<p>In summary there currently exist techniques to discover miRNA however both require many calculations to be performed during the identification limiting their use at a genomic level. Machine learning techniques are currently providing the best results by combining a number of calculated and statistically derived features to identify miRNA candidates, however almost all of these still include computationally intensive secondary-structure calculations. It is the aim of this project to produce a miRNA identification process that minimises and simplifies the number of computational elements required during the identification process.</p>

En bioinformatique structurale, une partie des méthodes computationnelles qui calculent les structures de protéines à l'aide de données expérimentales, effectuent une optimisation de la position des atomes sous les contraintes expérimentales mesurées sur le système étudié, ainsi que sous des contraintes provenant de la connaissance générique de la stéréochimie organique. Ces méthodes d'optimisation présentent l'inconvénient de ne pas garantir la détermination de la meilleure solution. De plus, la validation de l'optimisation se fait en comparant les résultats obtenus pour des calculs répétés, et le résultat d'un calcul est accepté dans la mesure où le même résultat est obtenu plusieurs fois. Par cette approche, on rend plus difficile la détection de conformations alternatives de protéines, qui sont pourtant le sujet d'un vif intérêt dans la littérature. En effet, le développement de la sensibilité des techniques de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs cas d'échange conformationnel reliés à la fonction des protéines. Dans ce projet de thèse, nous avons étudié une nouvelle approche pour le calcul de structures des protéines et l'exploration de leurs espaces conformationnels, basée sur la résolution du problème de Géométrie de Distance associé aux contraintes de distances dans une protéine par l'algorithme "interval Branch and Prune". Le logiciel implémentant cette méthode est appelée iBPprot, il incarne l'une des premières tentatives d'échantillonnage exhaustive des espaces conformationnels des protéines. Dans un premier temps, on s'est intéressé à l'application de la méthode en utilisant exclusivement des constraintes de distances exactes. Les résultats ont démontré que iBPprot était capable de reconstruire des structures références en s'appuyant seulement sur quelques contraintes à courte portée. De plus, la reconstruction a été d'une précision telle que la conformation générée présentait un RMSD de 1 Angstrom maximum avec la structure référence. L'exploration exhaustive de l'espace conformationnel a été possible pour une bonne partie des protéines cibles. Les temps de calcul pour l'exploration des espaces conformationnels ont été très variables allant de quelques secondes pour quelques protéines jusqu'à des semaines pour d'autres. L'évaluation de la qualité des structures obtenues a démontré qu'au moins 68% des valeurs de phi et psi sont localisées dans la zone 'core' du diagramme de Ramachandran. Cependant, des clash stériques ont été détectées dans plusieurs conformations mettant en jeu jusqu'à 7% d'atomes dans quelques unes de ces conformations. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'est intéressé à l'application de la méthode en incluant des intervalles de distances comme contraintes dans les calculs. Dans ce cas de figure, la méthode a réussi a reconstruire des structures références avec un RMSD inférieur à 5 Angstrom pour plus de la moitié des protéines cibles. En contre partie, le parcours complet de l'espace conformationnel n'a été possible que pour la plus petite protéine de l'ensemble des protéines étudiées. Pour la moitié des autres protéines, plus de 70% des atomes ont vu leurs positions échantillonnées. La qualité des structures obtenues a regressé en comparaison avec les simulations faites avec des distances exactes. En effet, seulement 53% des valeurs de phi et psi étaient localisées dans la zone 'core' du diagramme de Ramachandran, et le pourcentage d'atomes impliqués dans un clash stérique s'élevait jusqu'à 22% pour quelques protéines. Concernant le temps de calcul, le taux de génération de conformations a été déterminé pour chaque protéine cible, et il s'est avéré que globalement sa valeur etait compétitive par rapport aux valeurs des taux observables dans la littérature... / Structural biology has allowed us expand our knowledge of living organisms. It is defined as the investigation of the structure and function of biological systems at the molecular level. Studying a biomolecule's structure offers insight into its geometry, as angles and distances between the biomolecule's atoms are measured in order to determine the biomolecular structure. The values of these geometrical parameters may be obtained from biophysical techniques, such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. One of the most used methods to calculate protein structures from geometric restraints is simulated annealing. This method does not guarantee an exhaustive sampling of protein conformational space, which is a shortcoming as one protein may adopt multiple functional conformations, and it is important to determine them exhaustively. In this PhD project, the efficiency of a new method - derived from operations research and computational geometry - is studied in order to answer this question: How does this method explore the conformational spaces of small proteins? This method - implemented within the iBPprot software framework - treats protein structure determination as a distance geometry problem, which the interval branch-and-prune algorithm tries to solve by the full exploration of its solutions space. The results obtained by iBPprot on a set of test proteins, with sizes ranging from 24 to 120 residues and with known structures, are analyzed here. Using short-range exact distance restraints, it was possible to rebuild the structure of all protein targets, and for many of them it was possible to exhaustively explore their conformational spaces. In practice, it is not always possible to obtain exact distance restraints from experiments. Therefore, this method was then tested with interval data restraints. In these cases, iBPprot permitted the sampling of the positions of more than 70% of the atoms constituting the protein backbone for most of the targets. Furthermore, conformations whose r.m.s. deviations closer than 6 Angstrom to the target ones were obtained during the conformational space exploration. The quality of the generated structures was satisfactory with respect to Ramachandran plots, but needs improvement because of the presence of steric clashes in some conformers. The runtime for most performed calculations was competitive with existing structure determination method...

Neste trabalho utilizamos o método k.p na aproximação de função envelope, que é uma ferramenta muito útil para a solução de problemas relacionados a heteroestruturas em geral. Apresentamos a análise de heteroestruturas semicondutoras com confinamento espacial nas três direções de crescimentos {Quantum Dots}, utilizando o Hamiltoniano de Kane (8x8) em sua forma generalizada para descrever os estados do elétrons na banda de condução e na banda valência. Fazendo uso dessa ferramenta foram realizadas simulações de estruturas de banda em sistemas quase zero-dimensionais de InAs em matrizes de GaAs, em vários formatos e dimensões e sob diferentes estados de tensionamento. Um estudo sistemático de como as propriedades geométricas e as dimensões de um dado sistema podem influenciar os estados eletrônicos do mesmo foi também realizado, onde puderam ser confirmadas a presença de estados localizados e a sensibilidade do comportamento dos estados eletrônicos a estas propriedades. Pudemos observar um deslocamento para o vermelho no espectro de fotoluminescência com o aumento das dimensões do sistemas estudados. Foram ainda realizados cálculos de {Quantum Dots} de InN em matriz de GaN, que permitem explorar outras regiões do espectro eletromagnético e observamos o comportamento dos mesmos sob estados de tensionamentos diferentes. Com base nos autoestados do sistema foram calculados espectros de fotoluminescência para as heteroestruturas aqui estudadas, permitindo uma comparação direta com resultados experimentais. Como pode-se verificar o strain exerce importância primordial na determinação dos estados eletrônicos dos sistemas estudados e na presença do hidrostático pode-se verificar mudanças apreciáveis na resposta óptica do material, onde pode ser observado um deslocamento para o azul quando levado em consideração a presença de um hidrostático. / In this work, we use the k.p method in the approximation of the envelope function, that is a very useful tool, to the solution of heterostructure related problems. We present a semiconductor heterostructure analysis with confinement on the three directions (Quantum Dots), using the Kane Hamiltonian (8x8) on its generalized form to describe electron eigenstates on the conduction and valence bands. Using this tool, we have made band structure simulations in quasi zero-dimensional systems of InAs in GaAs matrices, in diverse shapes and dimensions and on different tension states. A systematic study of how the geometrical properties and dimensions of a given system could influence the electronic states was also done. There can be confirmed the presence of localized states and the sensitivity of the electronic states to these properties.We could observe a deviation to the red on the photoluminescence spectrum with the increase of the system dimensions. There were also made calculations on InN dots in a GaN matrix, which allow to explore other electromagnetic spectral regions and we have studied their behavior under different tension states. From the system eigenvalues, we calculated the photoluminescence spectra from the heterostructures studied here, allowing a direct comparison with experimental results. It can be verified that the strain is is extremely important on the determination of the electronic states of the studied systems in the presence of an hydrostatic strain. We could observe important modifications on the optical responseof the material, where there is a deviation to the blue when it is considered the presence of the hydrostatic strain.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / In summary there currently exist techniques to discover miRNA however both require many calculations to be performed during the identification limiting their use at a genomic level. Machine learning techniques are currently providing the best results by combining a number of calculated and statistically derived features to identify miRNA candidates, however almost all of these still include computationally intensive secondary-structure calculations. It is the aim of this project to produce a miRNA identification process that minimises and simplifies the number of computational elements required during the identification process. / South Africa

The aim of this master’s thesis is comparing prices of building materials wi-thin the building structure in Czech Republic with prices in Poland. The first, theo-retical, part describes differences among the construction classifications and pri-ces. At the end of this theoretical part is written about price calculation of building materials. Specifically about creations of that calculations and comparing between Poland and Czech Republic. The second part is concentrated on created budget and mainly on his bill of materials. The result part is made by comparing of chosen building material pri-ces..

Orientador: Augusto Batagin Neto / Resumo: Compostos baseados em carbono têm se mostrado materiais de grande interesse tecnológico, principalmente devido à sua alta flexibilidade de síntese, baixo custo relativo e propriedades únicas. Graças a isto, tem-se observado um número crescente de trabalhos teóricos e experimentais acerca da compreensão de características básicas destes sistemas e a proposição de novos compostos com propriedades otimizadas para aplicações específicas. No presente trabalho são apresentados estudos teóricos acerca de dois temas relacionados à reatividade e propriedades estruturais de materiais orgânicos e baseados em carbono: i) estudo e análise de reatividade de subunidades de melanina; e ii) estudo estrutural e de reatividade de nanoflocos (ou nanoflakes em inglês) de carbono para aplicações em sensores químicos. Melaninas são pigmentos naturais com propriedades biológicas e eletrônicas que as tornam promissoras para aplicações bio-eletrônicas. Contudo não há ainda entendimento pleno acerca de sua estrutura macromolecular e conexão entre suas unidades básicas. Neste estudo cálculos de estrutura eletrônica, combinados com análise de reatividade, foram realizados para melhor compreender os processos de oligomerização. Os resultados obtidos permitem propor as estruturas diméricas mais prováveis e identificar reações que ocorrem no processo de síntese de melanina. Pode-se também estabelecer uma ordem de dominância de reatividade entre as subunidades e identificar núcleos de polimerização, o que po... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Carbon-based materials have been considered compounds of great technological interest, manly due to their flexibility of synthesis, relative low cost and unique opto-electronic properties. A crescent number of theoretical and experimental studies has been reported regarding the comprehension of basic features of these materials and the proposition of new compounds with optimized properties. This thesis presents studies about the reactivity and structural properties of carbon based and organic materials according to two themes: i) reactivity study and oligomerization analysis of melanin; and ii) reactivity and structural analysis of carbon nanoflakes and their application as chemical sensors. Melanins are natural pigments with biological and electrical properties that turn them promising compounds for bioelectronic applications. However, despite of their promising properties, up to date the macromolecular structure of melanin and the connection between its basic units have not been understood in detail. In this study, electronic structure calculations, combined with reactivity analysis were conducted to better understand the oligomerization process of this compound. The obtained results allow us to propose the most probable dimeric structures and identify relevant reactions that occur during melanin oligomerization process. Furthermore, it was possible to observe a dominance order in the reactivity of the subunits and identify possible nucleation centers of melanin polymerizat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

L'industrie se tourne de plus en plus vers les matériaux composites. A l'échelle de la microstructure leur comportement est fortement hétérogène mais à l'échelle de la structure ceux-ci peuvent être considérés homogène. Les méthodes multi-échelles ont été développées pour résoudre les problèmes de structure avec un temps de calcul raisonnable. Ces méthodes sont validées par comparaison avec un calcul numérique où les hétérogénéités sont entièrement maillées. Dans ce travail de thèse, une structure architecturée modèle a été créée au centre d'une plaque (homogène) mince en acier inoxydable (304L). La cellule unitaire du matériau architecturé est constitué d'un carré avec un trou au centre. L'utilisation d'une caméra à très haute résolution (270 millions de pixels) permet de suivre simultanément l'évolution des déformations aux échelles microscopique et macroscopique. La variation de l'orientation de la structure architecturée modifie les sollicitations appliquées aux cellules unitaires. Les expériences réalisées ont pour but d'analyser les cinématiques de déformation des cellules unitaires sous un chargement multi-axial. La recherche des cellules ayant une cinématique périodique est réalisée. Il est ainsi montré que les cellules avec une cinématique non périodique correspondent à la zone de transition entre le matériau architecturé et le matériau homogène. La connaissance des cinématiques des cellules permet d'investiguer les changements d'échelles dans le domaine linéaire et non-linéaire. Le passage de l'échelle macroscopique à l'échelle microscopique est particulièrement étudié avec le choix des conditions aux limites. Le remplacement des cellules ayant une cinématique périodique par un milieu homogène équivalent (MHE) est traité. La géométrie de la cellule unitaire introduit des symétries dans le comportement du MHE, celui-ci devient cubique. Les caractéristiques élastiques du MHE sont obtenus par homogénéisation à partir des résultats expérimentaux. Un critère de Tsaï-Hill est identifié dans le domaine non-linéaire. Le dernier chapitre s'intéresse à la fissuration de la zone architecturée et à l'initiation de la localisation des déformations dans les cellules. Le support de la localisation est calculé à partir du champ des déformations mesuré par CIN. La cinématique de la cellule est enrichie avec une discontinuité et le saut de déplacement normal à la localisation est identifié. Une comparaison avec le saut de déplacement calculé par corrélation d'images étendue à l'échelle macroscopique est menée afin de valider la stratégie d'identification à l'échelle microscopique. / Industry employ more and more composite materials in structures todecrease the weight. At the microstructure scale behavior is strongly heterogeneous but at the structure scale behaviour may be considered homogeneous. Multiscale methods have been developed to solve the structural problems with a reasonable calculation time. These methods are validated by comparison with a numerical calculation where heterogeneities are fully meshed. In this thesis work, an ideal architectural material was created in the center of a (homogeneous) stainless steel (304L) thin plate. The unit cell architecture material consists of a square with a hole in the center. The use of a high resolution camera (270 million pixels) allows to follow simultaneously the evolution of deformation at microscopic and macroscopic scales. The orientation of the heterogeneous structure modifies the sollicitations applied to the unit cells. The experiments are designed to analyze the kinematics of deformation of the unit cells in a multi-axial loading. Unit cells with periodic kinematics are searched. It is thus shown that the cells with a non-periodic kinematic correspond to the transition zone between the homogeneous material and the architectured material. Knowledge of the kinematic cells allows to investigate the scale changings in the linear and nonlinear range. The downscaling from the macroscopic to the microscopic scale is particularly studied with the choice of boundary conditions. An equivalent homogeneous medium (MHE) is determined as a remplacement for the cells having a periodic kinematic. The geometry of the unit cell introduced symmetries in the behavior of MHE, it becomes cubic (orthotropic with material parameters). The elastic characteristics of the MHE are obtained by homogenization from the experimental results. A criterion of Tsai-Hill is identified in the non-linear domain. The last chapter is interested in cracking of the architected zone and the initiation of strain localization in cells. The support of location is calculated from the strain field measured by correlation. The kinematics of the cell is enriched with a discontinuity and the displacement jump normal to the localization is identified. A comparison with the displacement jump calculated by extended digital image correlation at the macroscopic scale is conducted to validate the identification strategy at the microscopic level.

No description available.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Phononic crystals are artificial materials formed by a periodic arrangement of inclusions embedded into a host medium, where each of them can be solid or fluid. By controlling the geometry and the impedance contrast of its constituent materials, one can control the dispersive properties of waves, giving rise to a huge variety of interesting and fundamental phenomena in the context of wave propagation. When a propagating wave encounters a medium with different physical properties it can be transmitted and reflected in lossless media, but also absorbed if dissipation is taken into account. These fundamental phenomena have been classically explained in the context of homogeneous media, but it has been a subject of increasing interest in the context of periodic structures in recent years as well. This thesis is devoted to the study of different effects found in sonic and phononic crystals associated with transmission, reflection and absorption of waves, as well as the development of a technique for the characterization of its dispersive properties, described by the band structure. We start discussing the control of wave propagation in transmission in conservative systems. Specifically, our interest is to show how sonic crystals can modify the spatial dispersion of propagating waves leading to control the diffractive broadening of sound beams. Making use of the spatial dispersion curves extracted from the analysis of the band structure, we first predict zero and negative diffraction of waves at frequencies close to the band-edge, resulting in collimation and focusing of sound beams in and behind a 3D sonic crystal, and later demonstrate it through experimental measurements. The focusing efficiency of a 3D sonic crystal is limited due to the strong scattering inside the crystal, characteristic of the diffraction regime. To overcome this limitation we consider axisymmetric structures working in the long wavelength regime, as a gradient index lens. In this regime, the scattering is strongly reduced and, in an axisymmetric configuration, the symmetry matching with acoustic sources radiating sound beams increase its efficiency dramatically. Moreover, the homogenization theory can be used to model the structure as an effective medium with effective physical properties, allowing the study of the wave front profile in terms of refraction. We will show the model, design and characterization of an efficient focusing device based on these concepts. Consider now a periodic structure in which one of the parameters of the lattice, such as the lattice constant or the filling fraction, gradually changes along the propagation direction. Chirped crystals represent this concept and are used here to demonstrate a novel mechanism of sound wave enhancement based on a phenomenon known as "soft" reflection. The enhancement is related to a progressive slowing down of the wave as it propagates along the material, which is associated with the group velocity of the local dispersion relation at the planes of the crystal. A model based on the coupled mode theory is proposed to predict and interpret this effect. Two different phenomena are observed here when dealing with dissipation in periodic structures. On one hand, when considering the propagation of in-plane sound waves in a periodic array of absorbing layers, an anomalous decrease in the absorption, combined with a simultaneous increase of reflection and transmission at Bragg frequencies is observed, in contrast to the usual decrease of transmission, characteristic in conservative periodic systems at these frequencies. For a similar layered media, backed now by a rigid reflector, out-of-plane waves impinging the structure from a homogeneous medium will increase dramatically the interaction strength. In other words, the time delay of sound waves inside the periodic system will be considerably increased resulting in an enhanced absorption, for a broadband spectral range. / [ES] Los cristales fonónicos son materiales artificiales formados por una disposición periódica de inclusiones en un medio, pudiendo ambos ser de carácter sólido o fluido. Controlando la geometría y el contraste de impedancias entre los materiales constituyentes se pueden controlar las propiedades dispersivas de las ondas. Cuando una onda propagante se encuentra un medio con diferentes propiedades físicas puede ser transmitida y reflejada, en medios sin pérdidas, pero también absorbida, si la disipación es tenida en cuenta. La presente tesis está dedicada al estudio de diferentes efectos presentes en cristales sónicos y fonónicos relacionados con la transmisión, reflexión y absorción de ondas, así como el desarrollo de una técnica para la caracterización de sus propiedades dispersivas, descritas por la estructura de bandas. En primer lugar, se estudia el control de la propagación de ondas en transmisión en sistemas conservativos. Específicamente, nuestro interés se centra en mostrar cómo los cristales sónicos son capaces de modificar la dispersión espacial de las ondas propagantes, dando lugar al control del ensanchamiento de haces de sonido. Haciendo uso de las curvas de dispersión espacial extraídas del análisis de la estructura de bandas, se predice primero la difracción nula y negativa de ondas a frecuencias cercanas al borde de la banda, resultando en la colimación y focalización de haces acústicos en el interior y detrás de un cristal sónico 3D, y posteriormente se demuestra mediante medidas experimentales. La eficiencia de focalización de un cristal sónico 3D está limitada debido a las múltiples reflexiones existentes en el interior del cristal. Para superar esta limitación se consideran estructuras axisimétricas trabajando en el régimen de longitud de onda larga, como lentes de gradiente de índice. En este régimen, las reflexiones internas se reducen fuertemente y, en configuración axisimétrica, la adaptación de simetría con fuentes acústicas radiando haces de sonido incrementa la eficiencia drásticamente. Además, la teoría de homogenización puede ser empleada para modelar la estructura como un medio efectivo con propiedades físicas efectivas, permitiendo el estudio del frente de ondas en términos refractivos. Se mostrará el modelado, diseño y caracterización de un dispositivo de focalización eficiente basado en los conceptos anteriores. Considérese ahora una estructura periódica en la que uno de los parámetros de la red, sea el paso de red o el factor de llenado, cambia gradualmente a lo largo de la dirección de propagación. Los cristales chirp representan este concepto y son empleados aquí para demostrar un mecanismo novedoso de incremento de la intensidad de la onda sonora basado en un fenómeno conocido como reflexión "suave". Este incremento está relacionado con una ralentización progresiva de la onda conforme se propaga a través del material, asociado con la velocidad de grupo de la relación de dispersión local en los planos del cristal. Un modelo basado en la teoría de modos acoplados es propuesto para predecir e interpretar este efecto. Se observan dos fenómenos diferentes al considerar pérdidas en estructuras periódicas. Por un lado, si se considera la propagación de ondas sonoras en un array periódico de capas absorbentes, cuyo frente de ondas es paralelo a los planos del cristal, se produce una reducción anómala en la absorción combinada con un incremento simultáneo de la reflexión y transmisión a las frecuencias de Bragg, de forma contraria a la habitual reducción de la transmisión, característica de sistemas periódicos conservativos a estas frecuencias. En el caso de la misma estructura laminada en la que se cubre uno de sus lados mediante un reflector rígido, la incidencia de ondas sonoras desde un medio homogéneo, cuyo frente de ondas es perpendicular a los planos del cristal, produce un gran incremento de la fuerza de / [CA] Els cristalls fonònics són materials artificials formats per una disposició d'inclusions en un medi, ambdós poden ser sòlids o fluids. Controlant la geometría i el contrast d'impedàncies dels seus materials constituents, és poden controlar les propietats dispersives de les ondes, permetent una gran varietatde fenòmens fonamentals interessants en el context de la propagació d'ones. Quan una ona propagant troba un medi amb pèrdues amb propietats físiques diferents es pot transmetre i reflectir, però també absorbida si la dissipació es té en compte. Aquests fenòmens fonamentals s'han explicat clàssicament en el context de medis homogenis, però també ha sigut un tema de creixent interés en el context d'estructures periòdiques en els últims anys. Aquesta tesi doctoral tracta de l'estudi de diferents efectes en cristalls fonònics i sònics lligats a la transmissió, reflexió i absorció d'ones, així com del desenvolupament d'una tècnica de caracterització de les propietats dispersives, descrites mitjançant la estructura de bandes. En primer lloc, s'estudia el control de la propagació ondulatori en transmissió en sistemes conservatius. Més específicament, el nostre interés és mostrar com els cristalls sonors poden modificar la dispersió espacial d'ones propagants donant lloc al control de l'amplària per difracció dels feixos sonors. Mitjançant les corbes dispersió espacial obtingudes de l'anàlisi de l'estructura de bandes, es prediu, en primer lloc, la difracció d'ones zero i negativa a freqüències próximes al final de banda. El resultat és la collimació i focalització de feixos sonors dins i darrere de cristalls de so. Després es mostra amb mesures experimentals. L'eficiència de focalització d'un cristall de so 3D està limitada per la gran dispersió d'ones dins del cristall, que és característic del règim difractiu. Per a superar aquesta limitació, estructures axisimètriques que treballen en el règim de llargues longituds d'ona, i es comporten com a lents de gradient d'índex. En aquest règim, la dispersió es redueix enormement i, en una configuració axisimètrica, a causa de l'acoblament de la simetría amb les fonts acústiques que radien feixos sonors, l'eficiència de radiació s'incrementa significativament. D'altra banda, la teoria d'homogeneïtzació es pot utilitzar per a modelar, dissenyar i caracteritzar un dispositiu eficient de focalització basat en aquests conceptes. Considerem ara una estructura periòdica en la qual un dels seus paràmetres de xarxa, com ara la constant de xarxa o el factor d'ompliment canvia gradualment al llarg de la direcció de propagació. Els cristalls chirped representen aquest concepte i s'utilitzen ací per a demostrar un mecanisme nou d'intensificació d'ones sonores basat en el fenòmen conegut com a reflexió "suau". La intensificació està relacionada amb la alentiment progressiva de l'ona conforme propaga al llarg del material, que està associada amb la velocitat de grup de la relació de dispersió local en els diferents plànols del cristall. Es proposa un model basat en la teoria de modes acoblats per a predir i interpretar este efecte. Dos fenòmens diferents cal destacar quan es tracta d'estructures periòdiques amb dissipació. Per un costat, al considerar la propagació d'ones sonores en el plànol en un array periòdic de capes absorbents, s'observa una disminució anòmala de l'absorció i es combina amb un augment simultani de reflexió i transmissió en les freqüències de Bragg que contrasta amb la usual disminució de transmissió, característica dels sistemes conservatius a eixes freqüències. Per a un medi similar de capes, amb un reflector rígid darrere, les ones fora del pla incidint l'estructura des de un medi homogeni, augmentaran considerablement la interacció. En altres paraules, el retràs temporal de les ones sonores dins del sistema periòdic augmentarà significativament produint un augmen / Cebrecos Ruiz, A. (2015). Transmission, reflection and absorption in Sonic and Phononic Crystals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/56463 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio