La ''caution dirigeante'' est une formule consacrée par la doctrine pour désigner le cautionnement donné par un dirigeant en garantie des dettes de sa société. L'emploi de ce syntagme n'est pas inutile dans la mesure où la caution dirigeante a toujours eu un statut intermédiaire : elle ne peut pas être appréhendée comme un simple consommateur puisqu'elle contracte pour les besoins de son activité professionnelle, elle ne peut pas davantage être considérée comme un professionnel contractant dans son domaine de compétences. Traditionnellement, la jurisprudence considérait pourtant les cautions dirigeantes comme des cautions averties, elles en incarnaient précisément l'archétype. Dès la fin des années 1970, des réformes législatives compliquèrent régulièrement cette conception prétorienne de la caution dirigeante. La loi pour l'initiative économique du 1er août 2003 annonça l'avènement d'une ère nouvelle pour les cautions dirigeantes, faisant d'elles des quidam du droit du cautionnement. Les interventions législatives ultérieures forcent même à constater que les dirigeants sont paradoxalement mieux protégés que les cautions non-dirigeantes, fragilisant ainsi la fonction de ce cautionnement qui est d'assurer le crédit aux entreprises. / "Director's Guarantee" is an expression reserved by doctrine to refer to the surety given by a director to secure the debts of his company. The employment of this phrase is useful insofar as the director's guarantee has always had an intermediary status : he cannot be considered to be either as simple consumer because he's contracted for the purposes of the director's professional activity, nor as a professional contracting in his or her field. Traditionally, case law has considered director's guarantees as informed sureties. In fact, they embody the archetype. Since the 1970's, legislative reforms have regularly complicated this court-made definition of the director's guarantee. The French Economic Initiative Act of 1 August 2003 launched a new era for director's guarantees, making them ordinary individuals of surety law. Later legislative actions even had to note that director's guarantees are paradoxically better protected than non-director's guarantees, thereby weakening the function of this surety that is to provide business credit.

The Kuwaiti government obliged firms to cover part of employee's risks through legislation in 1965 and 1977. Employers should cover risks as death or job injury due to or during work. This had affected the group life insurance (GLI) market. The thesis examines the economics of this market. Problem of choosing the right life table with respect to Kuwaiti mortality rates is tested. The efficiency of using English life tables to estimate mortality rates in Kuwait GLI market is examined. The effects of GLI underwriters on the market are investigated. The Social Security Services (SSS) are offered for Kuwaitis only, Non-Kuwaitis face more economical insecurity than Kuwaitis do. Therefore, the demand for employees' group investment plan to cover future security facing Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti workers, in particular, is also considered. The thesis suggests several methods to solve the problems facing the Kuwait GLI market. Kuwaiti Mortality rates are estimated using data from both the Social Security Association (SSA) and a sample of term group life insurees to be compared with English and American life tables. Methods of avoiding lack of information, adverse selection, and moral hazard in Kuwait GLI market are proposed. Finally, the advantages of introducing group investment plan are examined, and it was shown that these could alleviate SSS problems. Use of group investment plan should reduce the cost of the SSS for Kuwaitis, secure part of Non-Kuwaitis risks, and assist insurers to avoid or reduce their economic problems.

This thesis proposes a new idea about the so-called “resilience of laws”, which was designed to protect the effectiveness of laws within civil law or common law jurisdictions against any change, i.e. social, legal, political, or economic, amongst others. Laws may initially be effective but become ineffective afterwards, and one possible cause may be such changes. Thus, the author states that any of the aforementioned changes may shock a non-resistant legal regime, turning it into an ineffective legal regime to the detriment of society. As a result, the thesis imposes new expectations of legislators and judges whereby they are expected, not only to provide society with effective laws, but with resilient laws. Resilience of laws, within the context of this research, comprises two features: i) static resilience, i.e. the ability of the law to resist the shock caused by a previous change; and ii) dynamic resilience, i.e. the capacity to recover the effectiveness of the law once it has been shocked, and the capacity to prevent a future scenario of ineffectiveness. To achieve the resilience of laws, the author explains how legislators and judges have to take into consideration previous challenging changes and shocks in order to later recover successfully the level of effectiveness, and to prevent ineffectiveness as a result of a similar future shock; this is aimed at having resistant laws, if possible. The thesis places emphasis on the evaluation of the level of static and dynamic resilience of the Colombian laws of performance bonds as an illustration of the notion of resilience of laws, based on the politico-economic changes that were implemented in that country in 1990 and 2002.

Bibliography / Thesis (MPhil (Military Science. Security Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Navy (SAN) was created after the First World War as an indigenous naval capability for South Africa was deemed necessary. Its roles and responsibilities through the years have depended on both the requirements of the state, and the political realities of the time. Possible future roles in peace support would therefore depend on political requirements as well as the capabilities and composition of the SAN. To date, the SAN has only contributed to peace support by way of the patrols carried out by the SAN Operations Boat Squadron on Lake Tanganyika, and assistance from the Maritime Reaction Squadron in VIP protection duties in Burundi. The seemingly minor nature of this contribution is disconcerting, because the contributions of the SANDF in present (ongoing) peace support are very highly rated by the South African Government. To enhance its visibility, the SAN should preferably play a more visible role in peace support in Africa, and generally in assisting in the maintenance of good order at sea around the African coastline. The potential contributions to or during peace support activities should therefore not only be seen as the direct support which the SAN can give to land forces carrying out peace support in a specific country, but also the support the SAN can give to maintaining good order in the corresponding, and other African, maritime zones. Potential contributions and roles of the SAN in particular therefore need to be interrogated more comprehensively to foster a deeper understanding of this unexplored field of study within the peace support environment, and that of Africa in particular. To determine the possible contributions and roles of the SAN, the traditional roles and the doctrines of navies (specifically those involved in peace support operations) were investigated. It was found that the roles emanating from the traditional roles for navies were assimilated into navies. doctrines, roles and tasks. Possible roles and missions for the SAN are reflected in the SAN Maritime Doctrine. Regional expectations have added more roles and missions like the sharing of training, assets, expertise, information, the requirement of maintaining maritime security and the maintenance of good order at sea. The assets available in the SAN (and the future assets) seem to be adequate to carry out possible peace support activities. However, the potential roles and contributions of the SAN to peace support will be limited by the scope of future budgets and the shortages of skills, equipment and capacity. The foreseen budgets available will not allow participation in activities beyond those being undertaken at present. Unless more funding is received, the potential roles and contributions of the SAN towards peace support activities in Africa will probably not extend beyond some lake patrols and VIP protection. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid Afrikaanse Vloot (SAV) het na die Eerste Wêreld Oorlog tot stand gekom omrede so 'n inheemse vloot as broodnodig vir Suid Afrika beskou was. Die SAV se rol en verantwoordelikhede was deur die geskiedenis gerig deur die behoeftes van die regering van die dag en van die politieke oorwegings van die oomblik. Toekomstige verantwoordelikhede vir vredesteun sal insgelyks afhang van politieke oorwegings, sowel as die aard van, en bates beskikbaar vir, die SAV. Tot dusver was die SAV bydrae aan vredesteun beperk tot patrollies deur die SAV Operasionele Booteskader op die Tanganjika meer in Burundi, en bystand deur die Maritieme Reaksie Eskader met BBP werk in Burundi. Hierdie geringe bydraes is onstellend omrede vredesteun pogings belangrik geag word deur die Suid Afrikaanse regering. Die SAV sal dus 'n groter rol in vredesteun in Afrika moet speel, en veral in die instandhouding van goeie orde op see, ten einde beter sigbaarheid te bewerkstellig. Die potensiële SAV bydraes aan vredesteun aktiwiteite moet dus nie slegs gesien word in die direkte SAV steun aan landmagte betrokke by vredesteun in een of ander land nie, maar ook in die bydrae tot die instandhouding van goeie orde in die ooreenkomstige maritieme omgewings in Afrika. Potensiële SAV bydraes moet daarom in diepte ontleed word ten einde 'n beter insig te vekry in die maritieme streke (veral in Afrika) waar tot dusver maar min navorsing gedoen is. Om hierdie potensiële bydraes te bepaal, is die tradisionele rol en doktrines van vlote (veral die wat betrokke is by vredesteun) ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat die huidige doktrines, rol en take van vlote voortgevloei het uit die tradisionele rol van vlote. Moontlike rolle en bydraes van die SAV is reeds beskikbaar in die SAV Maritieme Doktrine (2006). Verdere moontlike bydraes spruit voort uit die verwagtinge van die verskillende streke in Afrika soos die deelname in Suid Afrikaanse opleiding, kundigheid en informasie, en die behoefte aan instandhouding van maritieme veiligheid en goeie orde op see. Die huidige en toekomstige bates van die SAV (insluitende skepe, eenhede en personeel) blyk voldoende te wees om by te dra tot moontlike vredesteun aktiwitiete. Die moontlike bydraes sal egter beperk word deur ontoereikende toekomstige begrotings en tekortkominge met betrekking tot kundigheid, toerusting en kapasiteit. Trouens, die huidige en toekomstige begrotings is ontoereikend vir verdere vredesteun bydraes buiten dit wat tot dusver gelewer word. Sonder 'n toename in die begroting sal die vredesteun pogings van die SAV beperk bly tot patrollies deur die SAV Operasionele Booteskader op die Tanganjika Meer, en bystand deur die Maritieme Reaksie Eskader in BBP werk.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 florian strasburger.pdf: 826061 bytes, checksum: 253843cad3d369977f4067cbc29f9ace (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / The objective of this research is the analyse of the polemic question to stand surety within the home rent contracts, new perspectives and interpretations has been created with EC 26/2000. The discussion, is the rising of the status of home to a law level of fundamental rights, with the legal possibility homestead attachment. That way is created a normative conflict between the laws 8.009/90 and 8.245/91. This fact of a new vision of the law challenges the jurisprudence to interpretate the question. Analising each of that two dispositions, the social impact, the characteristic of the financial institutions, the concept of the state and the two paradigmatics agreements of the highest level of brazilian court, inspired by hermeneutics fountains, is to create a proposal from the juridical principle theory, trying that way to find out a proposal of solution to the conflicts linked to an axiologic-normative concept of Law. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a polêmica questão do fiador nos contratos de locação, que, com o advento da EC 26/2000 lançou nova luz à seara jurídica. Confrontase, assim o a elevação do status da moradia a nível de direito constitucional fundamental, com a possibilidade legal de penhora de seu único imóvel que serve à residência(bem de família). Forma-se, portanto o conflito normativo entre as Leis 8.009/90 e 8.245/91, que diante da nova previsão do direito à moradia desafia o judiciário à reinterpretar a questão. A partir da análise de cada uma destas disposições, do contexto social em que surgem, bem como das peculiaridades do instituto da fiança e da concepção de Estado, e de dois acórdãos paradigmáticos do mais alto escalão do judiciário brasileiro, como fonte hermenêutica, propõe-se uma ótica de análise a partir da principiologia jurídica, na tentativa de elucidar que as antinomias encontram nesta corrente de pensamento uma proposta de solução atrelada a uma concepção axiológico-normativa do Direito.

<p>Vid en bedömning av ett kreditärende ser banken till projektets företagsekonomiska förutsättningar. För företag som har immateriella tillgångar som de viktigaste tillgångarna i sin redovisning kan det uppstå problem när de ansöker om kredit hos banker. Detta beror på att immateriella tillgångar inte fungerar på samma sätt som materiella och därigenom tillbringar vag säkerhet för en beviljad kredit.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att söka finna vad det är som krävs för att ett tjänsteföretag ska få ett lån beviljat.</p><p>Vi har hämtat relevanta böcker och artiklar genom litteratursökning i högskolebiblioteket i Eskilstuna och Västerås. Den hämtade teorin låg sedan till grund för den intervjumall som användes i vår empiriska undersökning. De vi intervjuade var en bank och fem tjänsteföretag.</p><p>För att en bank ska välja att finansiera ett företags investeringar måste affären ge avkastning på den givna krediten. Företagets ledning bör därmed bedömas vara erfaren och kompetent för att lyckas generera vinster åt företaget och därmed säkra amorteringarna. Företaget måste dessutom kunna påvisa en god historisk årsredovisning.</p><p>Ett kreditsökande företag måste kunna lämna säkerheter ifall återbetalningen skulle utebli. Eftersom immateriella tillgångar inte ger något säkerhetsvärde, kan istället aktier, kundfodringar, obligationer och spärrmedel lämnas som panthand till kreditgivaren. Om detta inte räcker som säkerhet för en eventuell kredit kan frågan om personlig borg för företaget tas upp.</p> / <p>On an appraisal of an errand of credit the bank looks to the business condition of the project. When applying for credit at banks there could be problems for companies with intangible assets as the most important assets in their account. This is because intangible assets do not work the way tangible assets does. Therefore it brings vague safety for a granted credit.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to find what is required of a company for having a loan granted.</p><p>We have found relevant books and articles by searching literature in the university library in Eskilstuna and Västerås. 'Based on this literature we created a theoretical framework and an interview protocol to guide us in our interviews. The ones we interviewed were one bank and five service companies.</p><p>For a bank to choose to finance an investment of a company the deal must give profit on the given credit. The management of the company must thereby be considered as experienced and competent to succeed generating profits for the company so the amortization can be certain. The company also has to prove a god historical record.</p><p>Company searching credits have to be able to hand over securities in case of an unsuccessful repayment. Since intangible assets do not have any value of security, stocks, claims, bonds and blocked funds can be given as pledge instead. If this should not be enough as security for a possible credit personal surety might become the only remaining option.</p>

Vid en bedömning av ett kreditärende ser banken till projektets företagsekonomiska förutsättningar. För företag som har immateriella tillgångar som de viktigaste tillgångarna i sin redovisning kan det uppstå problem när de ansöker om kredit hos banker. Detta beror på att immateriella tillgångar inte fungerar på samma sätt som materiella och därigenom tillbringar vag säkerhet för en beviljad kredit. Syftet med denna uppsats är att söka finna vad det är som krävs för att ett tjänsteföretag ska få ett lån beviljat. Vi har hämtat relevanta böcker och artiklar genom litteratursökning i högskolebiblioteket i Eskilstuna och Västerås. Den hämtade teorin låg sedan till grund för den intervjumall som användes i vår empiriska undersökning. De vi intervjuade var en bank och fem tjänsteföretag. För att en bank ska välja att finansiera ett företags investeringar måste affären ge avkastning på den givna krediten. Företagets ledning bör därmed bedömas vara erfaren och kompetent för att lyckas generera vinster åt företaget och därmed säkra amorteringarna. Företaget måste dessutom kunna påvisa en god historisk årsredovisning. Ett kreditsökande företag måste kunna lämna säkerheter ifall återbetalningen skulle utebli. Eftersom immateriella tillgångar inte ger något säkerhetsvärde, kan istället aktier, kundfodringar, obligationer och spärrmedel lämnas som panthand till kreditgivaren. Om detta inte räcker som säkerhet för en eventuell kredit kan frågan om personlig borg för företaget tas upp. / On an appraisal of an errand of credit the bank looks to the business condition of the project. When applying for credit at banks there could be problems for companies with intangible assets as the most important assets in their account. This is because intangible assets do not work the way tangible assets does. Therefore it brings vague safety for a granted credit. The purpose of this thesis is to find what is required of a company for having a loan granted. We have found relevant books and articles by searching literature in the university library in Eskilstuna and Västerås. 'Based on this literature we created a theoretical framework and an interview protocol to guide us in our interviews. The ones we interviewed were one bank and five service companies. For a bank to choose to finance an investment of a company the deal must give profit on the given credit. The management of the company must thereby be considered as experienced and competent to succeed generating profits for the company so the amortization can be certain. The company also has to prove a god historical record. Company searching credits have to be able to hand over securities in case of an unsuccessful repayment. Since intangible assets do not have any value of security, stocks, claims, bonds and blocked funds can be given as pledge instead. If this should not be enough as security for a possible credit personal surety might become the only remaining option.

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Obligational means of securing claims in the international trade Abstract The subject of this dissertation is obligational means of securing claims and their functioning in the commercial transactions with international coverage. The thesis is primarily concentrated upon the statutory securing instruments most often encountered in practice i.e. surety, financial (bank) demand guarantees, contractual assignment of receivables causa cavendi, letters of credit and letters of intent. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the introduction into the subject of negotiable instruments of securing obligations, provides an overview of the historical development of selected instruments, endeavours to outline the difference between the securing instruments conceived as rights in rem and those seen as obligations and eventually raises the issue of methodology. Afterwards the analysis is carried out on two levels: in the second part the author focuses on the applicable approach in determining the governing law in accordance with international and national regulations and afterwards on the topic of the unified norms developed by the international organisations that may be relevant in the light of the thesis' subject-matter. In this regard the works of the International Chamber of Commerce in...

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