Thesis (M.Env.Dev.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 221 p. : maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-208).

abstract: This study investigates the vulnerability of subsistence agriculturalists to food shortfalls associated with dry periods. I approach this effort by evaluating prominent and often implicit conceptual models of vulnerability to dry periods used by archaeologists and other scholars investigating past human adaptations in dry climates. The conceptual models I evaluate rely on an assumption of regional-scale resource marginality and emphasize the contribution of demographic conditions (settlement population levels and watershed population density) and environmental conditions (settlement proximity to perennial rivers and annual precipitation levels) to vulnerability to dry periods. I evaluate the models and the spatial scales they might apply by identifying the extent to which these conditions influenced the relationship between dry-period severity and residential abandonment in central Arizona from A.D. 1200 to 1450. I use this long-term relationship as an indicator of potential vulnerability to dry periods. I use tree-ring precipitation and streamflow reconstructions to identify dry periods. Critically examining the relationship between precipitation conditions and residential abandonment potentially sparked by the risk of food shortfalls due to demographic and environmental conditions is a necessary step toward advancing understanding of the influences of changing climate conditions on human behavior. Results of this study support conceptual models that emphasize the contribution of high watershed population density and watershed-scale population-resource imbalances to relatively high vulnerability to dry periods. Models that emphasize the contribution of: (1) settlement population levels, (2) settlement locations distant from perennial rivers, (3) settlement locations in areas of low average annual precipitation; and (4) settlement-scale population-resource imbalances to relatively high vulnerability to dry periods are, however, not supported. Results also suggest that people living in watersheds with the greatest access to and availability of water were the most vulnerable to dry periods, or at least most likely to move when confronted with dry conditions. Thus, commonly held assumptions of differences in vulnerability due to settlement population levels and inherently water poor conditions are not supported. The assumption of regional-scale resource marginality and widespread vulnerability to dry periods in this region of the U.S. Southwest is also not consistently supported throughout the study area. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2010

The aim of this study is to examine what effects the pension reforms of 1935 and 1946 had on the poor relief rates of old age pensioners, in Sweden between the years 1930 and 1950. Unlike earlierstudies the focus is on how different groups of pensioners were affected. Salonens theoreticalframework on subsistence is used, which states that an individuals subsistence is based on incomesand expenditures in relation to the market, the family and the state. Both quantitative and qualitativemethods are used. By studying governmental investigations, the study finds that the purpose of thereform of 1935 was to favor women and the urban elders, while the favored groups by the reform of1946 were the urban elders as well as elders in one person households. The 1935 reform did notaffect the favored groups notably since the pensions were too small. The larger pensions of 1946however did substantially even out the poor relief rates between different elders. After theimplementation in 1948 the difference in poor relief rates between different elders was almost nonexistent. This was due to a substantially larger drop in the poor relief rates of the urban elders aswell as amongst elders in one person households. By studying different incomes of old agepensioners, the study finds that the pensioners with the greatest need of the 1946 years largerpensions were the urban men, the rural women, as well as the one person households in both ruraland urban areas. In conclusion this study finds that the reform of 1935 was unsuccessful insupporting the more vulnerable elders, while the reform of 1946 was successful in that matter.

The Norton Stage (2500-1000 cal B.P.) of the Norton Tradition is typically characterized as a caribou hunting and fishing culture, an idea developed by James Giddings through his formative work at the Iyatayet Site in Norton Sound. The concept of Norton fishers and caribou-hunters has been promoted by the long-term research of Don Dumond in the Naknek and Ugashik drainages on the Alaska Peninsula. While the northern Alaska Peninsula has historically productive salmon runs and abundant caribou populations, the concept that these taxa were essential to the Norton subsistence economy has not been critically evaluated. Giddings based his own assessment of Iyatayet subsistence practices on the animal harvest practices of contemporary Norton Sound Alaska Native communities, rather than directly from the faunal remains he identified during excavations. Several faunal assemblages have been recovered from southwest Alaska, which provide the opportunity to test assumptions regarding Norton subsistence practices. Most of these assemblages come from the Bering Sea coast, a vastly different environment from more temperate coast of the Alaska Peninsula. In an effort to directly document Norton subsistence practices, I procured a sizeable faunal assemblage that Robert Shaw excavated in 1985 from 49-XHI-043 and 49-XHI-044. These sites are located on Summit Island, a nearshore island 6 km from the shoreline of northwest Bristol Bay. Prior to my research, no analysis of the Summit Island collection had been conducted. As a result, an assessment of the faunal remains was not possible until I analyzed field notes to establish stratigraphic relationships and procured radiocarbon dates from the sites. I was able to confirm the presence of three discrete analytical components associated with Norton culture including Early Norton I (2740-2380 cal B.P.), Early Norton II (2400-2000 cal B.P.), and Late Norton (1390-980 cal B.P.). My analysis of 9,981 mammal and bird bone specimens resulted in the documentation of an intensive marine-focused subsistence economy. Over approximately 2,000 years, generations of Norton peoples harvested seals, walruses, murres, cormorants, and eiders from the Walrus Island chain. Terrestrial and riverine species were not well represented in the assemblage, despite the proximity of the mainland.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA160.pdf: 638394 bytes, checksum: 1d95b38aadf3b3523c500cb9a8cd597a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genetic resources in family farms are the result of a dynamic evolutionary process. The objectives of this study were to characterize local varieties for resistance to major foliar diseases and Diabrotica speciosa insect damage and evaluate the action of homeopathic preparations in organic production of Phaseolus vulgaris L. The characterization study of local varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was held in three locations: (a) Experimental Station Epagri in Lages; (B) family farm property in Sao Jose do Cerrito and (c) in Anita Garibaldi. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The ten Phaseolus vulgaris L. accesses called: Capixaba, Carioquinha 1, Carioquinha 2, Pet, Black 1, 2 Black, Pink, Tibagi, Uirapurú, and Red characterized as Creoles. The attributes were obtained from: thousand kernel weight (PMG) in grams, number of pods per plot (NVP), and yield in kg ha-1. There were five reviews to estimate incidence and severity (a) Anthracnose (Coletotrichum lindemuthianum) (b) or bacterial blight bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Phaseoli), (c) angular Mancha (Pseudocercospora griseola) and (d) Virus the Golden Mosaic Bean (Bean Golden Mosaic Virus) in 10 plants of central rows of the plot. The infestation cows (Diabrotica speciosa) was evaluated by counting insects. The use of homeopathy in control disease bean field was carried out in two locations: Experimental Station of Lages (a) and Campos Novos (b). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial scheme 4x3 (prepared x cultivars). The homeopathic consisted without application, prepared homeopathic of Bordeaux mixture and diatomaceous earth, homeopathic preparation of Phosphorus and pH Silicea land, obtained in 30CH (Proximate Hahnemann). The applications of were weekly. The three cultivars were IPRCrow, IPR-Uirapuru and IPR-Tiziu. Five evaluations to estimate incidence and severity were performed: (a) bacterial blight and (b) anthracnose and insect pest Diabrotica speciosa during the crop cycle. After harvest were obtained results of anthracnose in the pods, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand seed weight and yield per hectare. The analysis was performed according to the experimental design, using the F test (variance analysis), and comparisons were performed using Tukey test at 5% using the statistical environment R. version 3.0.3. The study results of the characterization of landraces indicated that there were significant interactions between the local and the varieties (hits). To the location in Sao Jose do Cerrito, the highest average yield in kg ha-1 were obtained, the Pet varieties, Black 2 and Uirapuru showed the highest absolute values, but not differing varieties of Tibagi, Black 1, Rose and Capixaba. For the weight of thousand grains the Red variety was the one with the largest absolute weight in grams. In the study of the occurrence and progress of the disease, was significant for the three sites in São José do Cerrito for the occurrence of anthracnose, the Red varieties, Capixaba and Carioquinha 2 showed lower susceptibility, but not statistically differ from the others. For instance bacteriosis no significant differences among varieties and locations. As for angular leaf spot, just for the town of Lages the Red varieties stood out were not statistically different from the others. To study the use of homeopathic preparations in the phytosanitary control of bean, the results showed that the grain yield in Campos Novos not significantly different than the treatments already in Lages all homeopathic preparations have levels above the free application, and the prepared Silicea land had the highest absolute value not statistically different from the others. The results of the occurrence of pods with anthracnosewere differentiated by cultivars in Campos Novos, with the cultivar IPR-Gralha that achieved the best results, with the lower susceptibility of anthracnose in the pods. For the number of pods per plant in Campos Novos the homeopathic preparation Phosphorus showed the highest absolute values. For the thousand seed weight were no significant differences between the trained and treatment without application. As the occurrence and progress of the disease, the result of the incidence of bacterial blight was significant for all homeopathic preparations in Campos Novos in relation to the application without being to cultivate IPR-Crow and prepared which had the lowest absolute values. In the incidence of anthracnose in Lages all homeopathic preparations were superior to no application. Regarding the severity of the diseases (bacterial blight and anthracnose) it was higher in Campos Novos during the evaluation period, the lower absolute values were observed for Phosphorus prepared for Campos Novos and to Lages. With regard to the occurrence of insect pest Diabrotica speciosa, all homeopathic provided lower insect occurrence than without application / Os recursos genéticos existentes nas propriedades agrícolas familiares são resultado de um dinâmico processo evolutivo de conservação e uso. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar variedades crioulas quanto à resistência às principais doenças foliares e aos danos do inseto Diabrotica speciosa e avaliar a ação de preparados homeopáticos na produção orgânica de Phaseolus vulgaris L. O estudo de caracterização de variedades crioulas do Phaseolus vulgaris L. foi realizado em três locais: (a) Estação Experimental da Epagri em Lages; (b) Propriedade agrícola familiar em São José do Cerrito e (c) em Anita Garibaldi. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os acessos crioulos de Phaseolus vulgaris L. denominados de: Capixaba, Carioquinha 1, Carioquinha 2, Predileto, Preto 1, Preto 2, Rosa, Tibagi, Uirapuru, e Vermelho foram caracterizados em seus atributos de peso de mil grãos, número de vagens e rendimento. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações para estimativa de incidência e severidade das doenças (a) Antracnose (Coletotrichum lindemuthianum) (b) Bacteriose ou crestamento bacteriano comum (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli), (c) Mancha angular (Pseudocercospora griseola) e (d) Vírus do Mosaico Dourado do Feijoeiro (Bean Golden Mosaic Virus). A infestação de vaquinhas (Diabrotica speciosa) foi avaliada pela contagem de insetos. O uso da homeopatia no manejo fitossanitário do feijoeiro foi realizado a campo em dois locais: Estação experimental de Lages (a) e Campos Novos (b). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema de fatorial 4x3 (preparados x cultivares). Os preparados homeopáticos constaram sem aplicação, Preparado homeopático de calda bordalesa e terra de diatomáceas, preparado homeopático de Phosphorus e de Silicea terra, obtidos na 30CH centesimal hahnemanniana. As aplicações dos foram semanais. As três cultivares utilizadas foram IPRGralha, IPR-Uirapuru e IPR-Tiziu. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações para a estimativa de incidência e severidade das doenças: (a) Bacteriose e (b) Antracnose e do inseto praga Diabrotica speciosa durante o ciclo da cultura. Após a colheita foram obtidos resultados de antracnose nas vagens, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, peso de mil sementes e produtividade por hectare. A análise dos resultados foi realizada de acordo com o delineamento experimental, e comparações foram pelo teste Tukey a 5%, por meio do ambiente estatístico R. versão 3.0.3. Os resultados do estudo da caracterização de variedades crioulas indicaram que ocorreram interações significativas entre o local e as variedades (acessos). Para o local em São José do Cerrito, foram obtidos as maiores médias de produtividade em kg ha-1, as variedades Predileto, Preto 2 e Uirapuru apresentaram os maiores valores absolutos, não diferindo porém das variedades Tibagi, Preto 1, Rosa e Capixaba. Para o peso de mil grãos a variedade Vermelho foi a que apresentou o maior peso absoluto em gramas. No estudo da ocorrência e progresso das doenças, foi significativo para os três locais, em São José do Cerrito para a ocorrência de antracnose, as variedades Vermelho, Capixaba e Carioquinha 2 apresentaram menor suscetibilidade, porém sem diferirem estatisticamente das outras. Para a ocorrência de bacteriose não houve diferenças significativas entre as variedades e locais. Já para mancha angular, apenas para a localidade de Lages a variedades Vermelho destacou-se não diferindo estatisticamente das demais. Para o estudo do uso de preparados homeopáticos no controle fitossanitário do feijoeiro, os resultados demonstraram que os rendimentos de grãos em Campos Novos não apresentaram diferenças significativas com relação aos tratamentos, já em Lages todos os preparados homeopáticos apresentaram valores superiores ao sem aplicação, sendo o preparado Silicea terra apresentou o maior valor absoluto não diferindo estatisticamente dos demais. Os resultados da ocorrência de vagens com antracnose foram diferenciados pelas cultivares em Campos Novos, sendo a cultivar IPR-Gralha que obteve os melhores resultados, apresentando a menor suscetibilidade de antracnose nas vagens. Para o número de vagens por planta em Campos Novos o preparado homeopático Phosphorus apresentou os maiores valores absolutos. Para o peso de mil sementes houve diferenças significativas entre os preparados e o tratamento sem aplicação. A cultivar IPR-Gralha com o preparado Calda bordalesa + Terra de diatomáceas apresentaram os menores valores absolutos. Quanto à incidência de antracnose em Lages todos os preparados homeopáticos foram superiores ao sem aplicação. Com relação à ocorrência do inseto praga Diabrotica speciosa, todos os preparados homeopáticos proporcionaram menor ocorrência do inseto do que o sem aplicação

Submitted by Paulo Henrique Pereira Pinto null (paulogeographer@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-14T01:36:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_php_dr_rcla.pdf: 39503405 bytes, checksum: a6ca5bebc1a5cc606e7c8e45a389b1a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-20T14:00:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_php_dr_rcla.pdf: 39503405 bytes, checksum: a6ca5bebc1a5cc606e7c8e45a389b1a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-20T14:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_php_dr_rcla.pdf: 39503405 bytes, checksum: a6ca5bebc1a5cc606e7c8e45a389b1a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A região sudeste do Estado do Tocantins apresenta longos períodos de ausência de chuva com variabilidade significativa do início ao término da estação chuvosa (outubro a abril). Durante esses períodos, são verificados inúmeros transtornos à população rural desta área, principalmente no que se refere ao abastecimento para consumo e produção da agricultura familiar. Diante dessa situação, o governo do Estado implantou projetos para mitigar os efeitos da falta d’água na região. Entretanto, devido aos critérios de aplicação, os projetos não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa pretende fornecer subsídios ao planejamento e à gestão da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Palma, a partir de uma proposta metodológica que aborda de forma sistêmica os processos físico-naturais e a dinâmica climática, assim como aspectos sociais, que podem ter relação com o fenômeno. A abordagem metodológica desta pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: na primeira, foi realizada uma adaptação da Análise Empírica da Fragilidade Ambiental, que consiste na síntese do estudo das fragilidades ambientais com base em características do relevo, solo, cobertura vegetal e da pluviosidade. Algumas das principais características da bacia hidrográfica foram averiguadas por meio da análise morfométrica, assim como dados relacionados à morfologia, pedologia, geologia e vegetação. Na segunda etapa buscou-se conhecer os aspectos da Gênese e Dinâmica climática regional e local. Para tanto, foi realizada a análise dos tipos de tempo e da participação dos sistemas atmosféricos, a qual consiste na identificação das massas de ar geradoras de chuvas e da sucessão habitual e excepcional dos estados atmosféricos em uma determinada área. Para isso, foram utilizados dados meteorológicos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e hidrológicos da Agência Nacional de Águas. A terceira etapa consistiu na identificação da Vulnerabilidade Social da população da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Palma por meio da aplicação do Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS). Por fim, produziu-se uma análise integrada entre a fragilidade ambiental e a vulnerabilidade social. A realização de estudos como este no Estado do Tocantins é de grande relevância, principalmente devido à sua contribuição para o direcionamento de novas abordagens, sobretudo em face do contexto de fronteira agrícola vivenciado pelo Estado, tanto por motivos ambientais quanto econômicos e sociais. / The Southeast region of Tocantins State presents large periods of lack of rain, and demonstrates significant variability over all the rainy season (from October to April). Through these periods, are noticed innumerous problems to the rural population of this area, mainly concerning to the rural supply of water to consumption and to familiar agriculture production. In this context, Tocantins State has implemented projects to mitigate the water scarcity effects in that region. Nevertheless, due to the criteria of application, these projects have not presented satisfactory results. In this regard, this research aims to provide subsides to the planning and to the management of the Rio Palma hydrographic basin, from a methodological approach that considers, in a systemic way, the physical-natural processes and the climatic dynamic, as well social aspects that may be related to the phenomenon. The methodological approach of this research had been carried out in three steps: first, it was made an adaptation of the Empirical Analysis of Environmental Fragility, that consists in the synthesis of the environmental fragility studies based on relief, soil, vegetal cover and pluviosity characteristics. Some of the main characteristics of the hydrographical basin had been verified through the morphometric analysis, as well by dates related to the morphology, pedology, geology and vegetation. In the second step, had been researched aspects related to the regional and local climatic Genesis and Dynamic. In order to do this, had been executed the analysis of two types of weather and the role of the participation of atmospheric systems, that consists in the identification of air masses that generate rain, and the usual and exceptional succession of atmospheric states in a given area. To proceed to this, had been considered meteorological dates from the National Institute of Meteorology, and hydrological dates obtained by the Water National Agency. The third step was composed by the identification of the Social Vulnerability of the population of the Rio Palma hydrographical basin through the application of Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Finally, it was conducted an analysis between the environmental fragility and the social vulnerability. The realization of studies like this one in the Tocantins State is quite relevant, mainly due to his contribution to the targeting of new approaches, chiefly considering the current context of agrarian boundary experienced by the State, for environmental as well economic and social reasons.

New Evidence and Problems Concerning the Paijanense in the Chicama Valley: Contributions to an Evaluation of Early Occupation in Northern PerúRecent information on the Paijanense in the Chicama valley is presented complementing the available data in the archaeological literature. In a review on spacial occupation, the information about the resources and the bioindicators, as well as the mobility through natural corridors, the problem of the settlement paterns and the probabilities for the early sedentarism is discussed. The function of projectile points for hunting as well as the necessity for more intensive investigations on this culture of the Early Archaic Period is also proposed. / Se presenta información reciente sobre el Paijanense en el valle de Chicama que complementa la existente en la literatura arqueológica. En base a una revisión acerca de la ocupación del espacio, la información sobre los recursos y los bioindicadores, y la movilidad a través de corredores naturales, se discute el problema de los asentamientos y las probabilidades de un sedentarismo temprano. Se evalúa la función de las puntas de proyectil paijanenses para la caza y la necesidad de mayores investigaciones sobre esta cultura del Arcaico Temprano.

Muitos são os estudos que se têm dedicado à temática da reprodução e das famílias escravas no Brasil; poucos, porém, referem-se a regiões desprovidas de vínculos mais estreitos com a economia exportadora. Neste trabalho, que se insere no campo da demografia histórica, direcionamos nossa atenção para a aludida temática enfocando o caso de Mariana no decurso da segunda metade do século XIX. Esta localidade, situada na província de Minas Gerais, esteve, desde o declínio da produção aurífera, integrada à economia voltada para a produção de subsistência e o abastecimento do mercado interno. De início, esboçamos os principais traços definidores do perfil econômico de Mariana, bem como delineamos as características de sua população escrava, além de especular sobre as estratégias de manutenção da instituição escravista adotadas na localidade no período considerado. As informações por nós compulsadas, obtidas em especial a partir da leitura dos inventários post-mortem (nossa fonte principal), bem como mediante o recurso complementar a documentação variada (assentos de casamentos e de batismos de escravos, matrículas e registros de compra e venda de cativos), possibilitaram o exame da estrutura e das características demográficas das famílias escravas. Além disto, as fontes de que lançamos mão permitiram destacar a importância das famílias no processo de formação e ampliação dos plantéis de cativos de Mariana nas décadas derradeiras da escravidão brasileira, período marcado pela promulgação de uma série de leis condicionadas por aquele processo e que, ao mesmo tempo, nele produziram inequívocos efeitos. / Many are the studies dedicated to slave reproduction and slave families in Brazil. Only a few, though, focus on regions not engaged in export economy. This work, which belongs to the field of historical demography, studies slave reproduction and slave families in Mariana during the second half of the 19th century. Mariana, a locality in the province of Minas Gerais, turned to subsistence economy and internal market production since de decline of gold production. This work begins with a description of the main economic characteristics of Mariana and of its slave population, speculating on the strategies for maintaining slavery used in the region during that period. The structure and demographic characteristics of slave families were analyzed through information obtained in post-mortem inventories (our main source) and secondary sources such as wedding and baptism registries and records of slave purchases and sales. Additionally, those sources highlighted the importance of slave families in the process of development of slaveholdings in Mariana during the last decades of slavery in Brazil, a period marked by a legislation that was oriented to that process and has undeniably influenced it.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Information and Communications Technology degree in Information Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / This dissertation reports on the original study that undertakes the development of a frugal information system to support subsistence farmers through the use of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) as a support tool to assist them in optimal strategic decisions making. The field of agriculture is vast and in-depth and a number of critical factors like soil type, rainfall and temperature are involved that farmers have to take into account. Farmers persistently face the challenges of increasing and sustaining yields to meet with the populaces demand with often limited resources, which makes strategic decisions on what to plant, when to plant, where to plant and how to plant in a particular season imperative. The way in which this study attempts to solve this agricultural decision making problem is with the use of the APSIM. This technology platform provides an advanced simulation of agricultural systems that can enable subsistence farmers to simulate a number of variables ranging from plant types, soil, climate and even management interactions. This research presents a frugal web-based crop planning decision support system that subsistence farmers can take advantage with the use of the APSIM. The APSIM platform was used to run simulations for various regions with the results containing the expected level of success along with other useful information for a specified crop in the vicinity, using state of the art software platforms and tools ranging from Google Maps application programming interfaces, Microsoft’s model view controller framework, JavaScript and others. The validity of this system was tested through a number of design science methods including structural testing and illustrative scenarios, show capability of the information system. The results obtained from this evaluation show a small but powerful tool that has the capability of servicing a multitude of farmers with crop management decisions. / M