlement and the settlement model parameters. Chapter 5 presents the determination of the shear strength properties of MSW using direct shear tests and triaxial tests. The variation of the strength with respect to unit weight and the particle size is examined. The results are examined in terms of strength ratio and stiffness ratio and the implications are discussed. Chapter 6 presents the study of the dynamic characters of MSW. The variation of the shear modulus and damping ratio with respect to unit weight, confining pressure, loading frequency, decomposition and moisture content are analyzed. Normalized shear modulus reduction and damping curves are proposed for seismic analysis. Chapter 7 presents the study of the conventional and the bioreactor landfill in a small scale laboratory setup. A large scale experimental setup is fabricated to study the characteristics of a bioreactor landfill and includes the long term monitoring and analysis of temperature, gas, settlement and leachate characteristics periodically. The results of the comprehensive study are presented in this chapter. Chapter 8 summarizes the important conclusions from the various experimental studies reported in this dissertation. Conclusions and the scope of future work are presented. A detailed list of references and the list of publications from the thesis are presented at the end. Appendix A presents the life cycle analysis and life cycle cost analysis of MSW land disposal options. The land disposal options such as open dumps, engineered landfills and bioreactor landfills are analyzed in this study.