A prominent hypothesis in literary studies is that readers, especially those that are fully immersed, engage empathically with fictional characters. This dissertation provides a critique of the Cartesian assumptions embedded in contemporary (cognitive scientific) models of empathy and then goes on to provide an alternative account of empathy based on especially Husserl’s and Heidegger’s phenomenology. According to this alternative, empathy does not establish but rather discloses in reflection an already present intersubjectivity from which it is derivative. It is also held that readers who are fully empathically engaged in a literary text lose self-awareness. I provide a critique of this view and present a Husserlian model according to which full engagement with the other and continuation of a certain kind of self-awareness occur simultaneously. This phenomenological alternative is based on the notion that an experiential self-givenness or “mineness” accompanies all my experiences and is prior to any objectifying forms of self-awareness. I then critique Cartesian models of (self-)reflection and self-modification in literary reading and with the help of Heidegger suggest a phenomenological model within which the distinction between modification of beliefs and the modification that is inherent in experiencing becomes understandable as contingent on the form of ontological interrogation that Merleau-Ponty terms “radical reflection”. Finally, I present a series of empirical studies investigating whether the preceding theoretical distinctions are borne out in the experiences of actual readers of literary texts concerned with human finitude. Phenomenological methods, (Kuiken, Schopflocher, and Wild; Kuiken and Miall, “Numerically Aided Phenomenology”) were employed to 1) identify several distinct types of reading experience, 2) spell out how one of those types instantiates ‘existential reading’ as conceived here, and 3) provide convergent and discriminant validation of this type of reading experience. Of particular interest was whether a form of existential reading can be understood as an event during which readers engage the text through a form of empathic engagement that is grounded in an a priori intersubjectivity, that retains an experiential self-awareness or “mineness” simultaneously with empathic engagement, and that supports a non-Cartesian form of “radical reflection” that opens onto an ontological consideration of finitude.

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Initially, this work recognizes that college students often fail to understand or to appreciate the language of literature; therefore, a proposal has been developed that incorporates the typical methods and media of two academic areas--literature and oral interpretation--into a synchronized dual approach to the study of literature. Chapter I discusses contemporary problems of literacy in general; Chapter II explores the traditional teaching approaches of English and oral interpretation; and Chapter III develops a possible-literary communal effort by outlining a survey course in British Literature and presenting a series of exemplificative Writers Theatre scripts.Chapter IV reviews the associative problems that apparently exist between oral language and the written symbol and recommends that a companion project might demonstrate more fully the efficacy of an integrative approach to the teaching of writing.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är en växande sjukdom utan botemedel. Det finns fleraegenvårdsåtgärder som gör att det går att utesluta mediciner längre fram och somdessutom förhindrar senkomplikationer. Omfattande kvantitativ forskning finnsinom området diabetes typ 2 och dess behandling. MEN det svårare att hittakvalitativ forskning som beskriver patienternas upplevelser kring egenvård. Syfte:Syftet var att belysa patienters upplevelser kring egenvård vid diabetes typ 2.Metod: En litteraturstudie som har baserats på tio vetenskapliga studier avkvalitativ ansats. Dessa har hämtats från PubMed och CINAHL för att analyserasoch besvara syftet. Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades: Kost, Fysiskaktivitet, Blodsockerkontroll och Information Slutsats: Att få diagnosen diabetestyp 2 framkallar flera olika känslor. Sjukdomen innebär flera livsstilsförändringardär information är en av de avgörande faktorerna för att dessa förändringar skakunna ske. / Background: Diabetes type 2 is a growing disease that lacks a cure. Thera areseveral measures of selfmanagement that can lead to the exclusion ofpharmacological treatment and prevent later-on complications. Vast quantativeresearch exists within the field of type 2- diabetes and it´s treatment. However it´smore difficult to find qualitative research describing patients experiences ofselfmanagement regarding type 2-diabetes. Purpose: The purpose was toenlighten patients experiences about selfmanagement concering type 2-diabetes.Method: A study of litterature based upon ten scientific reports with a qualitativeapproach. Theses have been gathered from PUBMED and CINAHL to beanalyzed in regards to the purpose. Results: Four main categorys were identyfied.Diet, Physical activity, Bloodsugar control and Information. Conclusion:Recieving diagnosis of type2-diabetes induces several different emotions. Thedisease requires several changes of life-style whereas information is one oft thekeyfactors leading to that theses changes really occur.

A tese intitulada \"Ilustração Brasileira (1854-1855) e A Ilustração Luso- Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859): uma contribuição para o estudo da imprensa literária em língua portuguesa\" teve por objetivo demonstrar que, no Brasil, a imprensa de ilustração foi inaugurada com a publicação da Ilustração Brasileira, visto que nenhuma publicação anterior deu tamanho destaque e foco especial ao \"modelo de ilustração\" quanto ela, o que pôde ser confirmado a partir do exame de periódicos brasileiros que a antecederam. Provou também que a publicação da revista A Ilustração Luso- Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859) veio na esteira de uma tradição da imprensa ilustrada lusitana em ascensão. Discutiu ainda a relevância destas duas ilustrações para o estudo das literaturas românticas de Portugal e do Brasil, bem como a participação de cada uma no processo de desenvolvimento da imprensa literária e ilustrada em seus respectivos países. Traz, em volume separado, um índice por categorias de análise dos textos publicados em cada uma das revistas. / This dissertation entitled \"Ilustração Brasileira (1854-1855) and A Ilustração Luso-Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859): a contribution to the study of the literary press in Portuguese language\" was carried out to demonstrate that, in Brazil, the illustrative press began with the publication of Ilustração Brasileira, since no former publication gave such a great emphasis and special prominence to the \"illustrative model\" as the magazines at issue did, what can be confirmed by analyzing the Brazilian journals which preceded it. It was also proved that the publication of the magazine A Ilustração Luso-Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859) followed a tradition of the ascendant Portuguese illustrative press. This dissertation also broaches the relevance of both illustrations to the study of the Portuguese and Brazilian Romantic literatures, as well as the role played by each literature in the development process of the literary and illustrative press in each of those countries, and additionally presents a separate volume of the table of contents classified according to the categories of texts published in each of those magazines.

A tese intitulada \"Ilustração Brasileira (1854-1855) e A Ilustração Luso- Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859): uma contribuição para o estudo da imprensa literária em língua portuguesa\" teve por objetivo demonstrar que, no Brasil, a imprensa de ilustração foi inaugurada com a publicação da Ilustração Brasileira, visto que nenhuma publicação anterior deu tamanho destaque e foco especial ao \"modelo de ilustração\" quanto ela, o que pôde ser confirmado a partir do exame de periódicos brasileiros que a antecederam. Provou também que a publicação da revista A Ilustração Luso- Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859) veio na esteira de uma tradição da imprensa ilustrada lusitana em ascensão. Discutiu ainda a relevância destas duas ilustrações para o estudo das literaturas românticas de Portugal e do Brasil, bem como a participação de cada uma no processo de desenvolvimento da imprensa literária e ilustrada em seus respectivos países. Traz, em volume separado, um índice por categorias de análise dos textos publicados em cada uma das revistas. / This dissertation entitled \"Ilustração Brasileira (1854-1855) and A Ilustração Luso-Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859): a contribution to the study of the literary press in Portuguese language\" was carried out to demonstrate that, in Brazil, the illustrative press began with the publication of Ilustração Brasileira, since no former publication gave such a great emphasis and special prominence to the \"illustrative model\" as the magazines at issue did, what can be confirmed by analyzing the Brazilian journals which preceded it. It was also proved that the publication of the magazine A Ilustração Luso-Brasileira (1856, 1858, 1859) followed a tradition of the ascendant Portuguese illustrative press. This dissertation also broaches the relevance of both illustrations to the study of the Portuguese and Brazilian Romantic literatures, as well as the role played by each literature in the development process of the literary and illustrative press in each of those countries, and additionally presents a separate volume of the table of contents classified according to the categories of texts published in each of those magazines.

This study provides a precise definition of the term 'Kafkaesque' by enriching literary criticism with scientific theory and practice, including an experiment on readers' responses to Kafka. Dictionary definitions justify taking the term back to its textual origins in Kafka's works, and the works can fruitfully be analysed by investigating how readers engage with them through cognitive processes of imagination. Modern scientific developments posit that vision, imagination, and consciousness should be conceived of not in terms of static pictorialism – reducible to the notion of 'pictures in the head' – but in terms of enaction, i.e. as an ongoing interaction with the external world around us. Most traditional nineteenth-century Realist texts are based on pictorialist assumptions, while Kafka's texts evoke perception non-pictorially and are therefore more cognitively realistic. In his personal writings, Kafka wrestles with problems entailed by pictorialist conceptions of vision, imagination, and the function of language, and comes to enactivist solutions: evocation of perception that does not result in painting static tableaux with words. In his fictional works, Kafka correspondingly evolves a cognitively realistic way of writing to evoke fictional worlds that directly engage the cognitive processes of their readers; Der Proceß is a prime example of the 'Kafkaesque' text and reading experience, defined by being compelling yet simultaneously unsettling. Modulations in narrative perspective and evocation of emotion as enactive also contribute to the experience of the 'Kafkaesque' as compelling; yet Kafka's texts simultaneously unsettle by preventing straightforward emotional identification with the protagonists, and destabilising deep-rooted concepts of selfhood as singular and unified. The theoretical discussion of the 'Kafkaesque' experience as compelling yet unsettling is complemented and refined by an experiment testing readers' responses to a short story by Kafka. The term 'Kafkaesque realism' denotes Kafka's compelling yet unsettling non-pictorial evocation of perception of the fictional world. Kafkaesque realism falls into the broader category of 'cognitive realism', which provides a framework for analysing fictional texts more generally.