Si la raison d'être des aides sociales, les conditions de leur versement, l'étude des bénéficiaires sont des préoccupations anciennes et constantes de la sociologie politique de l'aide sociale, la question des modalités techniques de versement de ces aides a peu été travaillée. Parmi ces diverses modalités, des outils tels que les chèques sont restés dans l'ombre. Partant de la notion de « voucher » développée aux Etats-Unis dans les années 60 par Milton Friedman et tout particulièrement du « school voucher » ou « chèque éducation », certaines collectivités françaises ont introduit au début des années 1990 ce concept sous la forme de chèques cultures destinés au jeune public en se revendiquant d'idées libérales. Dans les années qui suivirent, on a observé un essaimage important des chèques dans les collectivités françaises sans pour autant que la filiation libérale et anglo-Saxonne ne soit revendiquée. Parallèlement, le chèque en France est arrivé sous une forme encadrée par la loi et principalement destiné au versement d'aides sociales : le Chèque Emploi Service Universel, le Chèque d'Accompagnement Personnalisé, sont désormais bien implantés dans le paysage des interventions sociales françaises. La possibilité ouverte par le législateur de payer certaines aides sociales obligatoire a permis à ces chèques d'entrer en nombre au sein des Conseils Généraux. Après avoir démontré que les chèques sociaux et culturels sont, malgré leurs modalités d'apparition différente, les descendants des « vouchers » friedmaniens, l'enquête de terrain, portant sur 6 dispositifs présents dans 3 collectivités françaises (Conseil Régional Rhône-Alpes, Conseils Généraux de la Drôme et de la Saône et Loire, a principalement consisté en la comparaison entre le discours des acteurs et les arguments traditionnellement employés dans la littérature anglo-Saxonne. Le résultat de l'enquête qualitative menée en utilisant une méthode proche de l'approche phénoménologique et priorisant donc la représentation de l'objet par l'acteur montre en effet que les 6 attributs les plus fréquemment cités dans la littérature reviennent régulièrement dans les propos des acteurs même si ces derniers ne revendiquent qu'à la marge le caractère libéral du chèque. L'enquête a pu démontrer que c'est l'action décisive de médiateurs et la promotion d'un argument absent des analyses anglo-Saxonnes qui a favorisé cette diffusion. Les acteurs citent en effet, dans les avantages du chèque, la notion de visibilité de l'aide et d'outil de communication. Il s'agit en effet de l'argument le plus répandu parmi les entreprises commercialisant ces dispositifs. Nous avons donc étudié à la fois la formation de réseaux formels et informels entre collectivités et l'apport, selon nous décisif, des entreprises ayant pu réorienter leurs « business model » afin de rendre cet outil plus attractif pour des collectivités qui auraient eu plus de difficultés à l'accepter si elles en avaient connu la vraie nature. / In France, more and more social or cultural subsidies, given by local authorities to a targeted group of the population are not distributed directly in cash but under the shape of vouchers. In fact, the first local government to have proceeded like this is the Conseil Régional Rhône-Alpes in 1993 that have launched the “cultural voucher” which was given to the high school students. During the 90s, this way to proceed has become a kind of “fashion” among the French local authorities and nowadays, everything the French Region has at least one subsidy given through vouchers. This kind of tools are very wide-Spread over the world, especially in the US. As a tool of public policy it has been studied first by Milton Friedman and categorized as a pro-Choice and a libertarian tool. The most famous example of “liberal” voucher is the “school voucher” that permits the parents to choose the school of their children (it has been tested in Florida, Milwaukee and New York). The school voucher and a lot of other ones (stamp foods, medical vouchers…) has been implemented all over the world within the framework of programs leaded by institutions as the World Bank of the International Monetary Fund. The arrival of such vouchers in France seems surprising because of the political ideas of the leaders of most of the local government. It seems at least paradoxical to note that social democrat leaders have been the first to use vouchers to pay some social, cultural or other individual subsidies. This thesis tries to answer questions such “how such tools have been to spread through the French regions so easily” and “why haven't the local governments recognize that it was a pro-Choice and liberal tool that they were supposed to fight against?” Vouchers are in fact part of the French culture. France has developed in the 60s a program of luncheon vouchers that everybody knows named “Ticket restaurant”. Four firms composed the national market of the vouchers editors, three of them are the three world leaders of this global market. By using the example of the first cultural voucher created in France in 1993, they have gradually made their Business model evolved to suit these new market opportunities. One of the conclusions of the thesis is that the spreading of the vouchers among French local authorities has not only an ideological cause, but is simply the consequence commercial actions of French vouchers editor companies that have detected a new important market to conquer.

Chapter 1: When Environmental Subsidies Backfire: The Case of Black Liquor and the Alternative Fuel Mixture Tax Credit: In 2005, the US government introduced the Alternative Fuel Mixture Tax Credit (AFMTC), which paid fifty cents/gallon for alternative fuel that was mixed and burned with traditional fuel. The American chemical pulp industry, which has traditionally burned ‘Black Liquor’, a residue of the pulping process, was able to make large claims on this subsidy in 2009 by mixing diesel fuel into a process where it was not required. This scenario exhibits two main downfalls of environmental subsidies: (i) the majority of the subsidy is paid to free-riders, and (ii) there are strong incentives towards overproduction and increased pollution. In this paper, the value of the AFMTC per tonne of chemical pulp is computed and used in a simulation using the Global Forest Products Model (Buongiorno, 2001) to calculate the effects of the AFMTC on the American and Canadian chemical pulp industries. The simulation suggests that the total amount paid to the American chemical pulp industry was US$7.63 billion, that American chemical pulp production rose by 2.5 million tonnes from the baseline, and Canadian production and exports to the US fell by 285,000 and 255,000 tonnes respectively, costing Canadian chemical pulp producers US$132 million in lost production. Using Canadian chemical pulp production and pollutant release data, production/release averages were developed. These averages suggest that the increase in American chemical pulp production led to significant increase in releases of greenhouse gases, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Chapter 2: The Alternative Fuel Mixture Tax Credit and the Pulp and Paper Green Transformation Program: A Policy Comparison: In 2009, chemical pulp mills in the US and Canada were able to take advantage of two subsidy programs that paid mills fifty cents for every gallon of ‘Black Liquor’ burned during the pulping process. Black Liquor is a residue product from the production of chemical pulp, and is traditionally used as a fuel in further pulp production. These subsidies were the Alternative Fuel Mixture Tax Credit (AFMTC) in the US and the Pulp and Paper Green Transformation Program (PPGTP) in Canada. Even though the AFMTC was a subsidy that applied to many industries, and the PPGTP was only available to chemical pulp mills, in the context of the chemical pulp industry only, the subsidies were almost identical: Both paid mills the same amount for undertaking the same activity, and mills were able to claim the subsidies for roughly the same amount of time. The key difference between the two programs was stipulations on how the money was to be spent. In the US, the AFMTC was a refundable tax credit, and simply another source of revenue for a recipient mill. In Canada, a recipient of PPGTP funds was required to spend the money on some form of capital investment that would increase energy efficiency or lower pollution emissions from the mill. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model with a representative chemical pulp mill in order to compare the effects that these two subsidies would have on the mill’s production of pulp (and in turn its production and use of black liquor), and its decision in whether to invest in a one-time capital improvement that would increase energy efficiency at the mill. The results from this model show that the PPGTP was a more effective policy than the AFMTC, in that it encouraged increased investment in energy efficiency, whereas the AFMTC did not. However, the PPGTP provides incentives to increase production, similar to the AFMTC, in two out of three possible outcomes. Even though the PPGTP is shown to be more effective than the AFMTC, it still exhibits several properties inherent in a second-best policy - because the subsidy is tied to production, it encouraged increased production, and may not have allocated funding in an efficient manner. Chapter 3: Naming, Shaming, and Abatement: Do Published ‘Top Emitter’ Lists Provide Incentive for Increasing Pollution Prevention Activities? Several works have measured the effects that publically disclosed pollutant release information has on the firms and facilities reporting the information. Most of these studies quantify the negative response that the information garners with the media, through some measure of media coverage, and measure the negative impact that this attention has on the firm; for example, by showing a negative effect on the respective company’s publically traded stock performance. Subsequent studies have then shown how these negative impacts from publicity cause firms to report lower emissions levels in following years. What is currently missing from this body of literature, however, is an examination of the step in between the firm receiving negative press and reporting lower emissions, namely, increased pollution abatement efforts on behalf of the publically labeled facility. In this paper, we attempt to gain a better understanding of this relationship by examining Canadian self-reported facility level data on pollution prevention activities from the National Pollutant Release Inventory. Two consistent samples of data are used to empirically test the effects that ‘Top Ten’ emitter lists, published by Environment Canada in the late 1990’s, had on the number of pollution prevention activities undertaken by facilities in the following year. The results from this work were inconclusive: Between these two samples, there was a noticeable decrease in the amount of pollution prevention activities reported in years after the cessation of the Top Ten publications. Under certain model specifications, a facility that was labeled as a Top Ten emitter is estimated to have 20% more pollution prevention activities undertaken compared to a facility that was not so labeled. It was also shown that a firm that reported new pollution abatement activities also had a significant reduction in releases. This finding, along with the decreasing trend in reported activities, raises a significant policy issue, as measures that clearly reduce reported emissions are being reported with less frequency in Canada.

The thesis is focused on the analyse of procedures in the area of drawing financial support from European structural and investment funds within implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy. Based on the screening and analysis of current operational programmes, the objective of the thesis is developping a design of a path that could help an applicant find more easily by using a convenient flowchart an intervention area in a particular operation programme, within which an applicant may potentially apply for a subsidy. The thesis contains a screening of the primary national information sources www.dotaceeu.cz in terms of KPI and usability testing. The practical part of the thesis contains a design of a chart that learly shows the various ways of obtaining the required information about the possible subsidy. The main classes of questions needed to be answered while searching for the appropriate financial aid are the type of the applicant, the place where the project is to be implemented, the form of the aid and the type of the project.

The thesis presents a project on the systematic development of possibilities of enhancing activities of amateur music bands in the Pardubice region. The goal is to investigate the situation of young bands with the regional scope of activities and based on the findings establish a project that would be able to support them in necessary areas. At the same time there is a goal to set project operation parameters so that the project would be economically stable. The thesis also surveys the possibilities of external financial support and proposes a strategy on the ways of obtaining these funds. The questionnaire survey which focuses on the project potential addresses concrete bands

From large-scale agriculture and farming to concentrated fishing discards, garbage dumps, game carcasses and bird feeders, human action has been increasingly affecting natural systems and animal species through the deliberate and unintentional provisioning of food resources. Anthropogenic food sources (AFSs) are often more spatially concentrated, easily accessible, abundant and stable than natural food sources. The common raven, Corvus corax, is a behaviourally flexible and ecologically adaptable species that has managed to thrive in human transformed landscapes by exploiting these anthropogenic sources of food. The aim of this research was to investigate how raven individuals vary in their use of different AFSs through space and time. I used data from a long-term GPS tracking initiative in the Upper Austrian Alps to investigate (1) the space-use of non-breeding raven individuals across this landscape to answer the questions: (2) what types of AFSs are most extensively used by ravens in this landscape, and what factors predict individual variation in AFS use (i.e., apparent reliance on and access to resources), specifically (3a) the number of AFSs visited and (3b) the probability of being at AFSs at any given point in time. Movement patterns can reveal information on the foraging decisions made by individuals, including how they use different AFSs. Non-breeding raven individuals exhibited great variation in how they moved around and used the landscape. The number of AFSs visited, but not the probability of being at an AFS (at any given point in time), varied among individuals with different ranging behaviour and of different age class (i.e., juvenile and adults) and origin (i.e., captive-bred-released and wild-caught), suggesting that experience affects AFS-use. Non-breeders differed in their use of AFSs by season, visiting the highest number of AFSs but having the lowest probability being present at an AFS in winter, potentially indicative of high foraging competition under stressful environmental conditions. They were also found to extensively exploit resources in spring, both visiting high numbers of AFSs and having a high probability of being present at an AFS, perhaps due to decreased competition (e.g., from breeders) and increases in food availability. The category (i.e., wildpark, refuse site, hut) of AFSs also influenced the probability of an individual being present at the site, likely because of differences in resource quality, quantity and replenishing rate. A very few foraging sites were highly popular, while over half attracted less than 5 individuals throughout the study. By exploiting AFSs, raven population numbers have increased across their range, raising conservation concerns (i.e., predation on threatened species and human-wildlife conflict). With a better understanding of the patterns of AFS-use and the factors influencing these patterns, I suggest that strategies to manage ravens in this semi-transformed, alpine environment should focus on controlling the supply of food at AFSs at a regional scale.

La presente investigación abordará el análisis de la gobernanza y el desempeño de las FDN en Perú a partir de la percepción de los atletas de alto rendimiento que participaron en los Juegos Panamericanos de Lima 2019. El objetivo general es evaluar si existe correlación entre dichas variables a partir de la percepción de este grupo de interés. Para lograr los distintos objetivos planteados en este trabajo se definió un método mixto con un diseño secuencial en el se tuvo una primera etapa cualitativa y una segunda cuantitativa. En la etapa cualitativa se consultó a expertos en la gestión de una FDN a quienes se les presentaron los principales hallazgos de la literatura revisada para organizaciones internacionales. A partir de estos resultados, se pudieron identificar las dimensiones de las variables a analizar y proponer afirmaciones para cada una apartir de las cuales se elaboró un cuestionario con una escala de Likert. La encuesta se aplicó a 151 atletas que representaron al Perú en la competencia señalada. Los resultados de la etapa cualitativa evidencian que no hay consenso en la literatura internacional sobre la forma de evaluar la gobernanza y el desempeño en organizaciones deportivas y, de manera particular, en federaciones deportivas nacionales. Sin embargo, frente a la propuesta que se derivó de la revisión literaria, hubo consenso sobre las dimensiones propuestas. Los resultados de la etapa cuantitativa evidencian que hay una correlación positiva moderada entre la percepción de la gobernanza y la percepción del desempeño. Con respecto a las dimensiones de gobernanza, podemos afirmar que de las 13 afirmaciones sólo hubo 3 de ellas en las que menos del 40% estaba de acuerdo con dichas afirmaciones que fue una de las hipótesis propuesta. En el caso del desempeño, se puede afirmar que en las 3 afirmaciones de la dimensión desempeño administrativo menos del 40% de los atletas están de acuerdo con las mismas. La muestra de 151 atletas fue elegida por conveniencia y no constituye una muestra representativa de la población por lo que los resultados no pueden ser extrapolados a la misma. Además, en futuras investigaciones se puede complementar la percepción de los atletas con un indicador objetivo para cada una de las dimensiones identificadas. El aporte para un mejor entendimiento teórico sobre la gobernanza y el desempeño de una FDN será de utilidad para futuras investigaciones que se hagan sobre este tipo de organizaciones deportivas a nivel internacional. / Tesis

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This study was undertaken in response to concerns that the decreasing levels of funding for government tree planting cost share programs will result in significant reductions in non-industrial private tree planting efforts in the South. The purpose of this study is to quantify how the funding of various cost share programs, and market signals interact and affect the level of private tree planting. The results indicate that the ACP, CRP, and Soil Bank programs have been more influential than the FIP, FRM, FSP, SIP, and State run subsidy programs. Reductions in the CRP funding will result in less tree planting; while it is not clear that funding reductions in FIP, or other programs targeted toward reforestation after harvest, will have a negative impact on tree planting levels. / Master of Science

食、衣、住、行是人生基本需求，其中「住宅」與人民的生活息息相關，鑒於社會及經濟進步的根基，主要來自住屋的安定。因此，如何協助民眾解決居住問題，使能安心工作，是政府重要施政要項之一。 由於近年來所得最低家庭實質可支配所得已呈負成長現象，惟購屋負擔卻不減反增，參考《住宅需求動向季報》調查，台灣五大都會區「房價年所得比」，已從2002年的6.1倍增加至2008年的7.3倍，而台北市最高，由7.3倍增至9.8倍。換言之，民眾若將全部所得均用於住宅支出，而不做其他消費，需長達7至10年，始能購置住宅。若從「購屋貸款負擔」來看，房貸支出佔家庭月所得比亦從2002年的27%增加至2008年的33%，台北市則由30%增至42%，且這種情況要持續20年以上。若從「房屋購買力指數」來看，台灣七大都會區所得最低家庭購屋指數卻從2003年的0.249下降至2007年的0.206，而台北市則從0.279下降至2007年的0.206。在房價遠超過所得成長的情況下，實無力購屋，故政府以協助「租屋」方式保障中低收入弱勢家庭基本居住權，應比協助「購屋」容易多，且有其必要性，並可照顧更多家庭。 鑒於政府住宅補貼資源有限，如何有「效率」且「公平」的補貼最需要照顧的對象，是政府當前重要的課題，本研究透過文獻回顧及資料分析，了解在住宅補貼制度中，「租金補貼」相較「出售國宅」、「出租國宅」及「購屋貸款利息補貼」是較有效率且公平的作法。惟現行內政部齊頭式固定額度租金補貼的作法，並未考量受補貼者住宅費用負擔能力，有違垂直公平，且以優惠購宅貸款每月利息補貼金額的2.5倍估算租金補貼額度，其理論基礎亦有待探討。 本研究建議在所得負擔25%及最低居住面積下，依受補貼家庭之總收入、人口數及居住地區的不同，研訂差額的租金補貼額度，供政府未來政策參考。

This thesis deals wiht the subsidies as a tool for solving positive externalities in the environmental field. The theoretical part explains the principle of externalities, and offers three variants of their solution - a system of taxes and subsidies, according to A.C. Pigou, the negotiation of compensation, according to R. Coase, and connected property. From these theoretical concepts are in reality to solve positive externalities mainly used subsidies. Selected subsidies programs for environmental protection are subject to the following analysis. Classic example of positive externality is considered pollination activity of bees. Therefore, the second half of thesis describes how this agricultural sector, beekeeping, depends on subsidies. This thesis proposes another solutions to develop and streamline the sector without the use of subsidies.