大體上來說，高維列聯表通常比較不容易分析，因此我們考慮將某柴暫不列入探討之因子的次數相加，以便降低列聯表的維數。但是降低列聯表維數的過程必需相當慎重，以確保合併的過程不致影響到所欲探討之因子間的相關性。本文就 "sun-to-zero" 及 "set-to-zero" 兩種不同的對數線性模式參數之限制式，分別探討簡易合併(collapsibility)、嚴格合併(strict collapsibility)及強固合併(strong collapsibility)之充要條件，並舉例說明及印證這些條件。 / A lower-dimensional contingency is usually easier to understand than a higher-dimensional one. Collapsing a larger table into a smaller one so that the associations among a set of factors can be easier to explain, however, should be exercised with care. In this study, definitions of collapsibility, strict collapsibility, and strong collapsibility are viewed. Distinctions among the three are compared. Necessary and sufficient condittions for these three types of collapsibility under conventional "set-to-zero" and "sum-to-zero" constraints are discussed and proved.

對樣本資料之機率密度函數f(x)的無母數估計方法，一直是統計推論領域的研究重點之一，而且在通訊理論與圖形辨別上有非常重要的地位。傳統的文獻對密度函數的估計方法大部分著重於獨立樣本的情形。對於時間數列的相關樣本（例如：經濟指標或加權股票指數資料）比較少提到。本文針對具有弱相關性的穩定時間數列樣本，嘗試提出一個核密度估計的方法並探討其性質。 / For a sample data, the nonparametric estimation of a probability density f(x) is always one point of research problem in statistical inference and plays an important role in communication theory and pattern recognition. Traditionally, the literature dealing with density estimation when the observations are independent is extensive. Time series sample with weak dependence, (for example, an economic indicator or a stock market index data), less in this aspect of discussion. Our main purpose is concerned with the estimation of the probability density function f(x) of a stationary time series sample and discusses some properties of this kernel density.

<p>On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language.</p><p>This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning.</p><p>Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms.</p><p>A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.</p>

<p> It is about the patriarchal power structure which we are living under and so have done in hundreds of years. And about to (dare) see, because it can take fairly subtle expressions which is rather difficult to discover if you are not aware about them. This paper is about these power strutures seen from the daily round of four girls which study nurse´s training in upper secondary school and four girls which study construction´s training in upper secondary school.</p> / <p>Det handlar om den patriarkala maktstruktur som vi lever i och så har gjort i flera hundra år. Och om att (våga) se, för den kan ta sig tämligen subtila uttryck som är svåra att upptäcka om man inte är medveten om dem. Denna uppsats handlar om dessa maktstrukturer sett ur åtta tjejers vardag på deras respektive skolor, Vårdgymnasiet och Byggymnasiet.</p>

<p>Den övergripande problematiken vi identifierat är relationen mellan starka varumärkenoch kundlojalitet i företag med flera olika produktvarumärken. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå om och hur företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier kan skapa och bibehålla lojala kunder. Vi vill överföra det övergripande teoretiska resonemanget inom varumärkesstrategi och inom lojalitetsstrategi på företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier. </p><p>Varumärket Axfood är ett exempel på ett företag som har flera olika produktvarumärken (Hemköp, Willy:s, Willy:s hemma med flera). Vi har vid genomförandet av studien valt att använda oss av Axfood som studieobjekt. Vi har intervjuat medarbetare och kunder till Axfood för att samla in relevant data. </p><p>Vi anser att det går att skapa lojala kunder för företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier. Det som avgör om det är möjligt är om de olika produktvarumärkena står för samma grundläggande kärnvärden. Produkterna kan skilja sig åt vad gäller typ av produkt eller karaktär, men vissa grundläggande variabler måste vara lika för att det ska vara möjligt att skapa lojalitet.</p> / <p>The comprehensive problems we acknowledged are the relationship between strong brands and customer loyalty in corporations with umbrella brand strategies. The purpose of this thesis is to understand if and how corporations with umbrella brand strategies can create and retain loyal customers. Our intention is to apply the theoretical framework of brand strategy and loyalty strategies on corporations with umbrella brand. </p><p>Axfood is one example of a corporation which hold a number of product brands (Hemköp, Willy:s, Willy:s hemma et cetera). In this study we have chosen to use Axfood as an object of study and we have interviewed employees and customers to collect relevant data. </p><p>Our conclusions are that it is possible to create loyal customers in corporations with umbrella brands. The crucial aspects are that the product brands support the same fundamental values. The products can differ considering type of product or characteristics but some fundamental values has to be equal to make it possible to create loyal customers.</p>

<p>The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings.</p><p>Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge.</p><p>The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme.</p><p>The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.</p>

Den övergripande problematiken vi identifierat är relationen mellan starka varumärkenoch kundlojalitet i företag med flera olika produktvarumärken. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå om och hur företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier kan skapa och bibehålla lojala kunder. Vi vill överföra det övergripande teoretiska resonemanget inom varumärkesstrategi och inom lojalitetsstrategi på företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier. Varumärket Axfood är ett exempel på ett företag som har flera olika produktvarumärken (Hemköp, Willy:s, Willy:s hemma med flera). Vi har vid genomförandet av studien valt att använda oss av Axfood som studieobjekt. Vi har intervjuat medarbetare och kunder till Axfood för att samla in relevant data. Vi anser att det går att skapa lojala kunder för företag med paraplyvarumärkesstrategier. Det som avgör om det är möjligt är om de olika produktvarumärkena står för samma grundläggande kärnvärden. Produkterna kan skilja sig åt vad gäller typ av produkt eller karaktär, men vissa grundläggande variabler måste vara lika för att det ska vara möjligt att skapa lojalitet. / The comprehensive problems we acknowledged are the relationship between strong brands and customer loyalty in corporations with umbrella brand strategies. The purpose of this thesis is to understand if and how corporations with umbrella brand strategies can create and retain loyal customers. Our intention is to apply the theoretical framework of brand strategy and loyalty strategies on corporations with umbrella brand. Axfood is one example of a corporation which hold a number of product brands (Hemköp, Willy:s, Willy:s hemma et cetera). In this study we have chosen to use Axfood as an object of study and we have interviewed employees and customers to collect relevant data. Our conclusions are that it is possible to create loyal customers in corporations with umbrella brands. The crucial aspects are that the product brands support the same fundamental values. The products can differ considering type of product or characteristics but some fundamental values has to be equal to make it possible to create loyal customers.

In this thesis, we describe linear codes over prime fields obtained from incidence designs of iterated line graphs of complete graphs Li(Kn) where i = 1, 2. In the binary case, results are extended to codes from neighbourhood designs of the line graphs Li+1(Kn) using certain elementary relations. Codes from incidence designs of complete graphs, Kn, and neighbourhood designs of their line graphs, L1(Kn) (the so-called triangular graphs), have been considered elsewhere by others. We consider codes from incidence designs of L1(Kn) and L2(Kn), and neighbourhood designs of L2(Kn) and L3(Kn). In each case, basic parameters of the codes are determined. Further, we introduce a family of vertex-transitive graphs 􀀀n that are embeddable into the strong product L1(Kn) ⊠ K2, of triangular graphs and K2, a class which at first sight may seem unnatural but, on closer look, is a repository of graphs rich with combinatorial structures. For instance, unlike most regular graphs considered here and elsewhere that only come with incidence and neighbourhood designs, 􀀀n also has what we have termed as 6-cycle designs. These are designs in which the point set contains vertices of the graph and every block contains vertices of a 6-cycle in the graph. Also, binary codes from incidence matrices of these graphs have other minimum words in addition to incidence vectors of the blocks. In addition, these graphs have induced subgraphs isomorphic to the family Hn of complete porcupines (see Definition 4.11). We describe codes from incidence matrices of 􀀀n and Hn and determine their parameters.

Fumonisins, carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium species, occur naturally in maize and maize-based food products. They are hazards for animal and human health as they cause cancer in rodents and have been associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans. The most abundant naturally occurring fumonisins analogues in maize are fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3). For analytical determination, they mostly require suitable extraction, clean-up and pre or post-column derivatization together with reversed-phase HPLC separation. o- Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) had been adopted as the most widely used derivatization reagent for fumonisins as they lack useful chromophores or fluorophores. Alternative derivatization reagents, naphthalene-2,3- dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and dansyl chloride (DnS-Cl), were investigated in this study

The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings. Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge. The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme. The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.