abstract: Exposure to sun radiation (SUR) with ambient temperature may be an influencer on athletes’ sweat loss in different environments, but the results are not currently known. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SUR on fluid balance (FB) and hydration status (HS) in athletes exercising indoors and outdoors. Initial FB and HS were assessed in NCAA-DI female soccer athletes (n=10) of a single team in temperate, dry conditions (55-68°F, 18-48% humidity) who were monitored during 3 practices of equal estimated energy expenditure (EE): two outdoors in direct SUR (cold/moderate temperatures) and one indoors without SUR (moderate temperatures). Humidity, temperature, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT – a measurement partly based on SUR, including ambient temperature/relative humidity) were recorded using Heat Stress Meters placed in the direct sun or in the shade. Each athlete’s semi-nude dry body weight was recorded before and after exercise. Urine samples were taken before, after, and the morning after. Urine specific gravity (USG) was tested to assess HS. Athletes wore combined heart rate and activity monitors to estimate EE and were provided ad libitum water and/or a zero-calorie sports drink. Their total intake included weights of consumed food and drink. Sweat rate was calculated using body weight change and intakes of liquids minus urine losses/hour. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA analyzed group-level differences. No significance was found in total FB (1.01±0.32 L/hr) or EE/hr (444±97.1 kcal/hr) across all days (p>0.05). In analyzing individual athlete results, 40% had consistent USG >1.025 (p=0.001) suggesting potential dehydration. These 4 athletes selected water as their beverage, of which is known that consuming only water does not stimulate drinking behavior as does electrolyte drinks. The remaining 60% were overall not dehydrated (USG <1.025) but must be aware of incidental dehydration in hotter temperatures. The conclusion is that in low-moderate temperatures, athletes self-regulate drinking habits and achieve fluid balance during exercise with or without sun radiation. However, athletes with average USG >1.025 are likely to remain dehydrated in moderate temperatures. The findings suggest that more education would benefit these athletes by ensuring hydration in any environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019

This dissertation explores the extent to which weather and climate systematically affect political behavior. The idea that weather (and other elements of the natural world) exercise a fundamental influence on politics has long been a theme in classical and modern political thought. As political science moved from pure description to a more social-scientific form of analysis, scholars became less interested in understanding the impact of climate. If mentioned at all, weather typically is referred to as one of the various elements making up the "error term" in our statistical analyses. Recent work in the natural and social sciences, however, has suggested there are systematic and important links between weather, climate, and behavior. This work (which I review) not only inspires a return to a traditional focus of political analysis, but more importantly provides a number of hypotheses to guide our analysis of politics. Inclement weather increases the costs of moving from place to place. Sunlight enhances while extreme temperature depresses mood. Finally, hot weather is associated with enhanced aggression. These correlates of climate have implications for a variety of subfields across political science, including comparative politics and international relations. This dissertation concentrates primarily, however, on American politics, particularly from a behavioral perspective. To see if weather has a significant effect on politics, then, I explore behavior in four settings that have been especially important in mainstream studies: Presidential approval; social capital; Election Day voting; and finally elite participation (in the form of abstention on roll call voting). In terms of the first, if (as Zaller argues) a response to a telephone survey indeed entails a summing up of `considerations' regarding an issue rather than expression of a `true' attitude, then it is likely sunlight should stimulate positive responses to questions because it encourages the release of serotonin, which makes people more positive in general. Controlled logistic regression of sunlight on Presidential approval reveals that, in spring, sunlight boosts approval. The next chapter explores how hot climates and rain may reduce levels of social capital. This is because heat boosts levels of aggression, which should diminish helping behavior, and because rain makes it more difficult to volunteer and associate with other people. Analysis of state-level social capital data and city-level volunteer data provides some evidence that these propositions are correct. The third empirical chapter focuses upon voting on Election Day. While it finds that rain does have a depressive effect upon voting rates among the poor due to raising the costs associated with voting, there is little evidence that vote choice is affected by the weather. The final empirical chapter examines how weather conditions may affect voting rates among members of the United States House of Representatives, which seems possible because, like regular citizens during Election Day, House members pay costs when visiting the Capital to vote, and unpleasant weather could comprise a real if minor cost. OLS regression at the vote-level and logistic regression at the legislator level reveals that in the winter and spring, sunlight boosts voting, while summer humidity depresses voting and heat in winter has a positive effect. While these conclusions are interesting in themselves and meaningfully contribute to contemporary academic discussions, they further suggest some things about how we thing about political science. In particular, analyses of political topics could often be enhanced by reflectively considering the contents of the error term, as this exercise can offer new and useful perspective on current scholarship. Further, this dissertation also suggests that political science (and research in general) could benefit from taking a more comprehensive view of the environmental context of human behavior.

Explored in this study were the patterns of direct sunlight received by differentlyoriented patient rooms in healthcare facilities. Desktop Radiance 1.02&reg / software was used to simulate conditions in a typical double patient room. The area and locations of sunlight patches on room surfaces were considered as analog indicators for the investigation. The setting was defined as Ankara, Turkey. Seven orientations and 3 positions of standard-size window openings were studied in different combinations at solstices and equinoxes, from sunrise to sunset on an hourly basis for comparison. Data compiled were statistically analyzed and results for various combinations of orientation and opening position recorded. All these showed that there was no difference in the total amount of direct sunlight received between rooms with different orientations but there was, with different opening positions. Orientation created a difference in the amount of direct sunlight when the room surfaces were studied separately. Rooms with right and left-shifted openings received direct sunlight mostly on walls while those with centered openings received direct sunlight mostly on floor surfaces. Results suggested there were sufficient grounds for further investigation focusing on decisions related to the design of patient rooms, such as layout (e.g., the location of beds) and to choice of surfacing materials, colors and textures.

De nos jours, l'émergence de produits pharmaceutiques dans l'environnement aquatique et terrestre a été une préoccupation majeure. Ils ont été détectés dans les stations d'épuration, les sédiments et les sols ainsi qu'à la surface et dans l'eau potable. Jusqu'à présent, il y a peu d'informations dans la littérature sur le devenir de ces composés lorsqu'ils sont exposés à la lumière solaire dans les différents compartiments environnementaux. Dans le cadre de ce travail, notre objectif est l’étude de comportement des antibiotiques de la famille des Sulfonamides : Sulfaméthoxazole (STZ), Sulfathiazole (STL), Sulfamethazine (STN) et Hydrochlorothiazide (HCD) dans des solutions aqueuses lorsqu'ils sont exposés à la lumière solaire. Nous nous sommes principalement intéressés à l’étude cinétique en évaluant le rendement quantique de dégradation ainsi que l'effet de divers paramètres tels que la concentration en oxygène, le pH et la présence d'ions inorganiques. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à l'élucidation des principaux sous-produits intermédiaires. De nombreuses informations sont disponibles sur la stabilité et le devenir des composés d'origine et beaucoup moins sur leurs produits de transformation. Ces derniers peuvent présenter un niveau de toxicité plus élevé que le substrat précurseur et doivent ainsi être identifiés et analysés. L'élucidation de la structure a été obtenue en utilisant les techniques HPLC / ESI / MS et HPLC / ESI / MS2 en modes négatif et positif et par l'étude complète des différentes voies de fragmentation. Les principaux processus photochimiques impliqués sont : i) la scission du pont par photohydrolyse, ii) l'hydroxylation sélective de la partie aromatique iii) le processus de désulfonation et iiii) dans le cas de HCD une réaction de déchloration. Un mécanisme photochimique a été proposé sur la base des études cinétiques et analytiques. / Nowaday the emergence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic and terrestrial environment have been a major concern. They have been detected in sewage-treatment plants, sediments, and soils as well as at surface and drinking water. So far, there is limited information in the literature on the fate of these compounds once they are exposed to solar light in the various environmental compartments. In the present work we have been interested in studying the behavior of antibiotics from Sulfonamide family: Sulfamethoxazole (STZ), Sulfathiazole (STL), Sulfamethazine (STN) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCD) in aqueous solutions upon exposure to simulated solar light. We mainly concentrate our effort on the kinetic studies by evaluating the degradation quantum yield as well as the effect of various parameters such as oxygen concentration, pH and the presence of inorganic ions. The main effect was observed by molecular oxygen parameter. We also make an important effort in the elucidation of the main intermediate and stable by-products. A lot of information is available on the stability and fate of parent compounds and not so many on their transformation products. These may present a toxicity level higher than the precursor substrate and should be identified and analysed. The chemical structure elucidation was obtained by using the HPLC/ESI/MS and HPLC/ESI/MS2 techniques in negative as well as positive modes and through the complete study of the various fragmentation pathways. The main involved photochemical processes were identified as i) the scission of the bridge through a photohydrolysis process, ii) selective hydroxylation of the aromatic moiety iii) Desulfonation process and iiii) in the case of HCD to dechloration reaction. A mechanism was then proposed in the light of the kinetics and analytical studies.

Background: Recommendations to restrict summer sunlight exposure to prevent skin cancer apparently conflict with requirements to protect bone health through adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels, as provided by cutaneous ultraviolet (UV)B exposure. Furthermore, sunlight exposure promotes a feeling of euphoria that is felt to drive further sun-seeking behaviour. Objectives: My principal objective was to examine health risk (DNA damage) and health benefits (25[OH]D gain, and potential cutaneous photoprotection) following low-level summer sunlight exposures in people of light (phototype II) and darker (phototype V) skin. A further objective was to evaluate serum endocannabinoid levels, potential drivers of mood elevation, following these exposures, and to assess for evidence of tanning addiction in a cross-section of psoriasis patients who had received similar low dose UV exposures, as medical phototherapy. Methods: During wintertime, 10 white Caucasians and 6 South Asians aged 18 to 60 years, from Greater Manchester, UK, received a simulated summer's sunlight exposures, specifically 1.3 standard erythemal dose, thrice weekly for 6 weeks, whilst casually dressed. Serum and urine samples and skin colour measurements were taken at baseline, Monday, Wednesday and Friday of week 1 and then weekly, and buttock skin that had received differential UVR exposures was biopsied for immunohistochemical analysis. Phototype II individuals, who are at higher risk of sunburn, were subsequently challenged with 2X minimal erythema dose (MED) UVB on small areas of simulated summer-exposed and photoprotected skin. Separately, a link to an online tanning questionnaire survey was sent to all members of the National Psoriasis Foundation (USA) during my USA field trip. Results: The simulated summer resulted in 50% gain in 25(OH)D for both phototype groups, but significantly more cutaneous DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPD) in phototype II than V (p<0.0001). There was no accumulation of cutaneous CPD after 6 weeks compared with a single UVR exposure in either group, while phototype V individuals had repaired a greater proportion of their CPD 24 hours after final UVR exposure (p<0.0001). Urinary oxidative DNA damage was higher in phototype II throughout the simulated summer (p=0.002) and unaffected by UVR. All individuals had significant skin darkening, and in phototype II, stratum corneum thickness increased significantly (p<0.05). This tanning response provided significant photoprotection against a pro-inflammatory UVB (2X MED) challenge, as shown by reduced erythema and neutrophil influx in skin exposed to the simulated summer than in photoprotected skin (p<0.05 for both). Serum endocannabinoid (2-arachidonoyl glycerol) levels increased significantly during the simulated summer in both phototype groups (p<0.01), peaking at week 2-3. The cross-sectional study of 1,832 psoriasis patients revealed 34% had used sunbeds; 11% of current users fulfilled diagnostic criteria for addictive-like tanning behaviour: female sex, younger age, younger age at psoriasis diagnosis, severe disease and prior phototherapy were significant risk factors for addiction. Discussion: These findings should assist public health guidance on safe sunlight exposure and highlight the need for distinct guidance targeted to different phototype groups. Furthermore, individuals with psoriasis, in particular those who previously received regular UVR exposure, are at high risk of tanning addiction that may be driven by the endocannabinoid system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_ncs_me_sjc.pdf: 831974 bytes, checksum: 1bae89c56adf05f2b825227f6edf7e2c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A queilite actínica (QA) é uma lesão multifocal do vermelhão do lábio com potencial de malignização para carcinoma epidermóide (CE). O principal fator etiológico envolvido nestas doenças é a exposição excessiva ou em longo prazo à radiação ultravioleta (UV) do sol. Além dos danos diretos aos tecidos do lábio, a radiação UV induz mastócitos (MCs) a liberarem substâncias que participam do processo de imunossupressão permitindo o desenvolvimento neoplásico. Estas células também são associadas a um pior prognóstico e favorecimento a metástase de diversas neoplasias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a densidade de MCs a fim de melhorar o entendimento da patogenia da QA e o possível mecanismo de sua progressão para o CE. Estudou-se 66 casos de QA, com diferentes graus de atipia epitelial, 57 de CE e 28 casos de mucosa de lábio com lesão benigna não relacionada à exposição solar (grupo controle), diagnosticados clínica e histologicamente, no Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal da FOSJC-UNESP. A amostra foi corada histoquimicamente com hematoxilina-eosina e azul de toluidina e imunoistoquimicamente com anticorpo anti-triptase. Em todos os casos a contagem de MCs foi realizada em microscópio de luz, com aumento final de 400x, em três campos com área de 0,04 mm2 cada. A densidade de MCs no CE, QA e grupo controle foi de 36,91 ± 17,43; 22,17 ± 11,49; 8,86 ± 3,98 ( triptase) e 22,71 ± 11,48; 13,30 ± 6,08; 7,29 ± 3,22 ( azul de toluidina) cells/mm2 , respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal-wallis, Wilcoxon e Dunn, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na densidade de MCs entre os três grupos estudados (p=0,0001). Concluiu-se que os MCs participam das alterações que ocorrem na matriz extra-celular da QA, o que pode ser um indício do favorecimento à malignização da QA para CE. / Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a multifocal lesion of lip vermillion with malignant potential to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The main etiology involved in this disease is excessive or long exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) of sunlight. UV radiation damages lip tissues, furthermore it is able to activate mast cells (MCs) that participate of immunossupression process, contributing to tumour development. These cells are associated with a worst prognosis and contribute to tumour metastasis. The aim of this study was perform an assessment of MCs density which can improve the knowledge of AC pathogenesis and the possible mechanism of its progression to SCC. Sixty six cases of AC with different levels of epithelial atypia, fifty seven cases of SCC and twenty eight cases of lip mucosa with benign lesion non related to sunlight exposure (Control group) were studied in Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis of São Paulo State University/UNESP. Samples were stained by histochemistry with hematoxylin/eosin, toluidine blue and, by immunohistochemistry with antitryptase. Quantitative analysis was done in all cases by light microscopy (magnification x400), in three fields with 0,04 mm2 each one. Mast cell density in SCC, AC and control group was 36,91 ± 17,43; 22,17 ± 11,49; 8,86 ± 3,98 cells/mm2 (triptase) and 22,71 ± 11,48; 13,30 ± 6,08; 7,29 ± 3,22 cells/mm2 (toluidine blue), respectively. Data was analyzed by Kruskal-wallis, Wilcoxon and Dunn´s tests, p-values of < 0,05. There was statistically significant difference in mast cell density between the experimental and control groups (p=0,0001). This study concluded that mast cells contribute to changes in extracelular matrix in AC and may be used as indicators for disease progression in lip carcinogenesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sgarbi_fc_me_sjc.pdf: 1257619 bytes, checksum: e8d58cf54222cb30a853c958e6bbefd1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Queilite Actínica (QA) é uma lesão cancerizável, intimamente relacionada com a exposição solar crônica sobre os lábios que pode evoluir para o carcinoma espinocelular. Os achados histológicos de atipia no tecido epitelial são freqüentes, embora subjetivos. A lâmina própria subjacente apresenta uma alteração basofílica acelular e amorfa, conhecida como elastose solar e degeneração basofílica do colágeno. O melhor meio de prevenção é evitar a exposição constante aos raios solares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar histologicamente as fibras do sistema elástico e as fibras colágenas presentes na lâmina própria da QA e correlacionar esses achados com o grau de atipia epitelial. A atipia epitelial foi avaliada através da sua graduação, considerando ausência desta, atipia discreta, moderada e grave. O grau de atipia foi, então, correlacionado com a quantidade de fibras do sistema elástico e com a quantidade de fibras colágenas. Para esse estudo, foram investigados cinqüenta e um casos de QA. De cada caso foram confeccionadas três lâminas para avaliação histológica. Uma lâmina foi corada pela hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação da atipia; outra foi corada pela resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para avaliação das fibras do sistema elástico, e a terceira foi corada pelo tricromo de Mallory para a avaliação das fibras colágenas. Pelo teste de correlação de Pearson, verificou-se que a correlação foi fraca e estatisticamente insignificante para todos os graus de atipia (p> 0,05), porém pelo teste de regressão lógica ordinal, notou-se que houve relação significativa entre a presença de atipia e a quantidade de fibras colágenas(p <0,05). Foi concluído que não houve relação entre a quantidade de fibras do sistema elástico e a quantidade de fibras colágenas. / Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a premalignant condition intimately related to chronic exposure of the lips to sun rays, which may progress to spinocellular carcinoma Histological findings of epithelial atypia are frequent but subjective. The underlying lamina propria is characterized by acellular and amorphous basophilic abnormalities, known as solar elastosis, and basophilic collagen degeneration. The best preventive measure is to avoid constant exposure to sun rays. The objective of this study was to histologically correlate the presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the lamina propria of AC. In addition, the presence of epithelial atypia was evaluated and classified as absent, discrete, moderate and severe. The degree of atypia was then correlated with the quantity of elastic and collagen fibers. Fifty-one cases of AC were investigated. For each case, three slides were prepared for histological analysis. One slide was stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the evaluation of atypia, the second was stained with Weigert's resorcin- fuchsin for the assessment of elastic fibers, and the third was stained with Mallory's trichrome for the analysis of collagen fibers. Pearson's correlation test showed a weak and nonsignificant correlation for all degrees of atypica (p > 0.05). However, ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the presence of atypia and collagen fibers (p < 0.05). It was concluded that there is not correlate with the presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the lamina propria. The quantity of elastic fibers (degraded and intact) is not related to the degree of atypia and there seems to be a reduction in the quantity of collagen fibers in cases of mild, moderate and severe atypia.

Orientador: Ana Sueli Rodrigues Cavalcante / Banca: Ana Lia Albinder / Banca: Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho / Resumo: A Queilite Actínica (QA) é uma lesão cancerizável, intimamente relacionada com a exposição solar crônica sobre os lábios que pode evoluir para o carcinoma espinocelular. Os achados histológicos de atipia no tecido epitelial são freqüentes, embora subjetivos. A lâmina própria subjacente apresenta uma alteração basofílica acelular e amorfa, conhecida como elastose solar e degeneração basofílica do colágeno. O melhor meio de prevenção é evitar a exposição constante aos raios solares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar histologicamente as fibras do sistema elástico e as fibras colágenas presentes na lâmina própria da QA e correlacionar esses achados com o grau de atipia epitelial. A atipia epitelial foi avaliada através da sua graduação, considerando ausência desta, atipia discreta, moderada e grave. O grau de atipia foi, então, correlacionado com a quantidade de fibras do sistema elástico e com a quantidade de fibras colágenas. Para esse estudo, foram investigados cinqüenta e um casos de QA. De cada caso foram confeccionadas três lâminas para avaliação histológica. Uma lâmina foi corada pela hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação da atipia; outra foi corada pela resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para avaliação das fibras do sistema elástico, e a terceira foi corada pelo tricromo de Mallory para a avaliação das fibras colágenas. Pelo teste de correlação de Pearson, verificou-se que a correlação foi fraca e estatisticamente insignificante para todos os graus de atipia (p> 0,05), porém pelo teste de regressão lógica ordinal, notou-se que houve relação significativa entre a presença de atipia e a quantidade de fibras colágenas(p <0,05). Foi concluído que não houve relação entre a quantidade de fibras do sistema elástico e a quantidade de fibras colágenas. / Abstract: Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a premalignant condition intimately related to chronic exposure of the lips to sun rays, which may progress to spinocellular carcinoma Histological findings of epithelial atypia are frequent but subjective. The underlying lamina propria is characterized by acellular and amorphous basophilic abnormalities, known as solar elastosis, and basophilic collagen degeneration. The best preventive measure is to avoid constant exposure to sun rays. The objective of this study was to histologically correlate the presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the lamina propria of AC. In addition, the presence of epithelial atypia was evaluated and classified as absent, discrete, moderate and severe. The degree of atypia was then correlated with the quantity of elastic and collagen fibers. Fifty-one cases of AC were investigated. For each case, three slides were prepared for histological analysis. One slide was stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the evaluation of atypia, the second was stained with Weigert's resorcin- fuchsin for the assessment of elastic fibers, and the third was stained with Mallory's trichrome for the analysis of collagen fibers. Pearson's correlation test showed a weak and nonsignificant correlation for all degrees of atypica (p > 0.05). However, ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the presence of atypia and collagen fibers (p < 0.05). It was concluded that there is not correlate with the presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the lamina propria. The quantity of elastic fibers (degraded and intact) is not related to the degree of atypia and there seems to be a reduction in the quantity of collagen fibers in cases of mild, moderate and severe atypia. / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-07T14:54:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO PÓS BANCA 031115 FINAL COMPLETA COM FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA CORRETA - Copia.pdf: 2111000 bytes, checksum: 7efccf046594167c68ca9ac114311114 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T14:54:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO PÓS BANCA 031115 FINAL COMPLETA COM FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA CORRETA - Copia.pdf: 2111000 bytes, checksum: 7efccf046594167c68ca9ac114311114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / A deficiência de vitamina D pode estar relacionada a distúrbios do sistema imunológico. A avaliação dessa deficiência em crianças com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) residentes em locais ensolarados ainda é escassa, e restrita à forma IgE mediada. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar se lactentes com APLV possuem menores níveis de vitamina D, quando comparados aos lactentes saudáveis. A amostra foi composta por lactentes atendidos nos ambulatórios de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Alergologia Pediátrica e Puericultura, do Hospital das Clínicas- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, situado em região ensolarada do Brasil. Foram avaliados os níveis de vitamina D de 59 lactentes com APLV e de 61 saudáveis. Foram obtidas informações dos lactentes e dos pais, quanto às características socioeconômicas e biológicas, assim como da prática do aleitamento materno, da exposição solar e do uso de suplementos. As variáveis foram expressas em frequência, média e desvio-padrão, mediana e quartis. Foram utilizados o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov para testar a normalidade das variáveis contínuas, e o Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher, para as diferenças de frequência e associação entre as variáveis categóricas. O nível de significância empregado nos testes foi de 5%. Verificou-se que crianças com APLV apresentaram menor média do nível da vitamina D (30,93ng/ml vs 35,29ng/ml) (p=0,041) e maior frequência de níveis deficientes (20,3% vs 8,2%) (p=0,049). Foi observada uma maior frequência de níveis inadequados de vitamina D (p=0,002) nas crianças com APLV que estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo/predominante. Independentemente do período de exposição solar, a frequência de um status inadequado de vitamina D foi semelhante entre os grupos (p=0,972). Conclui-se que menores níveis de vitamina D foram observados em lactentes com APLV residentes de uma região ensolarada, especialmente naquelas em aleitamento materno exclusivo/predominante, configurando este como um possível grupo de risco para essa deficiência. Pode-se supor que a identificação e correção dos níveis de vitamina D entre as crianças com APLV poderiam auxiliar na regulação imunológica futura destes indivíduos. No grupo estudado, a suplementação vitamínica, prática que poderia reduzir a ocorrência de deficiências, não foi realizada. / Vitamin D deficiency may be related to immune system disorders. There are very few assessments of this deficiency in children allergic to cow milk protein (ACMP) living in sunny places, and they restricted to the IgE-mediated type. This study verified whether nurslings with ACMP have lower levels of vitamin D than healthy nurslings. The sample consisted of nurslings attending the Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Allergology, and Childcare outpatient clinic of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco, located in a sunny region in Brazil. The vitamin D levels of 59 nurslings with ACPM and 61 healthy nurslings were measured. The parents’ and nurslings’ socioeconomic, biological, breastfeeding, sunlight exposure, and vitamin supplement use data were collected. The variables were expressed as frequency, mean and standard deviation, median, and quartiles. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test determined whether the continuous variables had normal distribution. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test compared the frequencies and associations of the categorical variables. All tests used a significance level of 5%. Children with ACPM had lower mean vitamin D level (30.93ng/ml vs 35.29ng/ml) (p=0.041) and higher frequency of deficiency (20.3% vs 8.2%) (p=0.049). Children with ACPM who received exclusive or predominant breastfeeding had a higher frequency of inadequate vitamin D level (p=0.002). The two groups had similar frequencies of inadequate vitamin D status, regardless of duration of sunlight exposure (p=0.972). In conclusion, low levels of vitamin D were found in nurslings with ACPM living in a sunny region, especially in those receiving exclusive or predominant breastfeeding, making these children a possible risk group for this deficiency. Determining and correcting the vitamin D levels of children with ACPM may help to regulate the future immune function of these individuals. The study group did not use vitamin supplements, a practice that could reduce the occurrence of deficiencies.

In this paper a prototype spectrum-splitting photovoltaic system based on volume holographic lenses (VHL) is designed, fabricated and tested. In spectrum-splitting systems, incident sunlight is divided in spectral bands for optimal conversion by a set of single-junction PV cells that are laterally separated. The VHL spectrum-splitting system in this paper has a form factor similar to conventional silicon PV modules but with higher efficiencies (>30%). Unlike many other spectrum-splitting systems that have been proposed in the past, the system in this work converts both direct and diffuse sunlight while using inexpensive 1-axis tracking systems. The VHL system uses holographic lenses that focus light at a transition wavelength to the boundary between two PV cells. Longer wavelength light is dispersed to the narrow bandgap cell and shorter wavelength light to the wide bandgap cell. A prototype system is designed with silicon and GaAs PV cells. The holographic lenses are fabricated in Covestro Bayfol HX photopolymer by 'stitching' together lens segments through sequential masked exposures. The PV cells and holographic lenses were characterized and the data was used in a raytrace simulation and predicts an improvement in total power output of 15.2% compared to a non-spectrum-splitting reference. A laboratory measurement yielded an improvement in power output of 8.5%.