In the current work, two different coatings, nitrocarburised (CN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) on M2 grade high speed tool steel, were prepared by commercial diffusion and physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques, respectively. Properties of the coating were characterised using a variety of techniques such as Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Three non-commercial, oil-based lubricants with simplified formulations were used for this study. A tribological test was developed in which two nominally geometrically-identical crossed cylinders slide over each other under selected test conditions. This test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-applied lubricant film and a surface coating for various conditions of sliding wear. Engineered surface coatings can significantly improve wear resistance of the tool surface but their sliding wear performances strongly depend on the type of coating and lubricant combination used. These coating-lubricant interactions can also have a very strong effect on the useful life of the lubricant in a tribological system. Better performance of lubricants during the sliding wear testing was achieved hen used with the nitrocarburised (CN) coating. To understand the nature of the interactions and their possible effects on the coating-lubricant system, several surface analysis techniques were used. The molecular level investigation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that oxidative degradation occurred in all used oil-based lubricants during the sliding wear test but the degradation behaviour of oil-based lubricants varied with the coating-lubricant system and the wear conditions. The main differences in the carbonyl oxidation region of the FTIR spectra (1900-1600 cm-1) between different coating-lubricant systems may relate to the effective lifetime of the lubricant during the sliding wear test. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling shows that the CN coating has the highest lubricant absorbability among the tested tool surfaces. Diffusion of chlorine (C1), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) into the surface of subsurface of the tool suggested that strong interactions occurred between lubricant and tool surface during the sliding wear test. The possible effects of the interactions on the performance of whole tribological system are also discussed. The study of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) indicated that the envelope of hydrocarbons (CmHn) of oil lubricant in the positive TOF-SIMS spectra shifted to lower mass fragment after the sliding wear testing due to the breakage of long-chain hydrocarbons to short-chain ones during the degradation of lubricant. The shift of the mass fragment range of the hydrocarbon (CmHn) envelope caries with the type of both tool surface and lubricant, again confirming that variation in the performance of the tool-lubricant system relates to the changes in surface chemistry due to tribochemical interactions at the tool-lubricant interface under sliding wear conditions. The sliding wear conditions resulted in changes not only in topography of the tool surface due to mechanical interactions, as outlined in Chapter 5, but also in surface chemistry due to tribochemical interactions, as discussed in Chapters 6 and 7.

In order to clarify the role that water plays in the photocatalytic process, changes in the IR and Raman spectra of P25 TiO₂ thin films were observed upon exposure to liquid water. Further investigation of these spectral changes via dehydration of thin films under nitrogen and oxygen of different humidities led to the observation of spectroscopic features that have been assigned to localised surface phonon modes. When the effect of UV irradiation on these features was investigated, a broad IR absorption due to transitions of electrons in shallow traps was detected under dry nitrogen but not under dry oxygen. Further investigation of the photocatalytic properties of P25 TiO₂ showed a complete removal of a stearic acid film. The final products have been tentatively assigned to a mixture of short chain carbonyl species and adsorbed carbonates as well as carbon dioxide and water. The IR spectrum of the fuel cell membrane material Nafion is complex and literature data varies in some of the assignments. The compound perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid was used as a model compound for the Nafion side chain resulting in a clearer assignment of the Nafion IR spectrum. In light of these new assignments changes induced in the region 1100-1300 cm⁻� by variation in humidity and ion exchange have been shown to be mainly the result of changes in the sulfonate asymmetric stretching modes. By flowing a series of solutions containing tetramethylammonium ions and perchlorate ions the surface charge characteristics of a Pt black film were determined in the pH range 2-12. There proved to be a weak positive charge below pH 4 and a weak negative charge above pH 9. Between these points there appeared to be no overall charge on the surface. When perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid was adsorbed to a Pt black film changes in its IR spectrum indicated a strong binding via interactions between the sulfonate groups and the Pt surface. The nature of the adsorption of Nafion was less clear cut and, whilst adsorption is strong, it seems possible that hydrophobic interactions between the Nafion backbone and the surface are involved.

Le but de cette thèse est d'établir des liens entre la théorie des laminations et celle des structures de contact, via les surfaces branchées. Cette démarche est motivée par l'existence de liens étroits entre les structures de contact tendues et les feuilletages tendus. <br />Le résultat principal est l'obtention d'une condition suffisante pour qu'une surface branchée B d'une variété V de dimension 3 porte pleinement une lamination. Il en découle une condition suffisante pour que le rappel de B dans le revêtement universel de V porte pleinement une lamination. Cette condition est nécessaire pour que cette lamination soit essentielle. Ce résultat apporte un élément de réponse à une question classique de Gabai.<br />On introduit ensuite une notion de structure de contact portée par une surface branchée qui généralise celle de Oertel-Swiatkowski. Enfin, on établit une condition sufisante pour que deux structures de contact soient, à isotopie près, portées par une même surface branchée.

Le cadre de cette thèse est la théorie des surfaces minimales. En 2001, C. Cosin et A. Ros démontrent que, si un polygone borde un disque immergé, ce polygone est le polygone de flux d'un r-noide Alexandrov-plongé symétrique de genre 0. Leur démonstration se fonde sur l'étude de l'espace de ces surfaces minimales. Notre travail présente une démonstration plus constructive de leur résultat. Notre méthode repose sur la résolution du problème de Dirichlet pour l'équation des surfaces minimales. A cette fin, nous étudions la convergence de suites de solutions de cette équation. Nous définissons la notion de lignes de divergence de la suite qui sont les points ou la suite des gradients est non-bornées. L'étude de ces lignes permet de conclure sur la convergence d'une suite. Les r-noides sont alors construits comme les surfaces conjuguées aux graphes de solutions du problème de Dirichlet sur des domaines fixés par les polygones. Dans une seconde partie, nous montrons que, sous l'hypothèse de border un disque immergé, un polygone est aussi le polygone de flux d'un r-noide Alexandrov-plongé symétrique de genre $1$. La démonstration repose sur une amélioration des idées de celle du premier résultat, elle nécessite entre autre la résolution d'un problème de période. Cette résolution passe par l'étude du comportement limite de certaines suites de surfaces minimales.

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Cette thèse présente une approche complète de comparaison de visages 3D qui exploite l'information de volume et sa robustesse afin de réduire l'influence néfaste de l'angle de prise de vue et de l'illumination. Deux contributions majeures charpentent ce travail: l'acquisition et la comparaison de surfaces faciales. L'acquisition par projection de lumière structurée convient à la capture de surfaces faciales. La précision en profondeur de l'ordre de 1 mm satisfait au besoin en reconnaissance. La rapidité d'acquisition et la coopération naturelle du sujet remplissent les conditions élémentaires d'une utilisation pratique. La reconnaissance des surfaces faciales a été réalisée par comparaison géométrique de profils extraits par plans parallèles. La symétrie intrinsèque des visages a permis d'optimiser la mise en correspondance des profils. L'information géométrique a été combinée avec la comparaison de niveaux de gris mesurés dans les images acquises.

<p>The aim of the project was to modify polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces in order to minimize adsorption of proteins. PDMS is used in micro-fluidic devices that control the delivery of samples to a sensor chip in Biacore instrumentation. These instruments are used to characterize interactions between biomolecules with a detection principle based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). To minimize adsorption of proteins poly-ethylene-oxide (PEO) based surfactants, were added to the buffer. The added PEO surfactants were P20, Pluronic F-127 and Brij 35. Interaction of these surfactants with the sensor chip in Biacore instruments was also examined. Creating a more hydrophilic surface layer on PDMS by oxidation was also examined.</p><p>When surfactants were continuously added to protein samples, as in dynamically coating of PDMS surfaces, Brij 35 resulted in the strongest reduction in protein adsorption. Brij 35 was also the surfactant that was easiest to remove from both PDMS and the sensor surfaces. Pluronic bound strongest to surfaces, and is most suitable when only adding surfactant to the buffer in a pre-coating step. All surfactants did reduce protein adsorption considerably (99% or more) and addition is necessary when working with protein solutions and hydrophobic surfaces as PDMS. Another alternative is oxidation of PDMS surface, which is an easy procedure that decreased the protein adsorption to about 10% compared to adsorption to untreated surface.</p>

<p>Today, manual polishing is the most common method to improve the surface finish of mould and dies for e.g. plastic injection moulding, although it is a cumbersome and time-consuming process. Therefore, automated robots are being developed in order to speed up and secure the final result of this important final process.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to find out some clues about the influence of different parameters for the polishing of a steel grade called Mirrax ESR (Uddeholm Tooling AB) using a Design of Experiment. The report starts with a brief description of mechanical polishing (the techniques and polishing mechanisms) and ends up with the optimization of the polishing procedure with a polishing machine, the Strecon RAP-200 made by Strecon A/S.</p><p>Even if all the runs of the Design of Experiments couldn’t be carried out, the surfaces studied revealed some information about the importance of the previous process (turning marks not removed) and about the link between the aspect of the surfaces and the roughness parameters.</p>

<p><em>Determining bumpiness and inclination of surfaces is very important in many different areas, such as airports and at constructions sites. In this study, a surveying trolley and a remote controlled (RC) car were used to determine the bumpiness of two different surfaces. The aim with this study was to test the accuracy of a surveying trolley and an RC car to see how the accuracy can be increased with different observation methods. Total station, GPS and laser scanner surveying equipments were used, and all observations obtained by them were analysed. The laser scanner data was found to have the best precision. For that reason, it was accepted as the “true” data and it was used for comparing and evaluating other methods. It was found that the trolley and the RC car provided good height information with total stations and they were corresponding to the laser scanner data. When they were used with GPS, the accuracy was much lower. It was concluded that using two total stations is not increasing the accuracy, the RC car and the trolley are good measuring methods but not capable to inspect 1,2 mm tolerance for the floors, and finally, 2-3 cm positioning accuracy is obtainable when using GPS.</em></p>

The Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) requires that Final Status Surveys be performed on materials and surfaces that vary in surface smoothness and/or uniformity. To obtain accurate survey data, it may be necessary to adjust detector response for these surface variations. NUREG-1507 refers to such surface efficiency adjustment factors as ��[subscript s], the source efficiency. This parameter is meant to be a detector-independent, yet surface and nuclide-dependent parameter that can be used to adjust observed count rate to provide a true measure of the degree of contamination present. Key measurements in the calculation of (��[subscript s]) are the energy of the radionuclide contaminant and the average height of the detector above the contaminated surface. During the last year, Oregon State University, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics provided technical support for a Final Status Survey of a commercial nuclear plant. OSU NE/RHP has conducted research and experimentation to determine site-specific source efficiency (��[subscript s]) values for concrete surfaces which had undergone simulated decommissioning activities, such as surface scabbling. Source efficiency (��[subscript s]) values were determined for seven separate scabbled concrete surfaces which had been prepared using 5 tool types. Fourteen concrete cores were intentionally contaminated with known amounts of two beta emitting radionuclides: ��������Tl and ������Tc. The ��[subscript s] values were examined as a function of the type of scabbled surface as well as the contaminating nuclide. / Graduation date: 2003