This dissertation investigates the issue of public junior high and high school students who are punished at school for their online speech that they created when they were off-campus. Specifically, it examines the issue of when students are punished at school for online speech that criticizes teachers and administrators, rather than the issue of student-on-student cyberbullying. Because the United States Supreme Court has not yet accepted any case that involves off-campus online student speech, this dissertation summarizes and analyzes federal appellate court decisions in such cases. Appellate courts in six federal circuits have heard and ruled in cases involving students’ off-campus online speech. This dissertation examines the precedent those courts have applied to outline the circumstances under which the courts find for the student or school officials. Because court decisions depend on the application of precedential case law, this dissertation includes a thorough examination of those major Supreme Court student speech precedents: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, and Morse v. Frederick. This research project also examines how legal analysts are currently interpreting the issue of school punishment of off-campus online speech to determine how they recommend courts proceed in such cases. Through review of both precedent and law review articles, it examines two branches of legal thought that underlie the issue: what role courts see schools playing in the education of students as citizens and how far courts are willing to go in extending schools’ “in loco parentis” role to off-campus speech. It also reports on societal issues underlying student speech on social media: how social media users can create “community” online and how teens spend their time online. Because legal research carries with it the tradition of offering guidance to judges on how to rule in a particular area, this dissertation concludes with a proposal for how courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, should rule in cases involving student speech that is critical of school officials or school policy to grant students complete First Amendment protection for all off-campus online speech that does not threaten the school community with violence or libel anyone, whether school official or student.

Everyone wants others to think as well of them as possible, particularly during structured social presentations, such as a speech. High self-monitors have an innate facility with impression management-the process of projecting a favorable social image. If a student is a high self-monitor, how might this impact his or her grades? Might low self-monitors' grades improve during the course? Surprisingly the results of this thesis showed that self-monitoring was not correlated with speech grades. Reasons for this finding and possible insights for future research are also discussed.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-01T12:39:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 amandacristinatestasiqueira.pdf: 2004429 bytes, checksum: 6f3cec63301e9f6a050ab92e639689bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T14:36:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amandacristinatestasiqueira.pdf: 2004429 bytes, checksum: 6f3cec63301e9f6a050ab92e639689bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T14:36:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amandacristinatestasiqueira.pdf: 2004429 bytes, checksum: 6f3cec63301e9f6a050ab92e639689bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação vincula-se ao macroprojeto “Ensino de Língua Portuguesa – da Formação Docente à Sala de Aula” (FAPEMIG -CHE-APQ-01864-12), inscrito na linha de Pesquisa Linguística e Ensino de Língua do PPG Linguística - UFJF. O projeto tem por objetivo geral a investigação das práticas de sucesso e fracasso no ensino de Português na escola básica e na formação docente para essa disciplina. O estudo em questão traça o perfil de professores de Língua Portuguesa instaurado a partir de relatos discentes acerca das suas vivências mais marcantes no contato diário com essa disciplina. Para tanto, escolhemos como cenário investigativo 7 escolas estaduais do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, e tomamos, como sujeitos da pesquisa, 354 alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e 2º ano do Ensino Médio. Esta pesquisa se configura como um Estudo de Caso e apresenta procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos como método analítico. Como fundamento teórico central, elegemos contribuições advindas da Linguística Cognitiva (LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1999, 2002; JAKENDOFF, 2002; FAUCONNIER e TURNER, 2002; FILLMORE, 1979, 1982; GEERAERS & CUYCKENS, 2007; CROFT e CRUSE, 2004), em especial, de um dos seus modelos teóricos principais: a Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1979, 1982; RUPPENHOFER et al, 2010; SALOMÃO, 1999) e seu projeto de anotação lexicográfica FrameNet (www.framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu). Para a análise hermenêutica, nos valemos de contribuições da Sociologia (BAUMAN, 2005, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2013; ALMEIDA et al, 2009), da Filosofia Educacional (FREIRE, 2011), além dos distintos olhares no campo da Ética e da educação cidadã (ARAÚJO, 2000, 2008; LA TAILLE, 2008; TOGNETTA , 2008; ABREU, et al, s.d.; COSTA, 2004; RIBAS, s.d; MORAN, 2007; MIRANDA, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012b). A partir da categoria analítica central – o frame – conseguimos identificar as principais cenas conceptuais evocadas pelo discurso dos alunos. Sendo assim, foi possível estabelecerem-se duas redes hierárquicas de frames: uma delas composta por atos de linguagem expressivos (Avaliação do Comportamento Docente) e outra por atos de linguagem diretivos (Sugestão de Comportamento Docente). Cada uma delas apresenta, como foco, quatro tipos de comportamento docente, quais sejam: Práticas Pedagógicas, Práticas Interacionais, Comprometimento, Práticas Reguladoras e Punitivas. Dessa forma, percebemos que as avaliações positivas somaram a maioria, com 227 ocorrências (58%), contra 148 avaliações negativas (39%) e 4 neutras (3%). A partir das avaliações positivas e das sugestões, podemos identificar quais tipos de atitudes docentes são aprovadas e desejadas pelos alunos. A partir das avaliações negativas, ao contrário, conseguimos identificar as práticas rejeitadas pelos discentes. Salta aos olhos o desejo dos alunos por práticas pedagógicas mais competentes, além de mais democráticas e inovadoras, nas quais há um bom relacionamento afetivo entre educadores e educandos e o favorecimento do diálogo, de forma a garantir maior participação e maior protagonismo por parte dos discentes. Tais resultados revelam significativo comprometimento dos alunos com o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de que são partícipes, o que desmente expectativas via de regras negativas acerca da relevância da escola para tais sujeitos. O perfil do professor que desejam ou rejeitam é em tudo convergente com aquele ditado pelas vozes das autoridades da área que preconizam uma educação voltada para a formação de cidadãos mais críticos e autônomos. / This dissertation is linked to the macro project “Portuguese Language Teaching - from the college graduation to the school classroom” (FAPEMIG -CHE-APQ-01864-12) which is a part of the Linguistics and Language Teaching line of work, developed in the Linguistics Graduation School at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The project aims to analyse successful and failed practices in teaching Portuguese in elementary school as well as in teacher training for the same discipline. This research traced the profile of Portuguese teachers based on students‟ reports regarding their most memorable experiences in their daily routine in the discipline. Therefore, we have chosen seven public schools in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, as an investigative background, as well as research subjects: 354 students in the 9th grade of Elementary School and 2nd year of High School. This research is configured as a case study and presents quantitative and qualitative procedures as its analytical method. As main theory we have used contributions from Cognitive Linguistics (LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999, 2002; JAKENDOFF, 2002; FAUCONNIER & TURNER, 2002; FILLMORE, 1979, 1982; GEERAERS & CUYCKENS, 2007; CROFT e CRUSE, 2004), in particular, one of its major theoretical models: the Frames Semantics (FILLMORE, 1979, 1982; RUPPENHOFER et al, 2010; SALOMÃO, 1999) and it‟s lexicographical project FrameNet (www.framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu). For the hermeneutic analysis, we based on the contributions of Sociology (BAUMAN, 2005, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2013; ALMEIDA et al, 2009), Educational Philosophy (FREIRE, 2011), apart from different perspectives in the field of Ethics and citizenship education cidadã (ARAÚJO, 2000, 2008; LA TAILLE, 2008; TOGNETTA , 2008; ABREU, et al, s.d.; COSTA, 2004; RIBAS, s.d; MORAN, 2007; MIRANDA, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012b). From the central analytical category - the frame - we can identify the main conceptual scenes brought by the students‟ ideas. Thus, it was possible to establish two hierarchical networks of frames: expressive language acts (teacher behaviour evaluation) and directive language acts (teacher behaviour proposal). Each of them presents four types of teaching behaviour: Pedagogical Practices, Interactional Practices, Commitment, and Punitive Regulatory Practices. Thus, we have noticed that the positive reviews were the majority, with 227 occurrences (58%) against 148 negative ratings (39%) and 4 neutral (3%). From the positive feedback and suggestions, we can identify which types of teaching attitudes were approved and desired by students and on the other hand, from the negative evaluations, we can identify practices rejected by students. The desire of students for more competent, more democratic and innovative teaching practices is remarkable, with a good emotional relationship between teachers and students, as well as to facilitate dialogue, ensuring greater participation and autonomy by students. These results reveal significant impairment of the students involved in the teaching-learning process, which contradicts negative expectations about the relevance of school for such subjects. The teacher profile desired or rejected converges to that expressed by experts in the field who advocate for an education which aims at preparing more critical and autonomous citizens.

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