No description available.

Diversas metodologias foram desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas para cálculo de propriedades que representassem quantitativamente a distribuição de carga eletrônica de forma mais simplista. A mais básica destas propriedades é chamada de carga atômica. Contudo, não havendo unanimidade quanto à utilização de um formalismo de cálculo de carga para situações abrangentes de estudo, há a necessidade de trabalhos voltados para uma análise comparativa entre as respostas destes formalismos em termos de carga atômica e parâmetros derivados. Assim, fez-se nesta dissertação uma investigação sobre valores de carga atômica e propriedades dinâmicas relacionadas, com importância em estudos sobre movimentos vibracionais em moléculas, como fluxo de carga e fluxo de dipolo, obtidos com os formalismos de cálculo de carga de Mulliken, NPA, CHELPG e QTAIM. Neste trabalho também se avaliou o efeito da escolha do método de cálculo, como Hartree-Fock e métodos que incluem correlação eletrônica (MP2, MP4(SDQ) e CCSD), e do conjunto de funções de base, através de funções como cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ e cc-pVQZ, sobre estas propriedades dinâmicas. Os sistemas analisados incluíram moléculas diatômicas e triatômicas lineares (HF, HCl, LiH, NaH, NaCl, LiF, NaF, LiCl, BF, AlF, BeO, MgO, CO, ClF, CO2, CS2, OCS, HCN e HNC) formadas por ligações de caráter variado, desde altamente iônicas até covalentes e incluindo ligações múltiplas. Também foram estudadas moléculas de clorofluorometanos (CH4, CH3Cl, CH3F, CH2Cl2, CH2F2, CH2ClF, CHCl3, CHF3, CHCl2F, CHClF2, CCl2F2, CClF3, CFCl3, CCl4, e CF4) para observação do efeito da troca de substituintes nas propriedades citadas. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que apenas os formalismos NPA e QTAIM apresentam bom comportamento quanto à convergência em relação ao método de cálculo e/ou tamanho do conjunto de funções de base utilizados no estudo do fluxo de carga. Entretanto, apenas os valores QTAIM são consistentes com certas considerações químicas fundamentais, como fluxos de carga tendendo a zero durante o estiramento de ligações de predominante caráter iônico, em moléculas com estruturas próximas à geometria de equilíbrio. As cargas e seus fluxos obtidos com Mulliken apresentaram alta dependência e problemas de convergência com a escolha da função de base, além de valores incoerentes em alguns sistemas. Por sua vez, CHELPG não se mostrou adequado à aplicação da aproximação finita de dois pontos na obtenção dos valores numéricos de fluxos de carga. A análise da resposta destas propriedades à troca de substituintes em moléculas de clorofluorometanos seguiu destacando positivamente QTAIM em relação aos outros formalismos. Enquanto CHELPG demonstrou oscilações inconsistentes em gráficos destes valores em função do número de átomos de cloro e/ou flúor, NPA e Mulliken se mostraram sensíveis à troca de substituintes, entretanto, os valores de fluxo de carga observados em alguns casos estão em desacordo com a tendência esperada na troca de átomos de hidrogênio por átomos de cloro ou flúor. / Several methodologies were developed in the last few decades in order to obtain a property which could represent quantitatively electronic charge distributions in a simple way. The fundamental quantity in this treatment is called atomic charge. However, as long as there is not an agreement about the most indicated method to determine atomic charges for general systems or responses under study, it is necessary to analyze, comparatively, how these methods behave in given situations and how the values derived from them respond in each case. Hence, an investigation including charges and related quantities as charge flux and atomic dipole flux, which are of interest to vibrational analysis, was done by means of values resulting from four formalisms, that are, Mulliken, NPA, CHELPG and QTAIM. In this study were also evaluated the changes in such dynamic properties when the calculations are done by means of different methods, as Hartree-Fock and methods that include electron correlation (MP2, MP4(SDQ) and CCSD) and, with different basis sets as cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ. The systems analyzed were diatomic and linear triatomic molecules (HF, HCl, LiH, NaH, NaCl, LiF, NaF, LiCl, BF, AlF, BeO, MgO, CO, FCl, CO2, CS2, OCS, HCN and HNC) including diverse bonding character, such as highly ionic or covalent bonds along with multiple bonds. Also, charge and charge flux parameters in chlorofluoromethane molecules (CH4, CH3Cl, CH3F, CH2Cl2, CH2F2, CH2ClF, CHCl3, CHF3, CHCl2F, CHClF2, CCl2F2, CClF3, CFCl3, CCl4 and CF4) were studied to analyze the effects in these properties during the exchange of substituent atoms. Considering the data obtained, one can infer that only NPA and QTAIM formalisms result in satisfactory convergence patterns with chosen methods and/or basis set sizes during the determination of charge and charge flux values. However, only QTAIM charge fluxes seem to follow certain chemical considerations, as low values for charge flux in a bond enlargement in systems with a predominant ionic character close to their equilibrium geometry. The Mulliken formalism shows high dependence and convergence issues in basis set size increments, as well as some inconsistent values. On other hand, CHELPG formalism is not suited to the finite approach for numerical derivatives in its two-point version. The study of substituent effects in chlorofluoromethanes reinforces the performance of QTAIM when compared to other formalisms. While CHELPG returned inconsistent oscillations in plots against the number of chlorine/fluorine atoms, NPA and Mulliken exhibited some sensibility with the change of substituent, though the flux values observed in a few cases are in disagreement with the tendencies expected when the hydrogen atoms are switched by chlorine or fluorine atoms.

Orientador: Roy Edward Bruns / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T06:56:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_SergioHenriqueDiasMarques_M.pdf: 997317 bytes, checksum: c659ee21fc8d6bfbdf14b0418bd6b99b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Foram determinadas as cargas e dipolos atômicos QTAIM, a partir das geometrias otimizadas das moléculas X2CY (X = H, F, Cl; Y = O, S). Com esses dados, foram calculados os momentos de dipolo molecular dessas moléculas, que apresentaram uma boa concordância com os valores experimentais disponíveis na literatura e com os calculados diretamente pela função de onda MP2/6-311++G (3d, 3p). Também foram calculadas as intensidades fundamentais do infravermelho das moléculas X2CY que tiveram boa concordância com as intensidades fundamentais experimentais já publicadas, além daquelas obtidas com a função de onda MP2. Com as derivadas médias do momento dipolar das moléculas X2CY decompostas em contribuições de carga ¿ fluxo de carga ¿ fluxo de dipolo foi verificada a validade da regra da soma (CSSM - Characteristic Substituent-Shift Model) para essas três contribuições. Os resultados indicaram boa concordância da regra da soma em relação aos resultados obtidos pelo modelo CCFDF/QTAIM para todas as contribuições. A regra da soma para as contribuições CCFDF das derivadas médias do momento dipolar das moléculas CnHm, CHnXm (X= F, Cl), CFnClm, CX2 (X = S, O) e CX4 (X = F, Cl) também foi testada. Observouse que as contribuições de carga tiveram uma melhor concordância com as do modelo CCFDF/QTAIM do que as dos fluxos para o átomo de carbono. Já, para os átomos terminais dessas moléculas, a regra da soma mostrou-se inválida para o cálculo das derivadas médias do momento dipolar. Finalmente, a comparação entre os programas Gaussian 98 com o Morphy mostrou que ambos os programas são igualmente eficientes / Abstract: The QTAIM atomic charges and dipoles of X2CY (X = H, F, Cl; Y = O, S) molecules were determined from their optimized geometries. With these data the molecular dipole moments were calculated, showing good agreement with the experimental values in the literature and with the calculated values from the MP2/6-311++G (3d, 3p) wavefunction. The infrared fundamental intensities of the X2CY molecules were calculated and presented good agreement with experimental results already published and also with those obtained with the MP2 wavefunction. With the mean dipole moment derivatives of X2CY molecules decomposed into charge ¿ charge flux ¿ dipole flux contributions, the validity of the Characteristic Substituent Shift Model (CSSM) was verified for these three contributions. The results indicated good agreement of the CSSM in relation to the results obtained from the CCFDF/QTAIM model for all contributions. The CSSM for CCFDF contributions of the mean dipole moment derivatives of the CnHm, CHnXm (X= F, Cl), CFnClm, CX2 (X = S, O) e CX4 (X = F, Cl) molecules was also tested. The charge contributions showed better agreement with the ones of the CCFDF/QTAIM model than did the flux contributions for the carbon atom. For terminal atoms of theses molecules, the CSSM was not valid for the calculation of the mean dipole moment derivatives. Finally, comparison between results of the Gaussian 98 and Morphy programs showed that both are equally efficient for these X2CY molecules / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Diversas metodologias foram desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas para cálculo de propriedades que representassem quantitativamente a distribuição de carga eletrônica de forma mais simplista. A mais básica destas propriedades é chamada de carga atômica. Contudo, não havendo unanimidade quanto à utilização de um formalismo de cálculo de carga para situações abrangentes de estudo, há a necessidade de trabalhos voltados para uma análise comparativa entre as respostas destes formalismos em termos de carga atômica e parâmetros derivados. Assim, fez-se nesta dissertação uma investigação sobre valores de carga atômica e propriedades dinâmicas relacionadas, com importância em estudos sobre movimentos vibracionais em moléculas, como fluxo de carga e fluxo de dipolo, obtidos com os formalismos de cálculo de carga de Mulliken, NPA, CHELPG e QTAIM. Neste trabalho também se avaliou o efeito da escolha do método de cálculo, como Hartree-Fock e métodos que incluem correlação eletrônica (MP2, MP4(SDQ) e CCSD), e do conjunto de funções de base, através de funções como cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ e cc-pVQZ, sobre estas propriedades dinâmicas. Os sistemas analisados incluíram moléculas diatômicas e triatômicas lineares (HF, HCl, LiH, NaH, NaCl, LiF, NaF, LiCl, BF, AlF, BeO, MgO, CO, ClF, CO2, CS2, OCS, HCN e HNC) formadas por ligações de caráter variado, desde altamente iônicas até covalentes e incluindo ligações múltiplas. Também foram estudadas moléculas de clorofluorometanos (CH4, CH3Cl, CH3F, CH2Cl2, CH2F2, CH2ClF, CHCl3, CHF3, CHCl2F, CHClF2, CCl2F2, CClF3, CFCl3, CCl4, e CF4) para observação do efeito da troca de substituintes nas propriedades citadas. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que apenas os formalismos NPA e QTAIM apresentam bom comportamento quanto à convergência em relação ao método de cálculo e/ou tamanho do conjunto de funções de base utilizados no estudo do fluxo de carga. Entretanto, apenas os valores QTAIM são consistentes com certas considerações químicas fundamentais, como fluxos de carga tendendo a zero durante o estiramento de ligações de predominante caráter iônico, em moléculas com estruturas próximas à geometria de equilíbrio. As cargas e seus fluxos obtidos com Mulliken apresentaram alta dependência e problemas de convergência com a escolha da função de base, além de valores incoerentes em alguns sistemas. Por sua vez, CHELPG não se mostrou adequado à aplicação da aproximação finita de dois pontos na obtenção dos valores numéricos de fluxos de carga. A análise da resposta destas propriedades à troca de substituintes em moléculas de clorofluorometanos seguiu destacando positivamente QTAIM em relação aos outros formalismos. Enquanto CHELPG demonstrou oscilações inconsistentes em gráficos destes valores em função do número de átomos de cloro e/ou flúor, NPA e Mulliken se mostraram sensíveis à troca de substituintes, entretanto, os valores de fluxo de carga observados em alguns casos estão em desacordo com a tendência esperada na troca de átomos de hidrogênio por átomos de cloro ou flúor. / Several methodologies were developed in the last few decades in order to obtain a property which could represent quantitatively electronic charge distributions in a simple way. The fundamental quantity in this treatment is called atomic charge. However, as long as there is not an agreement about the most indicated method to determine atomic charges for general systems or responses under study, it is necessary to analyze, comparatively, how these methods behave in given situations and how the values derived from them respond in each case. Hence, an investigation including charges and related quantities as charge flux and atomic dipole flux, which are of interest to vibrational analysis, was done by means of values resulting from four formalisms, that are, Mulliken, NPA, CHELPG and QTAIM. In this study were also evaluated the changes in such dynamic properties when the calculations are done by means of different methods, as Hartree-Fock and methods that include electron correlation (MP2, MP4(SDQ) and CCSD) and, with different basis sets as cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ. The systems analyzed were diatomic and linear triatomic molecules (HF, HCl, LiH, NaH, NaCl, LiF, NaF, LiCl, BF, AlF, BeO, MgO, CO, FCl, CO2, CS2, OCS, HCN and HNC) including diverse bonding character, such as highly ionic or covalent bonds along with multiple bonds. Also, charge and charge flux parameters in chlorofluoromethane molecules (CH4, CH3Cl, CH3F, CH2Cl2, CH2F2, CH2ClF, CHCl3, CHF3, CHCl2F, CHClF2, CCl2F2, CClF3, CFCl3, CCl4 and CF4) were studied to analyze the effects in these properties during the exchange of substituent atoms. Considering the data obtained, one can infer that only NPA and QTAIM formalisms result in satisfactory convergence patterns with chosen methods and/or basis set sizes during the determination of charge and charge flux values. However, only QTAIM charge fluxes seem to follow certain chemical considerations, as low values for charge flux in a bond enlargement in systems with a predominant ionic character close to their equilibrium geometry. The Mulliken formalism shows high dependence and convergence issues in basis set size increments, as well as some inconsistent values. On other hand, CHELPG formalism is not suited to the finite approach for numerical derivatives in its two-point version. The study of substituent effects in chlorofluoromethanes reinforces the performance of QTAIM when compared to other formalisms. While CHELPG returned inconsistent oscillations in plots against the number of chlorine/fluorine atoms, NPA and Mulliken exhibited some sensibility with the change of substituent, though the flux values observed in a few cases are in disagreement with the tendencies expected when the hydrogen atoms are switched by chlorine or fluorine atoms.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nusia Luisa Barbosa.pdf: 2056559 bytes, checksum: f824e285e4418fd90c2ef8f911077cde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Parabens are antimicrobial preservatives widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The alkyl side chain connected to the ester group defines some important physicochemical characteristics of these compounds, including the partitioning coefficient and redox properties. The voltammetry and computational analysis were carried out in order to evaluate the redox behavior of these compounds and other phenolic analogues. Correlations between chemical substituents inductive effects of parabens with potential shifts were observed. Using cyclic voltammetry and glassy carbon working electrode, in aqueous, only one single irreversible anodic peak was observed around 0.8 V for methylparaben (MP), etylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), benzylparaben (BzP) and phenolic analogues. The positive inductive effect of alkyl groups was demonstrated by the anodic oxidation potential shift to lower values as the carbon number increases and, therefore the parabens (and other phenolic analogues) oxidation processes to the quinoninic forms showed great dependence of substituent pattern. It was further evaluated the influence of pH and composition of supporting electrolyte in voltammetric profile of parabens. / Os parabenos são conservantes antimicrobianos amplamente utilizados na indústria farmacêutica, cosmética e alimentícia. A cadeia alquílica, ligada ao grupo éster, define algumas características físico-químicas destes compostos, incluindo coeficiente de partição e propriedades redox. A voltametria e a análise computacional foram realizadas a fim de avaliar o comportamento redox desses compostos fenólicos e de outros análogos. Correlações entre as alterações de potenciais e os efeitos indutivos dos substituintes químicos dos parabenos foi observada. Usando voltametria cíclica e eletrodo de trabalho de carbono vítreo, em meio aquoso, apenas um único e irreversível pico anódico foi observado em torno de 0,8 V para metilparabeno (MP), etilparabeno (EP), propilparabeno (PP), butilparabeno (BP), benzilparabeno (BzP) e análogos fenólicos. O efeito indutivo positivo de grupos alquila foi demonstrado pela mudança do potencial de oxidação para valores mais baixos conforme o aumento do número de carbonos e, portanto, o processo de oxidação dos parabenos (e outros análogos fenólicos) às formas quinonínicas mostrou grande dependência do padrão de substituição. Foi também avaliada a influência do pH e da composição do eletrólito suporte no perfil voltamétrico dos parabenos.

Le travail rapporté dans ce mémoire a pour objectif l’étude de la réactivité nucléophile d’une série de 3-X-thiophènes (X = OC2H5, CH3, H et Br) et celle de la réactivité électrophile d’une série de 3-X-5-nitrothiophènes (X = NO2, CN, SO2CH3, CONH2 et H).L’application de l’équation log k = s (N + E) a permis de positionner sur l’échelle universelle N de Mayr la réactivité nucléophile -carbonée des 3-X-thiophènes dans l’acétonitrile. Par ailleurs, l’effet du substituant X a été discuté à la lumière de "l’hyper-ortho correlation" mis en évidence pour la première fois avec cette série de nucléophiles.L’étude cinétique dans l’eau a révélé que l’addition d’anions phénate para-substitués peut intervenir compétitivement sur les deux positions C-2 et C-4 non substitués du 2,4-dinitrothiophène et du 3-cyano-5-nitrothiophène. Les constantes cinétiques ainsi recueillies ont permis la quantification de la réactivité électrophile ambidente des positions C-4 et C-2 de chacun de ces deux électrophiles. L’analyse des diverses corrélations structure-réactivité obtenues a permis de montrer que le mécanisme de l’interaction peut s’inscrire vraisemblablement dans le contexte d’un mécanisme SET (Single Electron Transfert). Il est intéressant de noter que ce résultat constitue le premier exemple d’un processus SET observé dans le cadre des réactions de σ-complexation polaires en série thiophénique. / The aim of this work is to study the nucleophilic reactivity of a series of 3-X-thiophenes (X = OC2H5, CH3, H et Br) and the electrophilic reactivity of a series of 3-X-5-nitrothiophenes (X = NO2, CN, SO2CH3, CONH2 et H).According to the free energy relationship log k = s(N + E), the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s of 3-X-thiophenes have been evaluated and compared with the reactivities of other C-nucleophiles in acetonitrile. On the other hand, the satisfactory Hammett correlations (log k1 vs.  obtained confirms that a 3-X substituent exerts an effect on the 2-position of the same type as that exerted from the 5-position (hyper-ortho correlations).Kinetics of the reactions of 3-5-dinitrothiophene and 3-cyano-5-nitrothiophene with a series of para-substituted phenoxide anions have been investigated in aqueous solution at 20 °C. Two unsubstituted electrophilic centers of these thiophenes were identified. The electrophilicity parameters E of the C-4 and C-2 positions of the two thiophenes were determined and compared with the reactivities of other ambident electrophiles. Analysis of the experimental data in terms of structure-reactivity relationships reveals that the reactions mechanism likely involves a single electron transfer (SET) process. It is of particular interest to note that the systems studied in this paper provide a rare example of a SET mechanism in σ-complexation reactions.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Synthese und Charakterisierung von chromophoren Arylboronsäureestern mit besonderem Augenmerk auf einer breiten strukturellen Variation zum Inhalt. An dieser Verbindungsklasse wird die Wechselwirkung mit Lewis-Basen tiefgehend untersucht. Die Koordination von Lewis-Basen am Bor-Atom führt zu einer Beeinflussung der elektronischen Eigenschaften des borbasierten Substituenten, wobei der Charakter eines direkt am Bor-Atom gebundenen pi-Elektronensystems von pull zu push-pull geschaltet werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird beschrieben, wie geometrische und elektronische Strukturmerkmale von boronsäureesterfunktionalisierten Chromophoren durch die Lewis-Säure-Base-Wechselwirkung am Bor-Atom beeinflusst werden. Die Veränderung von molekularen Eigenschaften wird mit Hilfe der UV/vis-Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie mit röntgendiffraktometrischen Methoden untersucht. Die experimentellen Daten werden durch quantenchemische Berechnungen auf DFT-Niveau unterstützt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Synthese und Charakterisierung von chromophoren Arylboronsäureestern mit besonderem Augenmerk auf einer breiten strukturellen Variation zum Inhalt. An dieser Verbindungsklasse wird die Wechselwirkung mit Lewis-Basen tiefgehend untersucht. Die Koordination von Lewis-Basen am Bor-Atom führt zu einer Beeinflussung der elektronischen Eigenschaften des borbasierten Substituenten, wobei der Charakter eines direkt am Bor-Atom gebundenen pi-Elektronensystems von pull zu push-pull geschaltet werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird beschrieben, wie geometrische und elektronische Strukturmerkmale von boronsäureesterfunktionalisierten Chromophoren durch die Lewis-Säure-Base-Wechselwirkung am Bor-Atom beeinflusst werden. Die Veränderung von molekularen Eigenschaften wird mit Hilfe der UV/vis-Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie mit röntgendiffraktometrischen Methoden untersucht. Die experimentellen Daten werden durch quantenchemische Berechnungen auf DFT-Niveau unterstützt.

<p>In this thesis we have performed core-electron spectroscopy studies of gas phase molecular systems starting with smaller diatomic, continuing with triatomic and extending our research to more complex polyatomic ones. We can subdivide the results presented here into two categories: the first one focusing on electronic fine structure and effect of the chemical bonds on molecular core-levels and the other one dealing with nuclear dynamics induced by creation of a core hole. In our research we have mostly used synchrotron radiation based techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), X-ray Absorption (XAS), normal and Resonant Auger (AES and RAS, respectively) and Energy-Selected Auger Electron PhotoIon COincidence (ES-AEPICO) spectroscopies.</p><p>We have demonstrated that resonant Auger spectroscopy can be used to aid interpretation of the features observed in XAS for Rydberg structures in the case of Cl₂ and C1s⁻¹π*¹ states of allene molecules. The combined use of high-resolution spectroscopy with <i>ab initio</i> calculations can help the interpretation of strongly overlapped spectral features and disentangle their complex profiles. This approach enabled us to determine the differences in the lifetimes for core-hole 2p sublevels of Cl₂ which are caused by the presence of the chemical bond. We have shown that contribution in terms of the Mulliken population of valence molecular orbitals is a determining factor for resonant enhancement of different final states and fragmentation patterns reached after resonant Auger decays in N₂O.</p><p>We have also performed a systematic study of the dependence of the C1s resonant Auger kinetic energies on the presence of different substituents in CH₃X compounds. For the first time we have studied possible isomerization reaction induced by core excitation of acetylacetone. We could observe a new spectral feature in the resonant Auger decay spectra which we interpreted as a signature of core-excitation-induced keto-enol tautomerism.</p>