Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O manejo avícola é uma atividade criteriosa a ser realizada em galpões de criação de frangos de corte. Nele estão inseridas tarefas como manutenção da higiene, sanidade e, principalmente, controle de ambiência. A temperatura e a umidade são os principais parâmetros para que se atinja o equilíbrio térmico. No entanto, grande parte dos sistemas de controle de ambiência para aviários disponíveis no mercado não apresentam a eficiência desejável, caracterizada pela manutenção da temperatura e da umidade e máxima homogeneização possível destas variáveis ao longo do ambiente. Ao contrário disso, o que se observa é que, mesmo na presença de sistemas semiautomáticos de controle, as principais decisões de manejo ainda dependem da percepção do especialista (avicultor) para observar o processo e configurar os parâmetros do controlador. Além de ser ineficiente, esta atividade também é incômoda e propensa a erros. Esta dissertação propõe um framework para o controle, a supervisão e a tomada de decisões em processos avícolas. Inicialmente, é sistematizada a coleta de um conjunto de eventos relacionados à temperatura e umidade, de maneira a prover mais detalhes sobre as condições climáticas internas do aviário. A partir disso, são apresentadas as etapas de modelagem e de síntese de controle com base na Teoria de Controle Supervisório (TCS), em suas versões monolítica e modular local, as quais são comparadas e fundamentam a implementação física, em microcontrolador. As vantagens da abordagem escolhida em relação à homogeneização da temperatura e da umidade em aviários são ilustradas via simulação e comparadas a um cenário tradicional de manejo. Resultados finais ainda fornecem uma opção de supervisão remota do processo utilizando uma ferramenta SCADA. / Poultry management is a judicious activity to be carried out in poultry farms. In it are inserted tasks like maintenance of hygiene, sanity and, mainly, ambience control. Tem- perature and humidity are the main parameters for achieving thermal equilibrium. However, most ambience control systems for aviaries available on the market don’t have the desirable efficiency, characterized by the maintenance of temperature and humidity and maximum possible homogenization of these variables throughout the environment. Instead, what is observed is that, even in the presence of semiautomatic control systems, the main management decisions still depend on the expert’s perception (aviculturist) to observe the process and configure the parameters of the controller. In addition to being inefficient, this activity is also cumbersome and prone to errors. This dissertation proposes a framework for control, supervision and decision making in poultry process. Initially, it is systematized the collection of a set of events related to temperature and humidity, in order to provide more details about the internal climatic conditions of the aviary. From this, the modeling and control synthesis steps are presented based on the Supervisory Control Theory (TCS), in its monolithic and modular versions, which are compared, and give support the physical implementation in microcontroller. The advantages of the approach chosen in relation to the homo- genization of temperature and humidity in aviaries are illustrated by simulation and compared to a traditional management scenario. Final results still provide a remote process supervision option using a SCADA tool.

A Research Project Abstract submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science in Engineering [Electrical]: Telecommunications at the University Of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 07 June 2016 / Utilities use Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems as their industrial control system. The architecture of these systems in the past was based on them being isolated from other networks. Now with recent ever changing requirements of capabilities from these systems there is a need to converge with information technology systems and with the need to have these industrial networks communicating on packet switched networks there are cyber security concerns that come up. This research project looks at the whether using encryption in an IP/MPLS core network for SCADA in an OT IT environment has an effect on the performance requirements. This was done through an experimental simulation with the results recorded. The research project also looks at the key literature study considerations. The key research question for the research project of this MSc 50/50 mini-thesis is “whether using encryption in SCADA systems, the services performance requirements are still met in OT/ IT environment over an MPLS core network”? The research project seeks to determine if SCADA performance requirements are met over an encrypted MPLS/IP core network in an OT/IT environment. The key focus area of the research project is only encryption in the whole cyber security value chain versus SCADA services performances. This means that the research project only focused on the encryption portion of the whole cyber security value chain and the scope did not focus on other aspects of the value chain. This suffices for an MSc 50/50 mini-thesis research project as a focus on the whole value chain would require a full MSc thesis. Thus the primary objective for the research project is to research and demonstrate that encryption is essential for secure SCADA communication over a MPLS/IP core network. As aforementioned encryption forms an essential part of the Cyber Security value chain which has to achieve the following objectives. Confidentiality: ensuring that the information source is really from that source. Integrity: ensuring that the information has not been altered in any way. Availability: ensuring that system is not comprised but that it is available. These objectives of encryption should be met with SCADA service performance requirements not violated which is the objective of the research project. / M T 2016

A produção de frangos de corte vem assumindo papel de grande importância socioeconômica para o Brasil. Para o sucesso no desenvolvimento das aves, é fundamental um controle adequado de temperatura e umidade no interior do aviário, uma vez que o conforto térmico define a relação entre o consumo de ração e a produção de carne. Os métodos atuais de controle, comumente utilizados nos aviários brasileiros, não apresentam a eficiência desejável. Apesar de existirem dispositivos semiautomáticos, esses são dependentes da percepção e da intervenção do especialista humano, o que tende a ser ineficiente e propenso a erros. Esta pesquisa propõe uma abordagem integrada de controle, supervisão e suporte à tomada de decisões para aplicação no manejo avícola. Serão analisadas duas abordagens de controle apresentadas na literatura e então será proposta uma abordagem híbrida de integração. A primeira apresenta um controlador baseado na Teoria de Controle Supervisório (TCS), capaz de observar o conjunto de eventos da planta e orquestrar os atuadores de maneira minimamente restritiva, controlável, não bloqueante e de acordo com um conjunto de especificações. A segunda trata de um modelo de aprendizagem de máquina que, através de uma Rede Neuronal Artificial (RNA), fornece planos de ação para o manejo avícola, priorizando o bem-estar das aves e a produtividade. As duas abordagens serão examinadas e em seguida integradas, fornecendo ao operador três opções de gerenciamento do processo: controle puramente lógico (TCS); controle através da estratégia de inteligência artificial (RNA); e o controle lógico integrado aos planos de ação fornecidos pelo sistema especialista. Vencida a etapa de integração, é simulada uma situação real de manejo, e obtidas as respostas para as três opções de controle. Finalmente é apresentada uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos por meio de cada abordagem. / The production of broilers has assumed a role of great socioeconomic importance for Brazil. For the success in the development of the poultry, an adequate control of temperature and humidity inside the aviary is essential, since the thermal comfort defines the relation between the feed consumption and the meat production. Current control methods, commonly used in Brazilian aviaries, do not have the desired efficiency. Although there are semiautomatic devices, they are dependent on the perception and intervention of the human expert, which tends to be inefficient and prone to errors. This research proposes an integrated approach to control, supervision and support to decision making for application in poultry management. Two control approaches presented in the literature will be analyzed and a hybrid integration approach will be proposed. The first one deals with a controller based on Supervisory Control Theory (TCS), able to observe the set of events of the plant and orchestrate the actuators in a minimally restrictive, controllable, non-blocking manner and according to a set of specifications. The second concerns a machine learning model that, through an artificial neural network (RNA), provides action plans for poultry management, prioritizing poultry welfare and productivity. The two approaches will be refined and then integrated, which will provide the operator with three process management options: purely logical control (TCS); control through artificial intelligence (RNA) strategy; and the logical control integrated to the action plans provided by the expert system. Once the integration stage is over, real management situations is= simulated, and responses are obtained for the three control options. Finally, a comparative analysis is presented between the results obtained through each approach.

CAPES / A geração de energia a partir de fontes alternativas é na atualidade tema de inúmeras pesquisas e desenvolvimento no meio científico e industrial. A energia eólica destaca-se nesse cenário como uma das mais proeminentes alternativas na geração de energia elétrica, por suas inúmeras vantagens. Em trabalhos de pesquisa, a reprodução computacional e em bancada do comportamento de uma turbina eólica, incluindo simulação de grandezas mecânicas e elétricas, que afetam diretamente a conversão de energia, são ferramentas muito apropriadas para o desenvolvimento e estudo de novas tecnologias quanto ao aproveitamento do potencial eólico de uma determinada região. Este trabalho aborda estudos referentes ao processo de conversão de energia em sistemas eólicos para geração de energia elétrica, com a finalidade de se desenvolver uma ferramenta para emulação de turbina eólica em bancada experimental, utilizando software LabVIEW®. O objetivo desta ferramenta é emular o torque mecânico desenvolvido no eixo de uma turbina eólica operando em geração distribuída, a partir de uma bancada experimental constituída por motor de indução trifásico e gerador síncrono a imã permanente, sob diferentes condições de velocidade de vento. Tal ferramenta possui o objetivo de ser flexível para demais arranjos laboratoriais, ou seja, capaz de ser empregada em outras estruturas de emulação de geração eólica em tempo real. Uma modelagem do sistema eólico é apresentada, desde a turbina ao gerador elétrico, após uma ferramenta de simulação em ambiente Matlab/Simulink® é desenvolvida com finalidade de pré-validar o experimento em bancada, então é realizada a implementação de projeto em bancada. / Power generation from alternative sources is at present the subject of numerous research and development in science and industry. Wind energy stands out in this scenario as one of the most prominent alternative in the generation of electricity, by its numerous advantages. In research works, computer reproduction and experimental behavior of a wind turbine are very suitable tools for the development and study of new technologies and the use of wind potential of a given region. These tools generally are desired to include simulation of mechanical and electrical parameters that directly affect the energy conversion. This work presents the energy conversion process in wind systems for power generation, in order to develop a tool for wind turbine emulation testing experimental, using LabVIEW® software. The purpose of this tool is to emulate the torque developed in an axis wind turbine. The physical setup consists of a three phase induction motor and a permanent magnet synchronous generator, which are evaluated under different wind speed conditions. This tool has the objective to be flexible to other laboratory arrangements, and can be used in other wind power generation structures in real time. A modeling of the wind power system is presented, from the turbine to the electrical generator. A simulation tool is developed using Matlab/Simulink® with the purpose to pre-validate the experiment setup. Finally, the design is implemented in a laboratory setup.

CAPES / A geração de energia a partir de fontes alternativas é na atualidade tema de inúmeras pesquisas e desenvolvimento no meio científico e industrial. A energia eólica destaca-se nesse cenário como uma das mais proeminentes alternativas na geração de energia elétrica, por suas inúmeras vantagens. Em trabalhos de pesquisa, a reprodução computacional e em bancada do comportamento de uma turbina eólica, incluindo simulação de grandezas mecânicas e elétricas, que afetam diretamente a conversão de energia, são ferramentas muito apropriadas para o desenvolvimento e estudo de novas tecnologias quanto ao aproveitamento do potencial eólico de uma determinada região. Este trabalho aborda estudos referentes ao processo de conversão de energia em sistemas eólicos para geração de energia elétrica, com a finalidade de se desenvolver uma ferramenta para emulação de turbina eólica em bancada experimental, utilizando software LabVIEW®. O objetivo desta ferramenta é emular o torque mecânico desenvolvido no eixo de uma turbina eólica operando em geração distribuída, a partir de uma bancada experimental constituída por motor de indução trifásico e gerador síncrono a imã permanente, sob diferentes condições de velocidade de vento. Tal ferramenta possui o objetivo de ser flexível para demais arranjos laboratoriais, ou seja, capaz de ser empregada em outras estruturas de emulação de geração eólica em tempo real. Uma modelagem do sistema eólico é apresentada, desde a turbina ao gerador elétrico, após uma ferramenta de simulação em ambiente Matlab/Simulink® é desenvolvida com finalidade de pré-validar o experimento em bancada, então é realizada a implementação de projeto em bancada. / Power generation from alternative sources is at present the subject of numerous research and development in science and industry. Wind energy stands out in this scenario as one of the most prominent alternative in the generation of electricity, by its numerous advantages. In research works, computer reproduction and experimental behavior of a wind turbine are very suitable tools for the development and study of new technologies and the use of wind potential of a given region. These tools generally are desired to include simulation of mechanical and electrical parameters that directly affect the energy conversion. This work presents the energy conversion process in wind systems for power generation, in order to develop a tool for wind turbine emulation testing experimental, using LabVIEW® software. The purpose of this tool is to emulate the torque developed in an axis wind turbine. The physical setup consists of a three phase induction motor and a permanent magnet synchronous generator, which are evaluated under different wind speed conditions. This tool has the objective to be flexible to other laboratory arrangements, and can be used in other wind power generation structures in real time. A modeling of the wind power system is presented, from the turbine to the electrical generator. A simulation tool is developed using Matlab/Simulink® with the purpose to pre-validate the experiment setup. Finally, the design is implemented in a laboratory setup.

The automation of industrial processes has been one of the greatest innovations in the industrial sector. It allows faster and accurate operations of production processes while producing more outputs than old manual production techniques. In the beverage industry, this innovation was also well embraced, especially to improve its bottling processes. However it has been proven that a continuous optimization of automation techniques using advanced and current trend of automation is the only way industrial companies will survive in a very competitive market. This becomes more challenging for small to medium scale enterprises (SMEs) which are not always keen in adopting new technologies by fear of overspending their little revenues. By doing so, SMEs are exposing themselves to limited growth and vulnerable lifecycle in this fast growing automation world. The main contribution of this study was to develop practical and affordable applications that will optimize the bottling process of a SME beverage plant by combining its existing production resources to basic principles of the current trend of automation, Industry 4.0 (I40). This research enabled the small beverage industry to achieve higher production rate, better delivery time and easy access of plant information through production forecast using linear regression, predictive maintenance using speed vibration sensor and decentralization of production monitoring via cloud applications. The existing plant Siemens S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) and ZENON supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system were used to program the optimized process with very few additional resources. This study also opened doors for automation in SMEs, in general, to use I40 in their production processes with available means and limited cost. / School of Computing / M.Tech (Engineering, Electrical)

A discrete event system is a system whose state space is given by a discrete set and whose state transition mechanism is event-driven i.e. its state evolution depends only on the occurrence of discrete events over the time. These systems are used in many fields of application (telecommunication networks, aeronautics, aerospace,). The validity of these systems is then an important issue and to ensure it we can use supervisory control methods. These methods consist in imposing a given specification on a system by means of a controller which runs in parallel with the original system and which restricts its behavior. In this thesis, we develop supervisory control methods where the system can have an infinite state space and the controller has a partial observation of the system (this implies that the controller must define its control policy from an imperfect knowledge of the system). Unfortunately, this problem is generally undecidable. To overcome this negative result, we use abstract interpretation techniques which ensure the termination of our algorithms by overapproximating, however, some computations. The aim of this thesis is to provide the most complete contribution it is possible to bring to this topic. Hence, we consider more and more realistic problems. More precisely, we start our work by considering a centralized framework (i.e. the system is controlled by a single controller) and by synthesizing memoryless controllers (i.e. controllers that define their control policy from the current observation received from the system). Next, to obtain better solutions, we consider the synthesis of controllers that record a part or the whole of the execution of the system and use this information to define the control policy. Unfortunately, these methods cannot be used to control an interesting class of systems: the distributed systems. We have then defined methods that allow to control distributed systems with synchronous communications (decentralized and modular methods) and with asynchronous communications (distributed method). Moreover, we have implemented some of our algorithms to experimentally evaluate the quality of the synthesized controllers. / <p><p>Un système à événements discrets est un système dont l'espace d'états est un ensemble discret et dont l'évolution de l'état courant dépend de l'occurrence d'événements discrets à travers le temps. Ces systèmes sont présents dans de nombreux domaines critiques tels les réseaux de communications, l'aéronautique, l'aérospatiale. La validité de ces systèmes est dès lors une question importante et une manière de l'assurer est d'utiliser des méthodes de contrôle supervisé. Ces méthodes associent au système un dispositif, appelé contrôleur, qui s'exécute en parrallèle et qui restreint le comportement du système de manière à empêcher qu'un comportement erroné ne se produise. Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse au développement de méthodes de contrôle supervisé où le système peut avoir un espace d'états infini et où les contrôleurs ne sont pas toujours capables d'observer parfaitement le système; ce qui implique qu'ils doivent définir leur politique de contrôle à partir d'une connaissance imparfaite du système. Malheureusement, ce problème est généralement indécidable. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, nous utilisons alors des techniques d'interprétation abstraite qui assurent la terminaison de nos algorithmes au prix de certaines sur-approximations dans les calculs. Le but de notre thèse est de fournir la contribution la plus complète possible dans ce domaine et nous considèrons pour cela des problèmes de plus en plus réalistes. Plus précisement, nous avons commencé notre travail en définissant une méthode centralisée où le système est contrôlé par un seul contrôleur qui définit sa politique de contrôle à partir de la dernière information reçue du système. Ensuite, pour obtenir de meilleures solutions, nous avons défini des contrôleurs qui retiennent une partie ou la totalité de l'exécution du système et qui définissent leur politique de contrôle à partir de cette information. Malheureusement, ces méthodes ne peuvent pas être utilisées pour contrôler une classe intéressante de systèmes: les sytèmes distribués. Nous avons alors défini des méthodes permettant de contrôler des systèmes distribués dont les communications sont synchrones (méthodes décentralisées et modulaires) et asynchrones (méthodes distribuées). De plus, nous avons implémenté certains de nos algorithmes pour évaluer expérimentalement la qualité des contrôleurs qu'ils synthétisent. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A thesis which models the DNP3 and IEC 61850 protocol in OPNET / Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a critical part of monitoring and controlling of the electrical substation. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the performance of the Distributed Network Protocol Version 3.3 (DNP3) protocol and to compare its performance to that of International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) 61850 protocol in an electrical substation communication network environment. Building an electrical substation control room and installing the network equipment was going to be expensive and take a lot of time. The better option was to build a model of the electrical substation communication network and run simulations. Riverbend modeller academic edition known as Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) was chosen as a software package to model substation communication network, DNP3 protocol and IEC 61850 Protocol stack. Modelling the IEC 61850 protocol stack on OPNET involved building the used Open System Interconnection (OSI) layers of the IEC 61850 protocol stack onto the application definitions of OPNET. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) configuration settings of DNP3 protocol were also modelled on the OPNET application definitions. The aim is to compare the two protocols and determine which protocol is the best performing one in terms of throughput, data delay and latency. The substation communication model consists of 10 ethernet nodes which simulate protection Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), 13 ethernet switches, a server which simulates the substation Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) and the DNP3 Protocol over TCP/IP simulated on the model. DNP3 is a protocol that can be used in a power utility computer network to provide communication service for the grid components. DNP3 protocol is currently used at Eskom as the communication protocol because it is widely used by equipment vendors in the energy sector. DNP3 protocol will be modelled before being compared to the new recent robust protocol IEC 61850 in the same model and determine which protocol is the best for Eskom on the network of the power grid. The network load and packet delay parameters were sampled when 10%, 50%, 90% and 100% of devices are online. The IEC 61850 protocol model has three scenarios and they are normal operation of a Substation, maintenance in a Substation and Buszone operation at a Substation. In these scenarios packet end to end delay of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), vi © University of South Africa 2020 Generic Substation Status Event (GSSE), Sampled Values (SV) and Manufacturing Messaging Specification (MMS) messages are monitored. The throughput from the IED under maintenance and the throughput at the Substation RTU end is monitored in the model. Analysis of the results of the DNP3 protocol simulation showed that with an increase in number of nodes there was an increase in packet delay as well as the network load. The load on the network should be taken into consideration when designing a substation communication network that requires a quick response such as a smart gird. GOOSE, GSSE, SV results on the IEC 61850 model met all the requirements of the IEC 61850 standard and the MMS did not meet all the requirements of the IEC standard. The design of the substation communication network using IEC 61850 will assist when trying to predict the behavior of the network with regards to this specific protocol during maintenance and when there are faults in the communication network or IED’s. After the simulation of the DNP3 protocol and the IEC 61850 the throughput of DNP3 protocol was determined to be in the range (20 – 450) kbps and the throughput of IEC61850 protocol was determined to be in the range (1.6 – 16) Mbps. / College of Engineering, Science and Technology / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)