Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-245).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 609136 bytes, checksum: bfac4beb809c8b3d58b49895dc0cc2d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The high affinity interaction streptavidin-biotin provides an excellent system for industrial enzyme separation or immobilization involving a fused streptavidin-enzyme and a biotinylated support. In order to produce proteins with affinity to biotin, we have modified the commercial K. lactis system, pKLAC1 (New England Biolabs), a LAC4 promoter-driven integration vector for protein expression, with the gene coding streptavidin. The codifying sequence for biotin binding domain of streptavidin (cStp) was amplified by PCR from pSTP4, purified and subcloned to the pCR2.1TOPO (Invitrogen). The fragment has revealed 100% identity with streptavidin gene according to Gene Bank and it was inserted into Xho I / Bgl II pKLAC1 in frame with mating-α-factor signal peptide. The pKLAC1/cStp cut by Ahd I enzyme was used to transform the strains K. lactis MW 98.8C and CB S2359. The transformants selected in Yeast Carbon Base (YCB) containing 5 mM acetamide and confirmed by PCR were mitotically stable. A high cell biomass (OD 600 = 18), obtained in shake-flask 50 mL YPD medium, was centrifuged and transferred to an induction medium, containing 2% of lactose. The cell free medium was qualitatively analyzed for streptavidin and proteins by SDS PAGE. The samples were collected in each 24 hours during 6 days of bath culture. The biotin binding activity of streptavidin in the culture supernatant was determined by HABA test. The medium YPL and YNB with 0,5% of yeast extract have exhibited the best yields for streptavidin extracellular protein production. / A forte interação da proteína estreptavidina pela molécula de biotina constitui um excelente sistema para a separação e/ou imobilização de proteínas e de enzimas de interesse industrial. Com a intenção de produzir proteínas com propriedades de adsorção biosseletiva, nós temos modificado a seqüência do plasmídeo pKLAC1 pela inserção do domínio de afinidade da estreptavidina pela biotina. Utilizando a técnica da Reação da Polimerase em cadeia (PCR), a seqüência de cerca de 355pb foi amplificada a partir do vetor pSTP4 que contém toda seqüência de nucleotídeos referente à proteína estreptavidina. O Fragmento amplificado apresentou 100% de identidade com a seqüência de nucleotídeos da proteína estreptavidina depositada no Gene Bank. O fragmento foi inserido no vetor pKLAC1 nos sítios Xho I e Bgl II em fase com a seqüência do peptídeo sinal do mating-α-factor. O plasmídeo pKLAC1/cStp foi linearizado com enzima Ahd I e foi utilizado para a transformação das linhagens de K. lactis MW 98.8C e CBS 2359. Os transformantes selecionados em meio YCB (Yeast Carbon Base) contendo 5 mM de acetamida como única fonte de nitrogênio e confirmados por PCR foram mitoticamente estáveis. A alta biomassa celular (DO600 = 18) obtida em erlenmeyer de 250 mL contendo 50 mL de meio YPD foi centrifugada e transferida para meio de indução contendo 2% (p/v) de lactose. O sobrenadante das culturas foi analisado qualitativamente para estreptavidina pela técnica de SDS PAGE. As proteínas totais foram determinadas pelo método de BRADFORD utilizando BSA (Albumina Bovina Sérica) como padrão. As amostras foram coletadas a cada 24 horas durante 6 horas de cultivo sob regime de batelada. A atividade da proteína estreptavidina presente no sobrenadante das culturas recombinantes foi determinada pelo teste do reagente HABA. Os meios YPL e YNB contendo 0,5% de extrato de levedura exibiram os melhores resultados quanto à produção extracelular de estreptavidina ativa e de proteínas totais.

Novel biocatalysts are highly demanded in the white biotechnology. Hence, the development of highly stable and enantioselective biocatalysts with novel functionalities is an ongoing research topic. Here, an osmium ligating single-site ArM was created based on the biotinstreptavidin technology for the dihydroxylation of olefins. For the creation of the artificial catalytic metal center in the streptavidin (SAV) cavity, efficient osmium tetroxide (OsO4) chelating biotin-ligands were created. The unspecific metal binding of the host scaffold was diminished through genetical and chemical modification of the host protein. The created single-site OsO4 chelating ArM was successfully applied in the asymmetric cyclopropanation, revealing a stable and tunable catalytic hybrid system for application. The structural analysis of protein-ligand complexes is essential for the advanced rational design and engineering of artificial metalloenzymes. In previous studies, a SAV-dirhodium ArM was created and successfully applied in the asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction. To improve the selectivity of the SAV-dirhodium complex, the structural location of the organometallic complex in the SAV cavity was targeted and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to obtain the structural information. The SAXS analysis revealed valuable information of the molecular state of the complexes; hence, the method proved to be useful for the structural analysis of protein-ligand interactions. The discovery of novel enzymes from nature is still the major source for improved biocatalysts. One of the most important enzymes used in the molecular biology are DNA polymerases in PCR reactions. The halothermophilic brine-pool 3 polymerase (BR3 Pol) from the Atlantis II Red Sea brine pool showed optimal activities at 55 °C and salt concentrations up to 0.5 M NaCl, and was stable at temperatures above 95 °C. The comparison with the hyperthermophilic KOD polymerase revealed the haloadaptation of BR3 Pol due to an increased negative electrostatic surface charge and an overall higher structural flexibility. Engineered chimeric KOD polymerases with swapped single BR3 Pol domains revealed increased salt tolerance in the PCR, showing increased structural flexibility and a local negative surface charge. The understanding of the BR3 Pol haloadaptation might enable the development of a DNA polymerase tailored for specific PCR reactions with increased salt concentrations.

The aim of the work was the selective isolation of bacterial DNA with help of magnetic carriers covered by streptavidine (PGMA-NH2-STV, MPG® Streptavidin). Conditions of functionalisation of carriers using two biotinylated probes were optimized: the amount of carrier, the amount of probe, binding of biotinyled probe to streptavidine. Purified DNA Lactobacillus was used for hybridization. DNA binding to the probe (DNA/DNA hybridization) and nospecific adsorption of DNA to the carrier were tested. Target DNA eluted from the carrier was identified using PCR with primers R16-1 and LbLMA1-rev and with primers P_eub and F_eub. The amount of probe bound to the carrier was estimated using UV spectrophotometry. It was estimated that biotinyled probe can be used for functionalisation in concentration 5 pmol/µl added to the carrier in the ration carrier : probe 1:1. It was shown that nonspecific DNA adsorption to the MPG® Streptavidin is significantly lower than to the carrier PGMA-NH2-STV.Using DNA/DNA hybridization and the MPG® Streptavidin, DNA from pure culture Lactobacillus was isolated. Procedure was applicated for DNA isolation from milk products.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-181).

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Oral mucositis is a painful and debilitating chronic inflammatory condition that can result from chemo and/or radiotherapy. While current treatment strategies which provide temporary relief exist, there is still an unmet clinical need for a robust long active barrier strategy which can simultaneously provide protection and release drug to enhance the wound healing response. It is proposed that an affinity based layer-by-layer self-assembled barrier administered as a series of mouth rinses can allow for wound specific drug delivery, providing an effective regenerative therapy. In this work, biotinylated poly(acrylic acid) is used to develop LBL assemblies based upon biotin-streptavidin affinity interactions. To explore the ability of developed LBL assemblies to resist the harsh intraoral environment, in vitro chemical and ex vivo mechanical tests are performed. The stability results demonstrate significant LBL barrier stability with wear resistance. From principal component regression analysis, factors such as polymer MW and number of layers in assemblies contributed significantly to chemical barrier stability. Also it is observed that the extent of biotin conjugation plays a significant role in LBL development and in mechanical stability. Thus, the proposed affinity based multilayered assemblies with their excellent barrier properties offer a modular treatment approach in oral mucosal injuries.

The Streptomyces avidinii protein streptavidin binds the small molecule biotin (vitamin H / B₇) with extraordinary stability, resulting in the streptavidin-biotin interaction being one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature (K_d ~ 10^-14 M). The stable and rapid biotin-binding, together with high resistance to heat, pH and proteolysis, has given streptavidin huge utility, both in vivo and in vitro. Accordingly, streptavidin has become a widely used tool in many different biotechnological applications. Streptavidin has also been the subject of extensive research efforts to glean insights into this paradigm for a high-affinity interaction, with over 200 mutants of the protein reported to date. Despite the high stability of the streptavidin-biotin interaction, it can and does fail under certain experimental conditions. For example, streptavidin-biotin dissociation is accelerated by an increased temperature or lower pH (conditions often encountered in cellular imaging experiments), and by mechanical stress, such as the shear force arising from fluid flow (encountered when streptavidin is used as a molecular anchor in biosensor chips and arrays). This study details efforts made at increasing further the utility of streptavidin, by increasing the stability of biotin and biotin-conjugate binding. A rational site-directed mutagenesis approach was used to create 27 mutants, with eight of these mutants possessing higher-stability biotin-binding. The most stable biotin-binding mutant was named traptavidin and was extensively characterised. Kinetic characterisation revealed traptavidin had a decreased dissociation rate from biotin and biotin-conjugates when compared to wildtype streptavidin, at both neutral pH and pH 5. Atomic force microscopy and molecular motor displacement assays revealed the traptavidin-biotin interaction possessed higher mechanical stability than the streptavidin-biotin interaction. Cellular imaging experiments revealed the non-specific cell binding properties of streptavidin were unchanged in traptavidin. X-ray crystallography was also used to generate structures of both apo- and biotinbound traptavidin at 1.5 Å resolution. The structures were analysed in detail and compared to the published structures of streptavidin, revealing the characteristics of traptavidin arose from the mutations stabilising a flexible loop over the biotin-binding pocket, as well as reducing the conformational change on biotin-binding to traptavidin. Traptavidin has the potential to replace streptavidin in many of its diverse applications, as well as providing an insight into the nature of ultra-stable noncovalent interactions.