In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen. The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Over one billion of the world’s population are smokers, with increasing tobacco use in low-and middle-income countries. However, information about the methodology of studies on tobacco control is limited. We conducted a literature search to examine and evaluate the methodological designs of published tobacco research in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the past 50 years. The first phase was completed in 2015 using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. An additional search was completed in February 2017 using PubMed. Only tobacco/smoking research in SSA countries with human subjects and published in English was selected. Out of 1796 articles, 447 met the inclusion criteria and were from 26 countries, 11 of which had one study each. Over half of the publications were from South Africa and Nigeria. The earliest publication was in 1968 and the highest number of publications was in 2014 (n = 46). The majority of publications used quantitative methods (91.28%) and were cross-sectional (80.98%). The commonest data collection methods were self-administered questionnaires (38.53%), interviews (32.57%), and observation (20.41%). Around half of the studies were among adults and in urban settings. We conclud that SSA remains a “research desert” and needs more investment in tobacco control research and training.

Résumé: Les progrès réalisés dans le domaine médical ont permis un prolongement de l’espérance de vie, l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients; ce qui implique aussi des changements dans des domaines comme l’assurance-vie. Le principe de la tarification en assurance-vie est basé sur la comparaison du risque (probabilité) de décès d’un individu candidat à une police d’assurance à celui d’une population de référence la plus proche possible du candidat. C’est ainsi que l’analyse de la littérature médicale est devenue un outil indispensable dans la sélection des risques. L’assurance-vie est présente en Afrique subsaharienne depuis environ deux cents ans, mais les assureurs ne disposaient pas jusqu'à nos jours d’outils de tarification spécifiques au contexte africain. A notre connaissance notre travail est le premier effort de ce type à s’intéresser à ce sujet. Son objectif est d’élaborer un outil de tarification qui tiendra compte des aspects spécifiques de la mortalité et de la morbidité sur le continent africain. Dans une première partie nous avons conduit une revue de la littérature médicale disponible sur différents problèmes de santé; dans une seconde étape nous avons identifié les facteurs de risque de morbidité et de mortalité afin de proposer une sélection des risques pour une tarification. Les résultats montrent que les études de mortalité, et principalement les cohortes de suivi à long terme sont rares en Afrique subsaharienne; la majorité des études sont de courte durée et en plus elles enrôlent un nombre restreint de patients. Ces insuffisances ne permettent pas une analyse actuarielle approfondie et les résultats sont difficiles à extrapoler directement dans le domaine de la tarification. Cependant, l’identification des facteurs d’aggravation de la mortalité et de la morbidité permettra un ajustement de la tarification de base. Le sujet noir africain présente un profil de mortalité et de morbidité qui est sensiblement différent de celui du sujet caucasien, d’où la nécessité d’adapter les outils de tarification actuellement utilisés dans les compagnies d’assurance qui opèrent en Afrique subsaharienne. L’Afrique au sud du Sahara a besoin aujourd’hui plus que jamais de données épidémiologiques solides qui permettront de guider les politiques sanitaires mais aussi servir au développement d’une sélection des risques adaptés au contexte africain. Ceci passera par la mise en place d’un réseau coordonné de santé publique, un système de surveillance démographique fiable et un suivi continu des mouvements de la population. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, une collaboration avec les pays développés qui sont déjà très avancés dans de tels domaines sera nécessaire. / Abstract: Progress in medical research has prolonged life expectancy, improved patient quality of life; these changes translate in such domain as life insurance underwriting. The principle of underwriting in life insurance is based on the comparison of the probability of death of an individual candidate for an insurance policy to the probability of death of a reference population closed to the candidate. A review and analysis then becomes an of the medical literature become an indispensable tool for risk selection. Life insurance has been present in sub-Saharan Africa for approximately two hundred years, but up to date the insurers do not have specific underwriting tools which are adapted to the African context. This work is the first one in our knowledge to explore risk selection for Life insurance in Africa. Its purpose is to elaborate underwriting tools which will take into account specific aspects of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we made a literature review of all available medical publications on different health problems; then, in a second step, we sorted out the risk factors for both morbidity and mortality, in order to suggest algorithms for underwriting risk selection. It appeared rapidly that mortality studies, and mainly long-term follow-ups, are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa. When they exist, they are of short duration, and enrol a limited number of patients. This makes our analysis and extrapolation of risk difficult for underwriting purposes. However identification of morbidity and mortality factors is important to allow some basic underwriting. The black African has a mortality and morbidity profile which are appreciably different from the one of a Caucasian subject. Consequently it will be important to adapt the underwriting tools used for underwriting life insurance in sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa needs more than ever solid epidemiological data, and health policies implementation for the development of risk selection in insurance medicine. These changes mean the implementation of a coordinated public health network, a reliable demographic monitoring system and a continuous follow-up of the population’s migration. To reach such objectives, the collaboration with developed countries which are already very advanced in these fields will be very useful.

The proposition that American network television news coverage of sub-Sahara Africa increased substantially after the 1975-76 Angola conflict is examined in this study of the responsiveness of television to changing news values at the international level. News coverage for two thirty-month periods before and after the Angola conflict is compared using data derived from the Television News Index and Abstracts. The study finds that network news coverage of sub-Sahara Africa increased from 0.36 per cent of total news time before the Angola conflict to 4.46 per cent after, indicating that network news coverage is a reflection of the intensity of United States government activity at the international level.

Résumé: Les progrès réalisés dans le domaine médical ont permis un prolongement de l’espérance de vie, l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients; ce qui implique aussi des changements dans des domaines comme l’assurance-vie. Le principe de la tarification en assurance-vie est basé sur la comparaison du risque (probabilité) de décès d’un individu candidat à une police d’assurance à celui d’une population de référence la plus proche possible du candidat. C’est ainsi que l’analyse de la littérature médicale est devenue un outil indispensable dans la sélection des risques. L’assurance-vie est présente en Afrique subsaharienne depuis environ deux cents ans, mais les assureurs ne disposaient pas jusqu'à nos jours d’outils de tarification spécifiques au contexte africain. A notre connaissance notre travail est le premier effort de ce type à s’intéresser à ce sujet. Son objectif est d’élaborer un outil de tarification qui tiendra compte des aspects spécifiques de la mortalité et de la morbidité sur le continent africain. Dans une première partie nous avons conduit une revue de la littérature médicale disponible sur différents problèmes de santé; dans une seconde étape nous avons identifié les facteurs de risque de morbidité et de mortalité afin de proposer une sélection des risques pour une tarification. Les résultats montrent que les études de mortalité, et principalement les cohortes de suivi à long terme sont rares en Afrique subsaharienne; la majorité des études sont de courte durée et en plus elles enrôlent un nombre restreint de patients. Ces insuffisances ne permettent pas une analyse actuarielle approfondie et les résultats sont difficiles à extrapoler directement dans le domaine de la tarification. Cependant, l’identification des facteurs d’aggravation de la mortalité et de la morbidité permettra un ajustement de la tarification de base. Le sujet noir africain présente un profil de mortalité et de morbidité qui est sensiblement différent de celui du sujet caucasien, d’où la nécessité d’adapter les outils de tarification actuellement utilisés dans les compagnies d’assurance qui opèrent en Afrique subsaharienne. L’Afrique au sud du Sahara a besoin aujourd’hui plus que jamais de données épidémiologiques solides qui permettront de guider les politiques sanitaires mais aussi servir au développement d’une sélection des risques adaptés au contexte africain. Ceci passera par la mise en place d’un réseau coordonné de santé publique, un système de surveillance démographique fiable et un suivi continu des mouvements de la population. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, une collaboration avec les pays développés qui sont déjà très avancés dans de tels domaines sera nécessaire. / Abstract: Progress in medical research has prolonged life expectancy, improved patient quality of life; these changes translate in such domain as life insurance underwriting. The principle of underwriting in life insurance is based on the comparison of the probability of death of an individual candidate for an insurance policy to the probability of death of a reference population closed to the candidate. A review and analysis then becomes an of the medical literature become an indispensable tool for risk selection. Life insurance has been present in sub-Saharan Africa for approximately two hundred years, but up to date the insurers do not have specific underwriting tools which are adapted to the African context. This work is the first one in our knowledge to explore risk selection for Life insurance in Africa. Its purpose is to elaborate underwriting tools which will take into account specific aspects of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we made a literature review of all available medical publications on different health problems; then, in a second step, we sorted out the risk factors for both morbidity and mortality, in order to suggest algorithms for underwriting risk selection. It appeared rapidly that mortality studies, and mainly long-term follow-ups, are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa. When they exist, they are of short duration, and enrol a limited number of patients. This makes our analysis and extrapolation of risk difficult for underwriting purposes. However identification of morbidity and mortality factors is important to allow some basic underwriting. The black African has a mortality and morbidity profile which are appreciably different from the one of a Caucasian subject. Consequently it will be important to adapt the underwriting tools used for underwriting life insurance in sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa needs more than ever solid epidemiological data, and health policies implementation for the development of risk selection in insurance medicine. These changes mean the implementation of a coordinated public health network, a reliable demographic monitoring system and a continuous follow-up of the population’s migration. To reach such objectives, the collaboration with developed countries which are already very advanced in these fields will be very useful.

Of all the countries studied in the large-scale WHO Multi-country Study on Women´s Health and Domestic Violence against Women (2005), Ethiopian women had the highest numbers of acceptance of intimate partner violence. And according to previous research on the subject, Ethiopian women have a high tolerance for and acceptance of the violence they endure. Yet when I interviewed women in Ethiopia (all of whom had been victims of violence) I discovered multiple forms of resistance to - rather than acceptance of - violence. Rather than confirming how women come to accept violence, my study uncovers many ways in which women resist violence, even in contexts where the available means of resistance are extremely limited.The aim of my inductive study is to begin to do justice to these forms of resistance, which are easily overlooked. First, as I argue in the analyses of my interviews with the women, our ability to discern forms of resistance in situations of intimate partner violence requires a more capacious notion of resistance than the one usually employed. Second, as I argue through my engagement with the previous research and the analyses of my interviews with women’s organizations in Ethiopia, the inability to discern multiple and varied forms of resistance leads one to underestimate the degree of non-acceptance and active resistance in situations of intimate partner violence. Thus, while my limited study does not permit general conclusions about violence against women in Ethiopia, I conclude by suggesting that my findings have two important implications for social work, one theoretical and one practical.

Women with disabilities face multiple discrimination due to their gender and disability state. This is a literature study through the means of a content analysis of documents that explore the lives of women with disabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study was conducted by reviewing documents surrounding the topics to display a representable picture of women with disabilities lives in the area and a discussion on what can be done to improve their situation. The study concluded that women with disabilities face a multitude of social barriers in their efforts to participate in their communities but also while conducting daily activities in their homes. The results of the study are categorised into different themes that represent aspects of social life.  Additionally, the study discusses The social model of disability theory from the women’s perspective. Development focus in regards to disability is skewed, and in need of review, women with disabilities need to be a more prominent discussion in the development mainstream. This study is a response to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as well as the mention of persons with disabilities in Agenda 2030.

M.Comm. / Belastinginsentiewe is daarop gemik om handel met ander lande te bevorder deur buitelandse beleggers aan te moedig om hul geld in die betrokke land te investeer. Dit dien terselfdertyd as aansporing om in spesifieke besighede te bele of spesifieke bedrywe te beoefen. Die studie het ten doel om belastinginsentiewe in Suid-Afrika te ontleed en dit te vergelyk met die van ander lande. Waar moontlik word aanbevelings gemaak oor hoe en waar daar in Suid-Afrika beter van belastinginsentiewe gebruik gemaak kan word. Daar word spesifieke aandag aan die toepassing van die belastinginsentiewe in die verskillende lande gegee.

No description available.