1 Abstract In this thesis I am focused on long-term research in a small Moroccan village of Taghazout where I had the opportunity to observe for several years the rapid changes in the local environment; a fishing village not too affected by tourism has become a popular center for surfers from all around the world and headquarters of foreign investors, which completely changed the character of the place. I first visited Taghazout in October 2010 for the purpose of surfing, I made friends with the locals and became insider to some extent. From this position I was then gaining during the research, in which I focused specifically on the case study of my main informants and friends who are Moroccan founders of a local company, that runs business connected to surfing. I have regularly visited Taghazout since 2010 at least once a year. From 2013 I started actively doing preliminary researches and the actual fieldwork lasted from October 2014 to January 2015, when I lived in Taghazout. The aim of my study was to explore and describe primarily, what changes occurred in the village due to tourism and surfing, how are these changes reflected in the functioning of my informant's company, if they consider them negative or positive and in what ways. I confronted their statements with my own observations and with...

Tikab Strukturmekanik AB, (Tikab), ett teknikkonsultföretag, har utvecklat en systemhandling för en ny sluss till ”nya Slussen” i Stockholm på uppdrag av Stockholm stad, Exploateringskontoret. En del i projektet var att även skapa attraktiva bonusfunktioner till anläggningen. Innan detta projekt startades hade Tikab visat att den konstruerade segmentluckan kunde användas för att skapa stående vågor nedströms luckan. Dessa vågor ansågs vara intressanta för vågsurfing.Målet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en konstruktion utan rörliga delar som skulle kunna förbättra vågparametrar hos den, med avseende på surfing attraktiva, genererade vågen. Konstruktionen, också kallad vingen eller spoilern, skulle vara manuellt hanterbar och enkel att montera på slussluckan.Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingsprojektet. Efter att studerat slussen och existerande artificiella surfvågor kunde en omfattande studie av flödesteori göras. Därefter kunde teorier för flöde och vågor användas i modellförsök där de verifierades hydrodynamiskt. Spoilerkoncept togs fram och testades innan en slutlig design kunde väljas genom utvärdering av testresultaten. Det vinnande konceptet konstruerades i full skala och dimensionerades i enlighet med gällande eurokoder. Den slutgiltiga systemkonstruktionen utgjordes av en vinge uppbyggd av sex delar. De kan tillverkas av bockad aluminiumplåt med påsvetsade avstyvningar och ansluts med skruvförband till segmentluckans krön. Genom successiva optimeringar i konstruktionen kunde den totala vikten till slut reduceras till 138 kg, med en maximal vikt på 29 kg för den största delen.Vissa slutsatser drogs utifrån resultaten; Vågformen nedströms en, under vatten, nedsänkt segmentlucka kunde kontrolleras med hjälp av en skruvansluten vinge monterad på luckans krön. Därigenom kunde en attraktiv surfvåg skapas. Den bästa vågförbättringen, med avseende på surfing, uppnåddes för en horisontellt riktad vinge. Vingens form skulle för bästa inverkan vara likformad med den önskade krökningen på vågkrönet. En hanterbar och styv vinge kunde konstrueras med hjälp av aluminiumplåt och en optimerad dimensionering. / Tikab Strukturmekanik AB (Tikab), an engineering consulting company, has developed a system design of a new navigation lock at Slussen in central Stockholm on behalf of Stockholm City authorities. A part of the project has been to add attractive bonus functions to the area. It was shown by Tikab that the designed segment gate, also referred to as Tainter gate, could be used to create stationary back water waves. These waves were found to be of interest for wave surfing.The aim of this master project was to develop a device without moving parts which could improve the wave parameters into an, with respect to surfing, attractive wave. The device, also referred as spoiler, was requested to be manually manageable and easy to mount on the segment gate crest. This master thesis describes the development project. After a study of the navigation lock and existing artificial surf-wave techniques an extensive investigation of flow theory was done. From there theories for flow and wave creation could be transferred into model tests where hydrodynamic verifications were done. Spoiler concepts were developed and tested before a final design was selected by evaluation of the test results. The winning concept was designed in full-scale and dimensioned according to current Eurocodes.The final design was a spoiler which was built up by six parts. They were made for manufacturing using bent and stiffened aluminium plates and to be fastened on the gate crest by bolted joints. Through successive design optimisation, the total weight was reduced to a total of 138 kg. The weight of the largest part was 29 kg.Some conclusions were drawn from the results; The wave shape downstream a submerged segment gate could be controlled by a spoiler on the gate crest. Thereby an attractive wave could be generated. The best wave improvement, with respect to surfing, was reached for a horizontally positioned spoiler cut in a shape equal to the wished wave crest curvature. A manageable and functional spoiler could be designed by the use of aluminium plates and an optimised design.

Ce projet de thèse étudie la relation entre le comportement inter-organisationnel et l’innovation au sein des clusters de sport. L’objectif est de répondre à deux questions centrales de recherche. La première question concerne les composantes d’un cluster de sport. La deuxième examine l’influence du comportement inter-organisationnel citoyen sur l’innovation de produit au sein des clusters de sport. Cette recherche utilise la méthode de l’étude de cas en étudiant quatre cas, dans deux secteurs sportifs et trois pays. La collecte des données consiste en des entretiens semi-directifs et formels (103), des entretiens exploratoires et informels (14), des observations non-participatifs (17), et d’un ensemble de données secondaires, telles que des informations organisationnelles et des données issues d’archives. La collecte et l’analyse des données proposent une approche combinant des méthodes inductives et déductives; ainsi, le travail utilise une démarche abductive. Les questions de recherche sont déduites de la littérature. Toutefois, l’analyse des données inclut des éléments emprunts à la méthode inductive. L’analyse inclut le codage des données avec NVivo 10, dont découlent des tableaux de fréquences, des rapports, et des analyses intra-cas et inter-cas.Les résultats montrent que les clusters de sport dépendent fortement de facteurs locaux spécifiques. Dans le cadre du développement et de la durabilité des clusters de sport, les principaux facteurs sont géoéconomiques, socio-économiques, et ceux liés au sport. Les facteurs politiques, géographiques, et historiques sont moins importants. Ces clusters regroupent un ensemble d’organisations sous forme de typologies, qui inclut le fabricant de l’équipement principal, les équipementiers associés, les fabricants d’accessoires, les prestataires de services liés au produit, les media, les concepteurs, les organisations relatives au sport professionnel et amateur, les institutions de l’éducation et de la recherche, et les organismes de gouvernance. Les organisations relatives au cluster sont liées entre elles, au travers de relations et réseaux formels et informels. Les comportements les plus courants dans ces liaisons sont l’avancement, l’altruisme, la loyauté, et la collaboration. Ces comportements favorisent l’innovation au sein des clusters. Les liens externes entre les organisations du cluster sont facilités par la citoyenneté inter-organisationnelle et encouragent l’innovation pendant tout le processus d’innovation, surtout par rapport à l’innovation relative au matériel, ainsi que celle liée au design ou à l’usage. Ce projet de thèse propose de réaliser davantage de recherches sur les clusters de sport, ainsi que sur le comportement inter-organisationnel citoyen et ses conséquences. / This thesis investigates the relationship between interorganisational behaviour and innovation in sport clusters. Two central research questions are addressed. The first research question asks what constitutes a sport cluster. The second research question investigates the influence of interorganisational citizenship behaviour on product innovation in sport clusters.This thesis employs a multiple case study research design, investigating four cases in two sport sectors and three countries. The data collection consists of formal semi-structured interviews (103), explorative informal interviews (14), non-participatory observations (17), and secondary data (i.e. organisational information and archival data). The data collection and analysis is a combination of deduction and induction, hence an abductive approach. The research questions are informed by literature. However, data analysis includes inductive tactics. Data analysis processing consists of interview transcribing and report writing. Data was analysed with data coding in NVivo 10, frequency counts, report writing, within-case analysis, and cross-case analysis. Results reveal that sport clusters depend heavily on location-specific factors. Most important for sport cluster development and sustainability are geo-economic, socio-economic, and sport-related factors. Less important are political, geographical, and historical location-specific factors. These clusters comprise typical cluster organisations as members which include core equipment manufacturers, system suppliers, accessory suppliers, services providers, media, designers, professional and amateur sport, education/research institutions, and governing bodies. These cluster organisations are connected via formal and informal relationships and networks. The most common interorganisational behaviours within those linkages are advancement, altruism, loyalty, and collaboration. These behaviours enhance innovation in clusters. External links between cluster organisations are facilitated through interorganisational citizenship. These links foster innovation throughout the entire innovation process, particularly material innovation but also design and use innovation. This thesis suggests further research of sport clusters as well as the study of interorganisational citizenship behaviour and its outcomes.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Torö Stenstrand tillhör naturreservatet Ören som är beläget på en udde på ön Torö i den sydligaste delen av Stockholms län. I slutet av 1970-talet kom vågsurfingsporten till Sverige och Torö Stenstrand. Det var några lokala entusiaster som upptäckte platsen och såg att vågorna lämpade sig för surfing. Sedan dess har officiella surf-SM genomförts av Swedish Surfing Association i stort sett varje höst sedan början av 90-talet. Det finns dock en konflikt kring frågan om stranden bör vara helt tillgänglig för allmänheten eller om de privata tomterna, som finns längsmed vissa delar av Stenstranden, ska ha äganderätt av marken ner till vattnet. Det är därför intressant att undersöka hur vågsurfingturismen kan utvecklas i ett hållbart perspektiv.</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vad som kan göras för att utveckla vågsurfingturismen på Torö Stenstrand.</p><ul><li>Att beskriva och förklara förutsättningarna för vågsurfingturism vid Torö Stenstrand</li><li>Att göra en undersökning om hur Torö Stenstrand kan utveckla potentialen som Sveriges bästa året-runt tillgängliga vågsurfingplats</li></ul><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Denna uppsats har skrivits utifrån en hermeneutisk vetenskapssyn och en kvalitativ ansats. Data har insamlats genom fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer samt ett nyhetsprogram.</p><p><strong>Slutsats:</strong> Slutsatsen av studien är att det finns många möjligheter att utveckla vågsurfingturismen på Torö Stenstrand och att konflikterna mellan de boende och vågsurfarna kanske skulle gå att lösa, om än inte helt så i alla fall delvis. Då Torö Stenstrand består av orörd natur samt är ett naturreservat finns det visserligen begränsningar för vad man kan göra men detta är också en styrka eftersom det gör att planeringen måste vara noggrann. Teorin om en destinations multidimensionella styrka visar att samtliga konkurrenskrafter är viktiga men med betoning på teknologisk, politisk, miljömässig och sociokulturell konkurrenskraft. Teorin om de sex A:na visar att attraktioner, aktiviteter och tillgänglighet är de som för närvarande går att applicera på Torö Stenstrand.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> Torö Stenstrand belongs to the nature reserve Ören which is located at a headland on the island of Torö in the southernmost part of Stockholm County. Wave surfing came to Sweden and Torö Stenstrand in the end of the 1970s. There were some local enthusiasts that discovered the place and saw that the waves would suit for surfing. Ever since, the official Swedish surfing championship has been carried out almost every autumn since the early 1990s. There is, however, a conflict about whether the beach should be available to the public or if the private properties, that are situated along some parts of the beach, should be allowed to have ownership down to the water. It is therefore interesting to investigate how wave surf tourism could be developed in a sustainable perspective.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how wave surfing tourism can be developed at Torö Stenstrand.</p><p> </p><ul><li>To describe and explain the conditions for wave surfing at Torö Stenstrand.</li><li>To make a study on how Torö Stenstrand can develop it´s potential of being Sweden´s best all-year-round available wave surfing spot.</li></ul><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> This study has been executed from a hermeneutic point of view and a qualitative approach. The collection of data has been carried out through four semi-structured interviews and television news.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The conclusion of the study is that there are many possibilities for developing wave surfing tourism at Torö Stenstrand and that the conflicts between inhabitants and wave surfers might be solved, if not totally than at least partially. Since Torö Stenstrand consists of unspoiled countryside and is a nature reserve, there are limits for what you can do, but that can also be a strength seeing that the planning needs to be done very thorough. The theory about a destinations multidimensional strength shows that all dimensions are important but that technological, political, environmental, social and cultural dimensions are most important. The theory about the 6A framework for the analysis of tourism destinations shows that attractions, activities and accessibility are the factors that can be applied on Torö Stenstrand.</p>

Bakgrund: Torö Stenstrand tillhör naturreservatet Ören som är beläget på en udde på ön Torö i den sydligaste delen av Stockholms län. I slutet av 1970-talet kom vågsurfingsporten till Sverige och Torö Stenstrand. Det var några lokala entusiaster som upptäckte platsen och såg att vågorna lämpade sig för surfing. Sedan dess har officiella surf-SM genomförts av Swedish Surfing Association i stort sett varje höst sedan början av 90-talet. Det finns dock en konflikt kring frågan om stranden bör vara helt tillgänglig för allmänheten eller om de privata tomterna, som finns längsmed vissa delar av Stenstranden, ska ha äganderätt av marken ner till vattnet. Det är därför intressant att undersöka hur vågsurfingturismen kan utvecklas i ett hållbart perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vad som kan göras för att utveckla vågsurfingturismen på Torö Stenstrand. Att beskriva och förklara förutsättningarna för vågsurfingturism vid Torö Stenstrand Att göra en undersökning om hur Torö Stenstrand kan utveckla potentialen som Sveriges bästa året-runt tillgängliga vågsurfingplats Metod: Denna uppsats har skrivits utifrån en hermeneutisk vetenskapssyn och en kvalitativ ansats. Data har insamlats genom fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer samt ett nyhetsprogram. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien är att det finns många möjligheter att utveckla vågsurfingturismen på Torö Stenstrand och att konflikterna mellan de boende och vågsurfarna kanske skulle gå att lösa, om än inte helt så i alla fall delvis. Då Torö Stenstrand består av orörd natur samt är ett naturreservat finns det visserligen begränsningar för vad man kan göra men detta är också en styrka eftersom det gör att planeringen måste vara noggrann. Teorin om en destinations multidimensionella styrka visar att samtliga konkurrenskrafter är viktiga men med betoning på teknologisk, politisk, miljömässig och sociokulturell konkurrenskraft. Teorin om de sex A:na visar att attraktioner, aktiviteter och tillgänglighet är de som för närvarande går att applicera på Torö Stenstrand. / Background: Torö Stenstrand belongs to the nature reserve Ören which is located at a headland on the island of Torö in the southernmost part of Stockholm County. Wave surfing came to Sweden and Torö Stenstrand in the end of the 1970s. There were some local enthusiasts that discovered the place and saw that the waves would suit for surfing. Ever since, the official Swedish surfing championship has been carried out almost every autumn since the early 1990s. There is, however, a conflict about whether the beach should be available to the public or if the private properties, that are situated along some parts of the beach, should be allowed to have ownership down to the water. It is therefore interesting to investigate how wave surf tourism could be developed in a sustainable perspective.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how wave surfing tourism can be developed at Torö Stenstrand.   To describe and explain the conditions for wave surfing at Torö Stenstrand. To make a study on how Torö Stenstrand can develop it´s potential of being Sweden´s best all-year-round available wave surfing spot. Methodology: This study has been executed from a hermeneutic point of view and a qualitative approach. The collection of data has been carried out through four semi-structured interviews and television news. Conclusions: The conclusion of the study is that there are many possibilities for developing wave surfing tourism at Torö Stenstrand and that the conflicts between inhabitants and wave surfers might be solved, if not totally than at least partially. Since Torö Stenstrand consists of unspoiled countryside and is a nature reserve, there are limits for what you can do, but that can also be a strength seeing that the planning needs to be done very thorough. The theory about a destinations multidimensional strength shows that all dimensions are important but that technological, political, environmental, social and cultural dimensions are most important. The theory about the 6A framework for the analysis of tourism destinations shows that attractions, activities and accessibility are the factors that can be applied on Torö Stenstrand.

This research project was conducted to fulfill a Master of design specialising in Transport Design, at Massey University’s Auckland School of Design. It was aimed to create a new visual identity for Hyundai Motors by designing a car model forecasting and utilising methods pertinent to Hyundai Motors. Simultaneously the designed car model focuses on specifically accommodating the needs of surfers. The whole philosophy behind this particular model involves three important elements of Visual Identity as pointed out by Warell; recognition, comprehension and association. As a result, in each stage of the design process, the model was designed and amended continuously to incorporate these three issues to create a design for Hyundai that targeted the surfing market. This research sets out a departure point for designing differentiated vehicle concepts for Hyundai by targeting a niche market. The Exodus was designed for a particular demographic and a subculture. The targeted market began with participants of Extreme Sports such as snowboarding, windsurfing, and surfing, but was narrowed down to surfers, because they had specific requirements that were not well catered via by existing vehicles. These requirements also translated into specific design features that allowed the development of a strongly differentiate of vehicle concept. In this way the Exodus represents an example of how specific and user needs can drive differentiated design in both a practical and visually expressive way. This process was facilitated by way of three major research stages. Firstly, a field trip to Piha, one of Auckland’s most popular surfing beaches was conducted in order to find out more about surfing culture and as a general means of vehicle observation. Secondly, informed interviews were conducted in order to gather qualitative information to generate specific user requirements and inform design development that would meet the needs of surfers. Existing car designs types were analysed to extract any design features and attributes suitable for surfers. Thirdly, a comparative analysis of two established vehicle brands, alongside Hyundai was undertaken in order to reveal the weaknesses of Hyundai’s visual identity. This phase then culminated in a research model specifically aimed at creating a new design image for them. Based on requirements developed using the above methods, the design were developed through an interactive process of sketching, modeling and critique. The aim was to create a car with an advanced design that met the functional needs of the surfing market. The main focus was to create a specific, differentiated brand image based on association, comprehension and recognition for the Hyundai.

Shoulder surfing, also known as visual hacking, is the activity of obtaining information from or about others by observing visual content of displays that actually should be kept secret, such as PINs, passwords, or private text messages. Approaches that address shoulder surfing on mobile devices mainly focus on ways to recognize observers or to complicate visual presentations for them from the system's perspective. However, users also have developed their own strategies to keep their input secret. With this work, we contribute an investigation of strategies to prevent shoulder surfing from the users' perspective. We performed a user study and observed 32 participants while interacting with smartphones using different kinds of eyes-free device-based interaction techniques. We identified several strategies that users had to prevent shoulder surfing. These strategies help us to develop effective ways to design useful interactions that overcome shoulder surfing issues.

This current study utilized recreation specialization and leisure motivation theory to explore the meanings, perspectives, and behaviors among female surfers. Despite numerous studies previously published regarding recreation specialization and leisure motivation related to activity participation, little research has been conducted on the activity of surfing from a female perspective. Data for this study were collected using in-depth, semi- structured interviews of nine women surfers from the California Central Coast. Content analyses of the data involved coding and identifying key themes, patterns, and categories. The dominant themes significant within recreation specialization included past participation (e.g., preceding activities to eventual participation and wave/swell conditions), perceived skills (i.e., skills important to surfing, perceived skill level), commitment (e.g., central to life activity, central leisure activity, affective attachment, and adoption of social/cultural values), and enduring involvement (e.g., attraction and sensory enjoyment). The major themes that emerged from data specific to leisure motivation included initial attraction (e.g., observing others), initial motivation to participate/actively pursue (e.g., desirable setting and sensory enjoyment) and enduring motivation (e.g., achievement/stimulation, sensory enjoyment, anticipation, attraction and flow). Major themes emerged from the results of this study identify the varying styles of involvement in the participants. Additionally, results revealed the behaviors and feminine perspectives of participants that identified the meanings and experiences associated with these categories. Participants identified the pre-activity routines they engage in to prepare for surfing addressed how surfing provides them opportunities for relational leisure and self-determined leisure. Lastly, participants’ revealed factors that constrain participation and opportunities for relational and autonomous experiences.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Marketing)-Dept. of Marketing, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xiv, 129 [19] leaves / This study examined brand awareness after a change in sponsor and audience perceptions about the sponsors and the event before and after the change.