Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO RODRIGUES DO PRADO.pdf: 7429369 bytes, checksum: f5b85a8774747c758d83873cc3147121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Currently, there is a great concern in the relationship among demographic advance, consumption and environmental impact, especially in regions that have natural reserve that draw attention for its biodiversity. Therefore, the State of Goiás inserted in the Cerrado biome, was divided into ten priority tourist regions and in each of these regions the main municipalities with tourism potential were identified. Among them, the Gold Region, that attracts much attention not only for eco-tourism potential of the region, but also it includes municipalities by the Institute of Historical and Artistic Patrimony of Humanity (IPHAN) as Pirenópolis and Goiás, beside Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás and Cocalzinho de Goiás. In this study, it was analyzed the Sustainable Development index of the six cities, through the Sustainability Panel method (Dashboard of Sustainability). This tool is characterized by the four-dimensional that approach: Environmental, Economic, Social and Institutional. Thus, 35 indicators were used that are distributed to each of the respective dimensions. Besides that, it was made analysis of satellite images of the region for the ascertainment of data on the use of land and the percentage of preserved area. According to the analysis, we observed the correlation between these two variables. According to the results, the city of Pirenópolis is the most sustainable of the region followed by Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho and Corumbá de Goiás, however, none of these cities have a satisfactory situation. Therefore it is possible that the results are changed to the detriment of the indicators. And besides, it can infer that the municipalities under study have arising economic base of agriculture, but with great ecotourism appeal, to the detriment of the several natural attractions. / Atualmente, observa-se grande preocupação na relação existente entre avanço demográfico, consumo e impacto ambiental, principalmente em regiões que possuem reservas naturais que chamam a atenção pela sua biodiversidade. Sendo assim, o Estado de Goiás inserido no bioma Cerrado, foi dividido em dez regiões turísticas prioritárias e, em cada uma destas regiões foram identificados os principais municípios com potencial turístico. Dentre elas, a do Ouro chama bastante atenção não só pelo potencial ecoturístico da região, mas, também, por comportar municípios tombados pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico da Humanidade (IPHAN), como Pirenópolis e Goiás, além de Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás e Cocalzinho de Goiás. Neste trabalho, foi analisado o índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável destas seis cidades, através do método Painel de Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability). Esta ferramenta tem como característica a abordagem de quatro dimensões: Ambiental, Econômica, Social e Institucional. Desse modo, foram utilizados 35 indicadores distribuídos em cada uma das respectivas dimensões. Além disso, foi feita a análise de imagens de satélite da região para a averiguação de dados quanto ao uso da terra e a porcentagem de área preservada e, de acordo com a análise, foi possível observar a correlação entre estas duas variáveis. De acordo com os resultados, a cidade de Pirenópolis é a mais sustentável da região seguida por Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho de Goiás e Corumbá de Goiás, contudo, nenhuma das cidades possui uma situação satisfatória. Entretanto, é possível que os resultados se alterem em detrimento dos indicadores utilizados. E, além disso, pode-se inferir que os municípios em estudo possuem base econômica advinda da agropecuária, mas com grande apelo ecoturístico, em detrimento das inúmeras atrações naturais.

Para que a sustentabilidade seja gerenciada e praticada de maneira efetiva, ela deve ser mensurada, utilizando-se de métodos de avaliação da sustentabilidade. Estão disponíveis diferentes métodos de avaliação, que geralmente reduzem o resultado desse levantamento à indicadores de desempenho ambiental, econômico e social (POPEA; ANNANDALE; MORISON-SAUNDERSB, 2004). Uma das denominações mais bem aceitas e difundidas para a conjunção da dimensão ambiental e econômica é conhecida por avaliação de eco eficiência (AEE). Eco eficiência é o \"aspecto da sustentabilidade que relaciona o desempenho ambiental de um sistema de produto ao valor do sistema de produto\" (ISO, 2012). Estão disponíveis diferentes métodos de AEE, porém sem evidência das suas semelhanças e particularidades e como essas características influenciam na escolha do método mais adequado de AEE em relação às potenciais aplicações O objetivo desta pesquisa é, portanto, analisar e indicar os tipos de métodos de avaliação de eco eficiência (AEE) mais adequados para ações gerenciais nas quais caibam tais abordagens. Foram selecionados onze métodos de AEE, a partir do estabelecimento de critérios de caracterização desses métodos, a saber: BASF, Bayer, EcoWater, Hahn et al., Kuosmanen e Kortelainen, MIPS, NRTEE, UN ESCAP, UN, TU Delft, e WBCSD. Identificaram-se, ainda, quatro potenciais aplicações: (i) Monitoramento de processo com vistas à melhoria contínua; (ii) Selecção e classificação de produtos; (iii) Atendimento a requisitos legais e outros requisitos; e, (iv) Marketing, rotulagem de produtos e comunicação ambiental. A partir dos elementos metodológicos estabelecidos pela norma ISSO 14045 (2012) e do conhecimento obtido dos métodos de AEE, determinaram-se quatro requisitos pelos quais os métodos e os potenciais aplicações foram avaliados: (i) Tipo de indicador de desempenho ambiental; (ii) Tipo de indicador de valor de sistema de produto; (iii) Abrangência de aplicação; e, (iv) Tipo de indicador de eco eficiência. Aplicando-se estes requisitos nos métodos de AEE e nos potenciais usos, concluiu-se que quanto à aplicações em termos de monitoramento de processos com vistas à melhoria continua os métodos de AEE recomendados foram Bayer, NRTEE, WBCSD e UN. Para situações de seleção e classificação de produtos os métodos BASF, EcoWater, Kuosmanen e Kortelainen, MIPS, Hahn et al., TU Delft, UN ESCAP e UN demonstraram ter boa aderência. No que se refere a usos voltados ao atendimento de requisitos legais e/ou de outras naturezas, os métodos NRTEE, WBCSD e UN são os mais indicados. Em aplicações de marketing, rotulagem e comunicação foram indicados os métodos BASF, EcoWater e MIPS. Finalmente, concluiu-se que, para a escolha adequada da metodologia para uma AEE, conhecimento prévio das características de cada abordagem é necessário. / It is necessary to measure sustainability to effectively manage and practice it. This measurement is possible by using sustainability assessment methods. Different evaluation methods are avalible, which generally result in environmental, economic and social performance indicators (POPPEA; ANNANDALE; MORISON-SAUNDERSB, 2004). The eco-efficieny assessment (EEA) is one of the most accepted and disseminated donominations of the conjunction of environmental and economic dimensions. Eco-efficiency is the \"aspect of sustainability relating the environmental performance of a product system to its product system value\" (ISO, 2012). Different EEA methods are available, however lack evidence of their similarities and particularities and how these features influence the choice of the most appropriate EEA method for certain potential applications. The objective of this research is therefore to analyze and indicate the types of EEA methods most suitable in management applications. Eleven EEA methods were selected by the establishment of characterization criterias of these methods: BASF, Bayer, EcoWater, Hahn et al., Kuosmanen and Kortelainen, MIPS, NRTEE, UN ESCAP, UN, TU Delft, and WBCSD. Four potential applications were also identified: (i) process monitoring for continuous improvement; (ii) product selection and classification; (iii) compliance to legal and/or other requirements; and (iv) marketing, product labeling and environmental communication. Based on the methodological elements set out by the standard ISO 14045 and the knowledge obtained from EEA methods, four requirements were determined for which the methods and potential applications were evaluated: (i) Type of environmental performance indicator, (ii) Type of product value system indicator, (iii) Scope of application Scope; and (vi) Type indicator of eco-efficiency. The application of the requirements to the AEE methods and potential uses led to the conclusion that for monitoring of processes for continuous improvement the recommended EEA methods are Bayer, NRTEE, WBCSD and UN. For the product selection and classification situations methods BASF, EcoWater, Kuosmanen and Kortelainen, MIPS, Hahn et al., TU Delft, UN ESCAP and UN have shown to be most suitable. Regarding the use aimed at complying with legal and/or other requirements, methods NRTEE, WBCSD and UN are most indicated. In marketing, labeling and communication application the methods BASF, EcoWater and MIPS were recommended. Finally, it was concluded that for an appropriate EEA method choice previous knowledge on the methods approach is necessary.

Em geral a avaliação de desempenho dos sistemas produtivos considera critério normalizado de uso eficiente de recursos de transformação tecnológica (como máquinas e matérias-primas), processamento de informações e operações de manuseio/transporte. No entanto, não existem critérios ou regras normalizadas para avaliar o desempenho de um sistema produtivo no contexto da sustentabilidade. Assim, este trabalho introduz uma abordagem para identificar e avaliar os indicadores de desempenho relacionados à sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos, especificamente para casos geograficamente dispersos, ou seja, Sistema Produtivo Disperso (SPD), no qual os processos ocorrem de forma distribuída e dispersa. A abordagem proposta baseia-se em um framework destinado a medir os indicadores-chave de desempenho de sustentabilidade (KPIs - Key Performance Indicators) que avaliam a sustentabilidade de um sistema. O framework considera a norma ANSI/ISA-95 e os processos produtivos modelados usando a rede de Petri. A metodologia de avaliação de sustentabilidade considera o equilíbrio dos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais dependem dos aspectos econômicos, ambientais, sociais e tecnológicos, além do comprometimento de todos os colaboradores envolvidos. / In general, the performance evaluation of productive systems considers normalized criteria of the efficient use of technological transformation resources (such as machines and raw materials), information processing and handling/transportation operations. However, there are no normalized criteria or rules to evaluate the performance of a productive system in the context of sustainability. Thus, this paper introduces an approach to identify and to evaluate the performance indicators related to the sustainability of productive systems, specifically for geographically disperse cases, i.e., disperse productive system (DPS), in which the processes are in a distributed and disperse architecture. The proposed approach is based on a framework aimed to measure sustainability key-performance-indicators (KPIs) that evaluate the sustainability of a system. The framework considers the ANSI/ISA-95 standard and productive processes modeled using Petri net. The sustainability assessment methodology considers the balance of sustainability indicators, which depend on economic, environmental, social, and technological aspects, besides the commitment of all the partners involved.

Uma parcela significativa da energia gasta no Brasil está relacionada ao consumo industrial (40,6%). Este trabalho propõe a mostrar um dos muitos caminhos para se obter a redução no consumo de energia elétrica na indústria e, com isso, diminuir as emissões associadas à geração, transmissão e consumo deste recurso. A busca da indústria pela eficiência energética, aliada às práticas econômicas, sociais e ambientais adequadas, pode colocá-la no caminho da sustentabilidade. A emissão de CO2/kWh foi o indicador escolhido para monitorar o comportamento do consumo de energia no desenvolvimento dos dois estudos de caso. O principal objetivo destes casos foi a redução das emissões de gases do efeito estufa por meio do uso eficiente da energia elétrica. No primeiro caso um sistema de moagem de polpa de celulose usada na fabricação de fraldas foi substituído por outro mais eficiente, obtendo-se uma redução no consumo de energia de 60%, o que gera uma redução estimada das emissões de CO2 de 80 t/ano. No segundo caso, o sistema de vácuo da formação da fralda foi trocado por outro mais eficiente, conseguindo-se uma redução de 56% no consumo de energia, com a conseqüente redução estimada de emissão de CO2 de 74 t/ano. Nestes casos observou-se que a utilização eficiente de fontes de energia, além de gerar um menor nível nas emissões de gases do efeito estufa, também contribui para a redução dos custos industriais. / A significant fraction of the energy spent in Brazil is associated with industrial consumption (40.6%). The purpose of this work is to demonstrate one of many ways to reduce electric energy consumption by the industry and, as consequence, reduce emissions associated with generation, transmission, and consumption of this resource. The search of energetic efficiency, coupled with economical, social, and environmental practices can shift the industry in the direction of a sustainability path. The emission of CO2/kWh was chosen as a sustainability indicator to monitor the energy consumption pattern during the development of this research. The main objective was to assess the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission, associated with a higher electric energy efficiency consumption strategy adopted in two cases that were analyzed. At the first case, a cellulose pulp milling system, used at a diaper manufacturing process, was replaced by another system with higher efficiency. The reduction in energy consumption reached 60%, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in an estimated 80 ton/year. At the second case, a fan of the diaper vacuum system was also replaced by a more efficient system. The energy consumption decreased 56%, resulting in a greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 74 ton/year. These results demonstrate the relationship between adopting more energy efficient system, and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, that moreover, contributes to industrial cost reduction.

永續發展為一個多樣性的概念，包括生態、經濟、社會、政治、科技等不同領域，皆對永續發展有不同角度的切入與解讀；在各國均以永續發展做為環境管理與資源規劃的主要內涵時，如何轉換永續發展概念為實際衡量與操作指標，以作為邁向永續之政策基礎，永續性衡量工具之重要性不言可喻；而利用許多不同的方法來衡量永續發展，每一種衡量方法則提供了不同的訊息給有志於改善經濟體永續性的決策者。展望二十一世紀，台灣都市人口佔總人口比率將高達87%，都市化現象將更明顯，國民對生活環境品質水準之要求亦將隨之提昇；而台北市為台灣的首善之都，人口密度高達每平方公里9,714人，近年來人口成長趨勢雖然趨於緩和，但是高密度的人口聚集已為台北市帶來基礎建設及環境品質的負面影響。如何運用永續性衡量工具衡量人類生活的重心－都市，建立監測機制與研擬引導都市發展之策略，儼然成為一刻不容緩的課題。 基於資料取得與相關研究的經驗，本研究提出四個衡量台北市永續性的分析工具，所選擇的方法包括綜合面向指標的「永續性指標」(sustainability indicator)、環境向度的「生態足跡」(ecological footprint)分析與「環境空間」(enviromental space)指標，以及生態經濟面向的「生態效率」(eco-efficiency)，多面向地衡量台北市的永續性趨勢，以提供都市永續發展的決策預警、決策檢討與決策引導之功能。 本研究內容主要分成四個部份：第一部份介紹永續發展概念之意涵與都市永續性之操作性定義及要件；第二部份描述本文所使用的四個工具之方法論，先從文獻回顧中歸納出四個衡量工具的理論基礎，繼而尋求適合本研究領域的架構與指標內涵；第三部份則依所建立的理論基礎與架構，進行台北市的永續性衡量之實證分析；最後以台北市的實證分析結果，對所選擇的永續性衡量工具進行綜合分析討論，探討其在永續性衡量上的適用性與限制條件。 研究分析結果顯示，在永續性指標方面，台北市在生活舒適、交通便捷與教育文化方面有些許的改善，而社會安全一項則惡化；生態足跡分析結果，台北市生態足跡有逐年擴大的趨勢，所產生的生態赤字也相對增加，意謂著台北市利用消費密集的特性，挪用了其他國家或地區的生態生產力土地面積逐年擴增；環境空間的分析，則顯示了台北市在能源環境空間與陸域資源環境空間屬於不永續的情況，而為達永續發展目的所必須進行「減量配額」則明顯高於台灣與歐洲；生態效率觀念則提供了台北市在都市政策制定的基準，以及衡量永續經濟發展的新思維。

The way people view development is changing. The world now advocates for a development that also considers future generations. There is a paradigm shift towards sustainable development - a development in today's lifestyle without destroying the resources for tomorrow generations. Sustainable development is a broad concept that addresses how human activities impact on the economic, environmental and social well-being of an ecosystem; however, practical application of the sustainability concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive. It is often said that the effect of technology on society has never been more profound than today. As mankind develops in science and technology to improve on his well-being, certain impacts are made on the systems that support human existence. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, like gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, is a latest innovation conceived to 'fight' the problem of gas flaring, and help contribute to the social and economic growth of the people; but it is necessary for man to know if these contemporary technologies are sustainable. This dissertation critically appraises the impact of the LNG project on the community of Bonny Island in Nigeria from a holistic perspective. The approach to the research work is three-fold: an appropriate sustainability framework is selected based on certain criteria; sustainability indicators are developed from the chosen framework; and the sustainability indicators are used to assess the impact of the project on the flora and fauna of the community. To have a clear picture of the impact of Nigeria LNG on its host community, Epe-Waterside is chosen as a control community because of its similar socio-geographical outlook to Bonny Island community. The control community is then subjected to the same set of sustainability indicators for a comparative analysis. The outcome of the research work shows that, though the economic and social conditions of Bonny Island seem much better, its environmental status remains a challenge. In other words, it can be concluded that the present approach to the operation of the LNG technology is not sustainable. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The way people view development is changing. The world now advocates for a development that also considers future generations. There is a paradigm shift towards sustainable development - a development in today's lifestyle without destroying the resources for tomorrow generations. Sustainable development is a broad concept that addresses how human activities impact on the economic, environmental and social well-being of an ecosystem; however, practical application of the sustainability concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive. It is often said that the effect of technology on society has never been more profound than today. As mankind develops in science and technology to improve on his well-being, certain impacts are made on the systems that support human existence. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, like gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, is a latest innovation conceived to 'fight' the problem of gas flaring, and help contribute to the social and economic growth of the people; but it is necessary for man to know if these contemporary technologies are sustainable. This dissertation critically appraises the impact of the LNG project on the community of Bonny Island in Nigeria from a holistic perspective. The approach to the research work is three-fold: an appropriate sustainability framework is selected based on certain criteria; sustainability indicators are developed from the chosen framework; and the sustainability indicators are used to assess the impact of the project on the flora and fauna of the community. To have a clear picture of the impact of Nigeria LNG on its host community, Epe-Waterside is chosen as a control community because of its similar socio-geographical outlook to Bonny Island community. The control community is then subjected to the same set of sustainability indicators for a comparative analysis. The outcome of the research work shows that, though the economic and social conditions of Bonny Island seem much better, its environmental status remains a challenge. In other words, it can be concluded that the present approach to the operation of the LNG technology is not sustainable. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.