O presente trabalho relata a identificação de áreas neurogênicas, o cultivo, identificação e caracterização de precursores neurais obtidos do encéfalo de fetos de cobaias. Áreas potencialmente neurogênicas no encéfalo de neonatos foram identificadas por imunohistoquímica para a bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU), após inoculação da droga. A incorporação de BrdU foi detectada principalmente em células das áreas subjacentes ao ventrículo lateral, hipocampo e bulbo olfatório, indicando proliferação celular e sugerindo o potencial neurogênico dessas áreas. A seguir, realizou-se o cultivo de precursores neurais a partir da zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais. Após aproximadamente uma semana de cultivo, as células da SVZ em multiplicação ativa originaram abundantes massas celulares (neuroesferas, NSFs). Células dissociadas a partir das NSFs primárias foram capazes de gerar novas neuroesferas após alguns dias de cultivo. As NSFs proliferaram em número e em tamanho, podendo ser subcultivadas por até 5-6 passagens, com intervalos de uma semana, permanecendo viáveis por até 60 dias. Nesse período, as NSFs foram congeladas e descongeladas, tendo sido preservadas a sua viabilidade e capacidade proliferativa. Ensaios de viabilidade pelo método colorimétrico de MTT revelaram diferenças de viabilidade entre NSFs cultivadas a partir de SVZs de animais de diferentes idades (fetos, 7, 30 e 180 dias de vida). NSFs dissociadas apresentaram cerca de 2,3% de morte celular por apoptose e cerca de 3,1% de morte por necrose. NSFs íntegras e dissociadas foram submetidas a imunofluorescência (IF), utilizando-se anticorpos para marcadores de células-tronco (nestina), neurônios (Beta-III-tubulina), oligodendrócitos (mGALC) e astrócitos (GFAP). Marcação difusa, de intensidade variável, foi observada no citoplasma de células das NSFs e nas células individualizadas, mas o percentual de células expressando os diferentes marcadores não foi determinado. Quando cultivadas em meio contendo B27, sem fatores de crescimento, as NSFs apresentaram evidências de diferenciação, originando células aderentes a superfície do frasco, com características morfológicas diferentes as das NSFs, indicando diferenciação. Citometria de fluxo de células das NSFs após a diferenciação revelou 13,3% positivas para nestina, aproximadamente 5,5% positivas para beta-III-tubulina, 9% positivas para GFAP e 7,8% positivas para mGalC. Células diferenciadas foram então submetidas a teste de funcionalidade, pela mensuração de influxo de cálcio após estímulo com ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) e glutamato. A adição de GABA e glutamato resultou em estimulação de algumas células diferenciadas, que foi observado por meio do aumento da fluorescência das mesmas. Portanto, células cultivadas e diferenciadas in vitro a partir da SVZ de fetos de cobaias apresentam indicadores funcionais de neurônios. A capacidade das células da SVZ de fetos cobaias originarem células neurais funcionais in vitro é promissora no sentido de aprofundar as pesquisas e viabilizar o uso terapêutico de células-tronco em disordens do sistema nervoso. / The present study concerns the identification of neurogenic areas, culture, identification and characterization of neural precursors obtained from the brain of guinea pigs. Potentially neurogenic areas in the brain of neonates were identified by immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), following administration of the drug. BrdU incorporation was detected mainly in cells underlying the lateral ventricle, in hippocampus and olfactory bulbs, indicating cell proliferation and suggesting a neurogenic potential for these areas. Subsequently, neural precursors were cultured from cells obtained from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. After approximately one week culture, SVZ cells in active multiplication originated abundant cellular masses (neurospheres, NSFs). Cells dissociated from primary NSFs were capable of originating new NSFs after a few days of culture. NSFs proliferated in number and size, allowing 5-6 weekly subculturings and maintaining growth and viability for up to 60 days. In the meantime, NSFs were frozen and thawed, maintaining the viability and proliferative ability. Viability assays by the colorimetric MTT revealed viability differences among NSFs originated from SVZs from animals of different ages (fetuses, 7, 30 and 180 days of age). Dissociated NSFs underwent approximately 2.3% cell death by apoptosis and 3.1% death by necrosis. Intact and dissociated NSFs were submitted to immunofluorescence (IF), using antibodies for cell markers of stem cells (nestin), neurons (beta-III tubulin), oligodendrocytes (mGalC) and astrocytes (GFAP). A diffuse staining of variable intensity was observed in the cytoplasm of NSFS and dissociated cells, yet the rate of cells expressing each individual marker could not be determined. Upon culture in medium containing B27, without NSFs-specific growth factors, NSFs displayed evidence of neural differentiation, originating cells with morphology distinct from that of NSFs, suggesting differentiation. Flow cytometry analysis of NSFs cells after differentiation revealed approximately 13.3% positive for nestin, around 5.5% positive for beta-III-tubulin, 9% GFAP positive and approximately 7.8% positive for mGalC. Differentiated cells were then submitted to a functional test, by measuring calcium influx upon gamma butiric amino acid (GABA) and glutamate stimuli. GABA and glutamate stimulated some differentiated cells. Thus, cells cultured and differentiated from guinea pig SVZ present physiological indicators of neuronal physiology. Thus, the ability of guinea pig SVZ cells to originate functional neurons in vitro is promising towards further studies and potential therapeutic use of neural stem cells in disorders of the nervous system.

Submitted by Helmut Patrocinio (hell.kenn@gmail.com) on 2017-11-09T01:14:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Eduardo_Sequerra_2008_TESE.pdf: 15865584 bytes, checksum: fcfa610e8add1f0dd217541746ae3a44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ismael Pereira (ismael@neuro.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-09T11:57:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Eduardo_Sequerra_2008_TESE.pdf: 15865584 bytes, checksum: fcfa610e8add1f0dd217541746ae3a44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T11:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Eduardo_Sequerra_2008_TESE.pdf: 15865584 bytes, checksum: fcfa610e8add1f0dd217541746ae3a44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A zona subventricular (SVZ) ? um s?tio de cont?nua neurog?nese em mam?feros p?s-natos e adultos. Ao longo de toda a vida, os progenitores neuronais gerados destinam-se ao bulbo olfat?rio (BO) para onde migram atrav?s da via migrat?ria rostral (RMS). Uma vez no BO, os novos neur?nios se diferenciam em neur?nios GABA?rgicos que integram-se ? circuitaria local. A express?o de GABA inicia ainda na zona germinativa. Essa express?o precoce poderia levar a hip?tese de que estes progenitores j? estariam comprometidos com o fen?tipo GABA?rgico. Por?m, para demonstrar seu comprometimento GABA?rgico, um dos passos necess?rios ? mostrar que a descarboxilase do ?cido glut?mico (GAD), a enzima que sintetiza GABA em neur?nios maduros, est? presente nestas c?lulas. Nesta tese mostramos que a express?o e atividade enzim?tica de GAD, s?o muito baixas na SVZ. Revelamos que o GABA presente em neur?nios imaturos da SVZ prov?m de uma via de s?ntese alternativa, a via da putrescina. Para analisar a import?ncia do GABA proveniente de putrescina para estas c?lulas realizamos a inibi??o farmacol?gica de sua s?ntese atrav?s da administra??o de DFMO. Observamos que o tratamento com DFMO regula positivamente a express?o de GAD na SVZ e RMS. Mostramos tamb?m que os neuroblastos da SVZ que expressam GABA s?o realmente pl?sticos quanto a sua escolha de fen?tipo neuroqu?mico. Quando explantes de SVZ s?o co-cultivados com fatias de telenc?falo embrion?rio dorsal, s?tio de gera??o de neur?nios glutamat?rgicos, uma subpopula??o se diferencia em neur?nios GABA?rgicos e outra menor em glutamat?rgicos. Sugerimos, portanto, que a via da putrescina permite que neur?nios imaturos sintetizem GABA sem, no entanto, haver comprometimento com o fen?tipo GABA?rgico. Esta produ??o de GABA parece ser importante para a migra??o de neuroblastos da SVZ, embora n?o tenhamos tido sucesso em mostrar um papel na prolifera??o com o decr?scimo na produ??o do precursor putrescina. Mostramos que a libera??o de GABA de putrescina parece ter um papel em inibir a express?o de GAD nestes neuroblastos. Em contrapartida, a subregula??o desta sinaliza??o levaria ao comprometimento pelo fen?tipo GABA?rgico. Se mudarmos os sinais apresentados ?s c?lulas da SVZ, como ?queles presentes na VZ do telenc?falo embrion?rio, pelo menos uma de suas subpopula??es ? capaz de mudar seu destino fenot?pico, e diferenciar-se em neur?nios glutamat?rgicos piramidais. / The subventricular zone (SVZ) is proliferative epithelium that continuously gives rise to new neurons in postnatal and adult mammals. The neurons generated in the SVZ migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) where they differentiate in GABAergic interneurons. A characteristic of these neuron precursors is that they start to express GABA while they are still in the SVZ. This fact can lead to the conclusion that at this time they are already commited to the GABAergic phenotype. However, to affirm this one has to show that the origin of GABA in these cells is the same as in mature neurons. One of the most important steps to define GABAergic commitment in neurons is to demonstrate the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA in mature neurons. Here we show that SVZ cells display low levels of GAD immunocytochemistry and enzyme activity as compared with the olfactory bulb. We also show that these cells are able to synthesize GABA using an alternative source, the putrescine pathway. To test the importance of putrescine made GABA in vivo, we pharmacolgically inhibited putrescine synthesis through DFMO administration. We observed that this treatment lead to an increase of GAD expression in the SVZ and RMS. We also show here that SVZ cells can display phenotypic plasticity. Co-culturing SVZ explants and dorsal telencephalic slices, a spot of glutamatergic neurogenesis, we observed that a subpopulation of SVZ derived neurons differentiated into GABAergic neurons and another into glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. Our working hypothesis is that the putrescine pathway is a mechanism to synthesize GABA without commitment to the GABAergic phenotype. The release of putrescine derived GABA inhibits GAD expression leaving these neuroblasts in an undifferentiated state. The inhibition of putrescine synthesis caused an upregulation of GAD expression which would lead to GABAergic commitment. If we present these neuroblasts with different signals, as those present in the embryonic dorsal telencephalon, they would show plasticity in their phenotypic fate and differentiate into other neurochemical and morphological phenotypes, one of which is the glutamatergic pyramidal neuron.

O presente trabalho relata a identificação de áreas neurogênicas, o cultivo, identificação e caracterização de precursores neurais obtidos do encéfalo de fetos de cobaias. Áreas potencialmente neurogênicas no encéfalo de neonatos foram identificadas por imunohistoquímica para a bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU), após inoculação da droga. A incorporação de BrdU foi detectada principalmente em células das áreas subjacentes ao ventrículo lateral, hipocampo e bulbo olfatório, indicando proliferação celular e sugerindo o potencial neurogênico dessas áreas. A seguir, realizou-se o cultivo de precursores neurais a partir da zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais. Após aproximadamente uma semana de cultivo, as células da SVZ em multiplicação ativa originaram abundantes massas celulares (neuroesferas, NSFs). Células dissociadas a partir das NSFs primárias foram capazes de gerar novas neuroesferas após alguns dias de cultivo. As NSFs proliferaram em número e em tamanho, podendo ser subcultivadas por até 5-6 passagens, com intervalos de uma semana, permanecendo viáveis por até 60 dias. Nesse período, as NSFs foram congeladas e descongeladas, tendo sido preservadas a sua viabilidade e capacidade proliferativa. Ensaios de viabilidade pelo método colorimétrico de MTT revelaram diferenças de viabilidade entre NSFs cultivadas a partir de SVZs de animais de diferentes idades (fetos, 7, 30 e 180 dias de vida). NSFs dissociadas apresentaram cerca de 2,3% de morte celular por apoptose e cerca de 3,1% de morte por necrose. NSFs íntegras e dissociadas foram submetidas a imunofluorescência (IF), utilizando-se anticorpos para marcadores de células-tronco (nestina), neurônios (Beta-III-tubulina), oligodendrócitos (mGALC) e astrócitos (GFAP). Marcação difusa, de intensidade variável, foi observada no citoplasma de células das NSFs e nas células individualizadas, mas o percentual de células expressando os diferentes marcadores não foi determinado. Quando cultivadas em meio contendo B27, sem fatores de crescimento, as NSFs apresentaram evidências de diferenciação, originando células aderentes a superfície do frasco, com características morfológicas diferentes as das NSFs, indicando diferenciação. Citometria de fluxo de células das NSFs após a diferenciação revelou 13,3% positivas para nestina, aproximadamente 5,5% positivas para beta-III-tubulina, 9% positivas para GFAP e 7,8% positivas para mGalC. Células diferenciadas foram então submetidas a teste de funcionalidade, pela mensuração de influxo de cálcio após estímulo com ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) e glutamato. A adição de GABA e glutamato resultou em estimulação de algumas células diferenciadas, que foi observado por meio do aumento da fluorescência das mesmas. Portanto, células cultivadas e diferenciadas in vitro a partir da SVZ de fetos de cobaias apresentam indicadores funcionais de neurônios. A capacidade das células da SVZ de fetos cobaias originarem células neurais funcionais in vitro é promissora no sentido de aprofundar as pesquisas e viabilizar o uso terapêutico de células-tronco em disordens do sistema nervoso. / The present study concerns the identification of neurogenic areas, culture, identification and characterization of neural precursors obtained from the brain of guinea pigs. Potentially neurogenic areas in the brain of neonates were identified by immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), following administration of the drug. BrdU incorporation was detected mainly in cells underlying the lateral ventricle, in hippocampus and olfactory bulbs, indicating cell proliferation and suggesting a neurogenic potential for these areas. Subsequently, neural precursors were cultured from cells obtained from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. After approximately one week culture, SVZ cells in active multiplication originated abundant cellular masses (neurospheres, NSFs). Cells dissociated from primary NSFs were capable of originating new NSFs after a few days of culture. NSFs proliferated in number and size, allowing 5-6 weekly subculturings and maintaining growth and viability for up to 60 days. In the meantime, NSFs were frozen and thawed, maintaining the viability and proliferative ability. Viability assays by the colorimetric MTT revealed viability differences among NSFs originated from SVZs from animals of different ages (fetuses, 7, 30 and 180 days of age). Dissociated NSFs underwent approximately 2.3% cell death by apoptosis and 3.1% death by necrosis. Intact and dissociated NSFs were submitted to immunofluorescence (IF), using antibodies for cell markers of stem cells (nestin), neurons (beta-III tubulin), oligodendrocytes (mGalC) and astrocytes (GFAP). A diffuse staining of variable intensity was observed in the cytoplasm of NSFS and dissociated cells, yet the rate of cells expressing each individual marker could not be determined. Upon culture in medium containing B27, without NSFs-specific growth factors, NSFs displayed evidence of neural differentiation, originating cells with morphology distinct from that of NSFs, suggesting differentiation. Flow cytometry analysis of NSFs cells after differentiation revealed approximately 13.3% positive for nestin, around 5.5% positive for beta-III-tubulin, 9% GFAP positive and approximately 7.8% positive for mGalC. Differentiated cells were then submitted to a functional test, by measuring calcium influx upon gamma butiric amino acid (GABA) and glutamate stimuli. GABA and glutamate stimulated some differentiated cells. Thus, cells cultured and differentiated from guinea pig SVZ present physiological indicators of neuronal physiology. Thus, the ability of guinea pig SVZ cells to originate functional neurons in vitro is promising towards further studies and potential therapeutic use of neural stem cells in disorders of the nervous system.

There is a basic rule to mammalian neocortical expansion: as it expands, so does it fold. The degree to which it folds, however, cannot strictly be attributed to its expansion. Across species, cortical volume does not keep pace with cortical surface area, but rather folds appear more rapidly than expected. As a result, larger brains quickly become disproportionately more convoluted than smaller brains. Both the absence (lissencephaly) and presence (gyrencephaly) of cortical folds is observed in all mammalian orders and, while there is likely some phylogenetic signature to the evolutionary appearance of gyri and sulci, there are undoubtedly universal trends to the acquisition of folds in an expanding neocortex. Whether these trends are governed by conical expansion of neocortical germinal zones, the distribution of cortical connectivity, or a combination of growth- and connectivity-driven forces remains an open question. But the importance of cortical folding for evolution of the uniquely mammalian neocortex, as well as for the incidence of neuropathologies in humans, is undisputed. In this hypothesis and theory article, we will summarize the development of cortical folds in the neocortex, consider the relative influence of growth- vs. connectivity-driven forces for the acquisition of cortical folds between and within species, assess the genetic, cell-biological, and mechanistic implications for neocortical expansion, and discuss the significance of these implications for human evolution, development, and disease. We will argue that evolutionary increases in the density of neuron production, achieved via maintenance of a basal proliferative niche in the neocortical germinal zones, drive the conical migration of neurons toward the cortical surface and ultimately lead to the establishment of cortical folds in large-brained mammal species.

No description available.

No description available.

Ischaemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and chronic disability for which there is no effective treatment. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is an adult neurogenic niche which mediates limited endogenous repair following stroke. To harness this phenomenon for therapy, it is important to understand how the SVZ niche is altered in stroke, and the processes that recruit neural precursors to the site of injury, which becomes a de facto neurogenic niche. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding protein involved in cellular adhesion, inflammation and tumour metastasis. Gal-3 is specifically expressed in the SVZ and maintains neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb, although its role in post-stroke neurogenesis is not well-understood. Therefore, this project aimed to (1) characterise the cytoarchitecture of the SVZ in response to stroke, and (2) examine the role of Gal-3 in stroke outcome and tissue remodelling, and test the hypothesis that Gal-3 is required for neuroblast ectopic migration into the ischaemic striatum. Using the intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice, and whole mounts of the lateral ventricular wall, significant SVZ reactive astrocytosis and increased vascular branching were observed, thereby disrupting the neuroblast migratory scaffold. Stroke increased SVZ cell proliferation without increase in cell death. Post-stroke ependymal cells were enlarged and non-proliferative, and assumed a reactive astroglial phenotype, expressing de novo high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein. This was associated with focal planar cell polarity misalignment, and turbulent and decreased rate of cerebrospinal fluid flow. These findings demonstrate significant changes in multiple SVZ cell types which are positioned to influence post-stroke neurogenesis and regulation of the neural stem cell niche Gal-3 was up-regulated in the ischaemic brain and ipsilateral SVZ. To elucidate the role of Gal-3 after stroke, MCAO was performed in wildtype and Gal-3 null (Gal-3^-/-) mice, and parameters of stroke outcome and post-stroke neurogenesis compared. The deletion of Gal-3 did not affect infarct volumes or neurological outcomes, although neuroblast migration into the ischaemic striatum was increased in Gal-3^-/- brains. Gal-3^-/- mice failed to mount an angiogenic response in the ischaemic striatum, and this was associated with lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increased anti-angiogenic protein levels. Loss of Gal-3 further disrupted the pro-proliferative neural-vascular interaction at the basement membrane. The current data indicate that Gal-3 is a pleiotropic molecule which has distinct roles in both the SVZ and the post-stroke striatum as niches of adult neurogenesis.

Introduction: Chez les mammifères, la naissance de nouveaux neurones se poursuit à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du cerveau: 1) l’hippocampe et 2) la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale. La neurogenèse adulte n’est pas un processus stable et peut être affectée par divers facteurs tels que l’âge et la maladie. De plus, les modifications de la neurogenèse peuvent être à l’origine des maladies de sorte que la régulation ainsi que le rétablissement de la neurogenèse adulte doivent être considérés comme d’importants objectifs thérapeutiques. Chez la souris saine ou malade, la neurogenèse hippocampale peut être fortement régulée par l’enrichissement environnemental ainsi que par l’activité physique. Cependant, lors même que l’activité physique et l’enrichissement environnemental pourraient contribuer au traitement de certaines maladies, très peu d’études porte sur les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques responsables des changements qui sont en lien avec ces stimuli. Objectifs et hypothèses: Les principaux objectifs de cette étude sont de caractériser les effets de stimuli externes sur la neurogenèse et, par le fait même, d’élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents aux changements observés. En utilisant le modèle d’activité physique volontaire sur roue, cette étude teste les deux hypothèses suivantes: tout d’abord 1) qu’une période prolongée d’activité physique peut influencer la neurogenèse adulte dans le prosencéphale et l’hippocampe, et 2) que l’activité volontaire sur roue peut favoriser la neurogenèse à travers des stimuli dépendants ou indépendants de la course. Méthodes: Afin de valider la première hypothèse, nous avons utilisé un paradigme incluant une activité physique volontaire prolongée sur une durée de six semaines, ainsi que des analyses immunohistochimiques permettant de caractériser l’activité de précurseurs neuronaux dans la zone sous-ventriculaire et l’hippocampe. Ensuite, pour valider la seconde hypothèse, nous avons utlisé une version modifiée du paradigme ci-dessous, en plaçant les animaux (souris) soit dans des cages traditionnelles, soit dans des cages munies d’une roue bloquée soit dans des cages munies d’une roue fonctionnelle. Résultats: En accord avec la première hypothèse, l’activité physique prolongée volontaire a augmenté la prolifération des précurseurs neuronaux ainsi que la neurogenèse dans le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe comparativement aux animaux témoins, confirmant les résultats d’études antérieures. Par ailleurs, dans ce paradigme, nous avons aussi observé de la prolifération acrue au sein de la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale. De plus, en accord avec la seconde hypothèse, les souris placées dans une cage à roue bloquée ont montré une augmentation de la prolifération des précurseurs neuronaux dans l’hippocampe comparable à celle observée chez les souris ayant accès à une roue fonctionnelle (coureurs). Cependant, seuls les animaux coureurs ont présenté une augmentation de la neurogenèse hippocampale. Conclusions: Ces résultats nous ont permis de tirer deux conclusions nouvelles concernant les effets de l’activité physique (course) sur la neurogenèse. Premièrement, en plus de la prolifération et de la neurogenèse dans le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe, la prolifération dans la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale peut être augmentée par l’activité physique sur roue. Deuxièmement, l’environnement dans lequel l’activité physique a lieu contient différents stimuli qui peuvent influencer certains aspects de la neurogenèse hippocampale en l’absence d’activité physique sur roue (course). / Introduction: In mammals, new neurons continue to be produced throughout the adulthood in two brain regions: 1) the hippocampus and 2) the forebrain subventricular zone. Adult neurogenesis is not a stable process, and changes in response to diverse factors such as age and pathology. Furthermore, because changes in neurogenesis may in fact underlie pathogenesis, regulating or restoring neurogenesis is seen as an important therapeutic objective. In healthy and diseased mice, hippocampal neurogenesis can be robustly regulated by environmental enrichment. However, while physical activity and environmental enrichment are potentially important in the treatment of some pathologies, comparatively little is known about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying activity/environment-dependent changes in neurogenesis. Objectives and hypotheses: The primary objectives of this study are to characterize the neurogenesis-mediating effects of external stimuli and, in doing so, to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie observed changes. Using voluntary wheel running as a model, this study addresses two hypotheses: 1) that extended periods of physical activity can influence adult neurogenesis in the forebrain and the hippocampus and 2) that voluntary wheel running mediates neurogenesis through both running-dependent and running-independent stimuli. Methods: To address the first hypothesis, we used a prolonged six-week voluntary paradigm and immunohistochemical analyses to characterize neural precursor activity in the subventricular zone and hippocampus. To address the second hypothesis, we used a modified version of the above paradigm, where an additional group of mice were housed in cages with a locked running wheel. Results: With respect to the first hypothesis, prolonged voluntary wheel running was found to increase neural precursor proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus relative to control animals, confirming the results of previous studies. More importantly, in this paradigm, proliferation in the forebrain subventricular zone was also found to be increased. In keeping with the second hypothesis, mice that were housed in locked-running wheel cages showed an increase in hippocampal neural precursor proliferation comparable to that of running animals. However, only running animals displayed increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Conclusions: These results allow us to draw two novel conclusions regarding the effects of running on neurogenesis. First, proliferation in the forebrain subventricular zone, in addition to proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, is subject to regulation by wheel-running. Second, the wheel-running environment contains diverse stimuli which can influence some aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis in the absence of wheel running.

Introduction: Chez les mammifères, la naissance de nouveaux neurones se poursuit à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du cerveau: 1) l’hippocampe et 2) la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale. La neurogenèse adulte n’est pas un processus stable et peut être affectée par divers facteurs tels que l’âge et la maladie. De plus, les modifications de la neurogenèse peuvent être à l’origine des maladies de sorte que la régulation ainsi que le rétablissement de la neurogenèse adulte doivent être considérés comme d’importants objectifs thérapeutiques. Chez la souris saine ou malade, la neurogenèse hippocampale peut être fortement régulée par l’enrichissement environnemental ainsi que par l’activité physique. Cependant, lors même que l’activité physique et l’enrichissement environnemental pourraient contribuer au traitement de certaines maladies, très peu d’études porte sur les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques responsables des changements qui sont en lien avec ces stimuli. Objectifs et hypothèses: Les principaux objectifs de cette étude sont de caractériser les effets de stimuli externes sur la neurogenèse et, par le fait même, d’élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents aux changements observés. En utilisant le modèle d’activité physique volontaire sur roue, cette étude teste les deux hypothèses suivantes: tout d’abord 1) qu’une période prolongée d’activité physique peut influencer la neurogenèse adulte dans le prosencéphale et l’hippocampe, et 2) que l’activité volontaire sur roue peut favoriser la neurogenèse à travers des stimuli dépendants ou indépendants de la course. Méthodes: Afin de valider la première hypothèse, nous avons utilisé un paradigme incluant une activité physique volontaire prolongée sur une durée de six semaines, ainsi que des analyses immunohistochimiques permettant de caractériser l’activité de précurseurs neuronaux dans la zone sous-ventriculaire et l’hippocampe. Ensuite, pour valider la seconde hypothèse, nous avons utlisé une version modifiée du paradigme ci-dessous, en plaçant les animaux (souris) soit dans des cages traditionnelles, soit dans des cages munies d’une roue bloquée soit dans des cages munies d’une roue fonctionnelle. Résultats: En accord avec la première hypothèse, l’activité physique prolongée volontaire a augmenté la prolifération des précurseurs neuronaux ainsi que la neurogenèse dans le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe comparativement aux animaux témoins, confirmant les résultats d’études antérieures. Par ailleurs, dans ce paradigme, nous avons aussi observé de la prolifération acrue au sein de la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale. De plus, en accord avec la seconde hypothèse, les souris placées dans une cage à roue bloquée ont montré une augmentation de la prolifération des précurseurs neuronaux dans l’hippocampe comparable à celle observée chez les souris ayant accès à une roue fonctionnelle (coureurs). Cependant, seuls les animaux coureurs ont présenté une augmentation de la neurogenèse hippocampale. Conclusions: Ces résultats nous ont permis de tirer deux conclusions nouvelles concernant les effets de l’activité physique (course) sur la neurogenèse. Premièrement, en plus de la prolifération et de la neurogenèse dans le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe, la prolifération dans la zone sous-ventriculaire du prosencéphale peut être augmentée par l’activité physique sur roue. Deuxièmement, l’environnement dans lequel l’activité physique a lieu contient différents stimuli qui peuvent influencer certains aspects de la neurogenèse hippocampale en l’absence d’activité physique sur roue (course). / Introduction: In mammals, new neurons continue to be produced throughout the adulthood in two brain regions: 1) the hippocampus and 2) the forebrain subventricular zone. Adult neurogenesis is not a stable process, and changes in response to diverse factors such as age and pathology. Furthermore, because changes in neurogenesis may in fact underlie pathogenesis, regulating or restoring neurogenesis is seen as an important therapeutic objective. In healthy and diseased mice, hippocampal neurogenesis can be robustly regulated by environmental enrichment. However, while physical activity and environmental enrichment are potentially important in the treatment of some pathologies, comparatively little is known about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying activity/environment-dependent changes in neurogenesis. Objectives and hypotheses: The primary objectives of this study are to characterize the neurogenesis-mediating effects of external stimuli and, in doing so, to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie observed changes. Using voluntary wheel running as a model, this study addresses two hypotheses: 1) that extended periods of physical activity can influence adult neurogenesis in the forebrain and the hippocampus and 2) that voluntary wheel running mediates neurogenesis through both running-dependent and running-independent stimuli. Methods: To address the first hypothesis, we used a prolonged six-week voluntary paradigm and immunohistochemical analyses to characterize neural precursor activity in the subventricular zone and hippocampus. To address the second hypothesis, we used a modified version of the above paradigm, where an additional group of mice were housed in cages with a locked running wheel. Results: With respect to the first hypothesis, prolonged voluntary wheel running was found to increase neural precursor proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus relative to control animals, confirming the results of previous studies. More importantly, in this paradigm, proliferation in the forebrain subventricular zone was also found to be increased. In keeping with the second hypothesis, mice that were housed in locked-running wheel cages showed an increase in hippocampal neural precursor proliferation comparable to that of running animals. However, only running animals displayed increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Conclusions: These results allow us to draw two novel conclusions regarding the effects of running on neurogenesis. First, proliferation in the forebrain subventricular zone, in addition to proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, is subject to regulation by wheel-running. Second, the wheel-running environment contains diverse stimuli which can influence some aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis in the absence of wheel running.

L'hypoxie périnatale entraîne une dégénérescence et un délai de maturation des oligodendrocytes et des neurones corticaux du cortex cerebral. Mon projet de thèse a d'abord consisté à étudier la contribution des cellules souche neurales de la zone sous-ventriculaire dorsale (dSVZ) à la tentative de régénération spontanée observée après la lésion. Dans un second temps, j'ai étudié la capacité de ces cellules souches à être manipulée en utilisant une approche pharmacologique.Mes résultats mettent en évidence une réponse spontanée et dynamique de la dSVZ qui produit des neurones et des oligodendrocytes corticaux en réponse à l'hypoxie. L'administration par voie intranasale d'un inhibiteur de Gsk3b, qui active la voie Wnt/b-caténine, petite molécule identifiée à l'aide d'une étude bio-informatique comme « dorsalisante », juste après la période d'hypoxie, potentialise cette réponse spontanée. En effet, mes résultats montrent que certains neurones corticaux issus de la dSVZ survivent avec le traitement alors qu'aucun ne semblent persister après 1 mois suivant l'hypoxie. De plus, le traitement accélère la maturation des oligodendrocytes corticaux et augmentent leur production et intégration à long terme. Enfin, le traitement a un effet à long terme sur les cellules souches de la dSVZ en augmentant la proportion de ces cellules qui sont actives. Pour conclure, la dSVZ participe à la récupération corticale spontanée qui suit l'hypoxie périnatale et cette réponse peut être potentialisée par l'administration d'une petite molécule identifiée par notre analyse bio-informatique, un inhibiteur de GSK3b / Perinatal hypoxia leads to degeneration and delayed maturation of oligodendrocytes and cortical glutamatergic neurons. My PhD project consists in assessing the contribution of neural stem cells (NSCs) of the dorsal subventricular zone (dSVZ, i.e. the largest germinal zone of the postnatal brain) to the spontaneous regenerative attempt observed following such injury as well as its amenability to pharmacological manipulation.The results I have obtained highlight a dynamic and lineage-specific response of NSCs of the dSVZ to hypoxia that results in de novo oligodendrogenesis and cortical neurogenesis. Newborn cortical neurons express appropriate cortical layer markers, supporting their appropriate specification. A pharmacogenomics analysis allowed us to identify small molecules boosting specificly dSVZ NSCs. Pharmacological activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling by intranasal GSK3ß inhibitor administration during the recovery period following hypoxia indeed potentiates dorsal SVZ participation to post-hypoxia repair. Gsk3b inhibitor CHIR99021 seems to promote survival of cortical neurons from the dSVZ produced in response to hypoxia. More interestingly, CHIR99021 promotes oligodendrocyte maturation and long term integration in the cortex as well as a long term increased activity of dSVZ NSCs.Altogether, my results highlighted a dynamic and lineage-specific response of dorsal NSCs cells to hypoxia and identify the early postnatal dorsal SVZ as a malleable source of stem cells for cortical repair following trauma that occur early in life. CHIR99021 (a Gsk3b inhibitor) intranasal administration promotes this cortical cellular repair with a long term activation of dSVZ NSCs which increased their production of oligodendrocytes migrating to the cortex and a short term improvement of their maturation, and might allow the integration of cortical neurons they produce