Acredita-se que quantidades elevadas de glutamato estejam relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão e trabalhos recentes indicam que a quantidade de glutamato cortical está aumentada em pacientes depressivos quando comparada a indivíduos sadios. Dentre as estruturas corticais, o córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv), dividido em infralímbico (IL) e pré-límbico (PL), tem sido mais frequentemente implicado no desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais, como a depressão. Considerando evidências de que o IL e o PL podem agir de forma diferente quanto ao controle emocional em resposta ao estresse, o presente trabalho visou avaliar a hipótese de participação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica do CPFMv, IL e PL, no desenvolvimento das respostas comportamentais ao estresse de nado forçado, um modelo preditivo de efeitos antidepressivos. Para tal, investigamos os efeitos induzidos pela administração no IL ou no PL, de LY 235959, um antagonista dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA, em três momentos diferentes, em animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. A administração de LY 235959, no IL ou PL, produziu efeitos do tipo antidepressivo, sendo esse efeito sensível ao tempo de administração da droga em relação à exposição ao nado forçado. Sendo assim, foi observado efeito antidepressivo quando o bloqueio glutamatérgico no PL ocorreu imediatamente após o nado ou antes da re-exposição ao estresse; enquanto no IL, o tratamento promoveu efeito antidepressivo apenas quando administrado antes da re-exposição ao nado. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica mediada por receptores NMDA no CPFMv contribui para o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais do estresse, de modo que o bloqueio desses receptores facilitaria a adaptação ao estresse e induziria efeitos do tipo-antidepressivo. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que o PL e o IL participam de maneira semelhante na modulação desses processos. / It is believed that high amounts of glutamate are related to the neurobiology of depression. Recent studies indicate that the amount of cortical glutamate is increased in depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. Among the cortical structures, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (CPFMv), divided into infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) has been most often implicated in the development of mental disorders, such as depression. Considering that IL and PL play different roles on the emotional control in response to stress, this study was aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors within the CPFMv, IL and PL, would facilitate the development of forced swimming-induced behavioral responses, an animal model predictive of antidepressants effects. To this end, we investigated the effects induced by the administration in the PL or the IL of LY 235959, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, at three different times, in animals submitted to the forced swimming test. The administration of LY 235959, in the IL or PL, produced antidepressant-like effects, and this effect is sensitive to moment of drug administration in relation to exposure to forced swimming. Thus, the antidepressant-like effect was observed when blocking the NMDA blockade into the PL occurred immediately after swimming or before re-exposure to stress, whereas in the IL, such treatment promoted antidepressant-like effect only when administered before re-exposure to swimming. Therefore, the results suggest that the glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by NMDA receptors in the CPFMv contributes to the development of behavioral consequences of stress, so that blocking these receptors would facilitate the adaptation to stress and induce antidepressant-like effects. The results also suggest that PL and IL may be similarly involved in modulating these processes.

In many rivers, dams have interrupted the connectivity of migration routes for fish. While fishways can provide access between downstream and upstream habitats, it is important that passage can occur with minimal delay, energy expenditure, and physiological stress. The research presented here is based on investigations into fishway attraction and passage for the Gates Creek sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbaum) stock at the Seton River dam in British Columbia. The first part of this thesis examined the effect of changes in water discharge from the dam on the relationship between the physiological condition of sockeye and their behaviour in approaching the fishway entrance. Fish were caught and non-lethally biopsied under three normal operating discharge conditions at Seton River dam, and subsets of sampled fish were implanted with radio transmitters and released downstream of the dam. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g. plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and hematocrit) did not differ among the water discharge levels that were examined. Fish delayed in the tailrace below the fishway entrance significantly longer under intermediate discharge (19.9 h @ 12.7 m³s‾¹) than either the high discharge (9.3 h @ 15.8 m³s‾¹), or the low discharge (7.0 h @11.0 m³s‾¹;) conditions (P = 0.022, and P = 0.015, respectively). Delay time was similar under high and low discharge conditions (P = 0.617), and passage success was found to be independent of discharge (P = 0.356). The second part of this thesis investigated how prior physiological condition and subsequent swimming energetics and behaviours effected fishway passage success. Fish were captured and biopsied, before being implanted with electromyogram (EMG) transmitters and released near the downstream entrance of the fishway. Very few differences existed between successful and unsuccessful fish in body size, initial plasma physiology and energy state, and mean swim speed and energy use during passage. However, plasma Na+ concentration was significantly lower in unsuccessful fish (P = 0.022), which is suggestive of a depressed ionic state for unsuccessful fish. Generally, fish did not employ burst swimming during successful or failed attempts at passage, indicating that failure was probably not related to metabolic acidosis. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The diploma thesis focuses on the design, creation and implementation of a desktop application for managing a swimming database of the ASK Blansko swim club. It analyzes the current state of processes in the club and compares them with modern practice. It contains a description of all the functions of the application together with the economic evaluation of the project. It represents a complete solution because of the inefficient and outdated way of keeping the club database. It emphasizes the successful implementation of the application in the club practice.

Mitt i gränsen mellan stadsdelarna Västertorp och Hägerstensåsen i Stockholm ligger den avlånga Mellanbergsparken. I det norra kortändan hittar man Hägerstensåsens tunnelbanestation och i den söndra går den mycket trafikerade motorleden E4an. Det är en platt park med få träd så den är starkt bullerstörd från E4an. I den söndra ändan finns ett utomhusbad som är välbesökt varma sommardagar, men  motorvägens närvaro går inte att ignorera, så badupplevelsen blir inte fullt så avslappnande som den skulle kunna önskas. Västertorps parkbadhus är tänkt att ligga i det sydvästra hörnet och då fungerar som skydd mot bullret. De högsta delarna i byggnaden hamnar närmast motorvägen för så stor bullerdämpning som möjligt, och för att minimera skuggningen av parken och utomhusbadet. Hela byggnaden är dessutom täckt med ett spaljésystem där klätterväxter kan slingra sig, och de tillsammans med den skog som planteras på markplätten som lämnats mellan byggnaden och motorvägen, bidrar ytterligare till bullerdämpning, samt till luftrening från alla avgaser. Entrén till parkbadhuset och dess tillhörande sporthallar är belägen i en gångtunnel som går genom byggnaden från den nuvarande gångtunneln under Personnevägen. För upplivning av tunneln och förståelse av byggnadens funktion finns här fönster in den djupa hoppbassängen. Själva simhallen är sammansatt av tre volymer som har olika takhöjd och nivå på golven som skapar flera typer av rumsligheter i ett och samma rum. Mellan de tre delarna finns dessutom höga pelare med metallstag emellan som stabiliserar den stora hallen. Längs dessa växer klätterväxter som tar in parkupplevelsen även inomhus. I den minsta volymen, ägnat främst barnen, finns också stora träd planerade som skapar nya rum mellan dem samtidigt som de förbättrar luftkvaliteten. / Amid the border between the districts Västertorp and Hägerstensåsen in Stockholm is the elongated park "Mellanbergsparken" situated. In the northern short end of the park you find Hägerstensåsen subway station and in the southern end is the highly trafficked freeway E4. The park is a flat landscape with few trees so the loud noise from the E4 is much disturbing. In the southern end is an outdoor swimming pool that is frequented hot summer days, but the presence of the motorway can't be ignore, so the experience of bathing will not be quite as relaxing as desired. The Park Bathhouse in Västertorp is supposed to be located in the southwest corner and then acts as noise protection against the motorway. The highest parts of the building are closest to the freeway for as much noise reduction as possible, and also to minimize shading of the park and outdoor bath. The entire building is additionally covered with a trellis system where vines can wriggle, and they, together with the forest planted on the land between the building and the highway, further contributes to noise reduction as well as air purification from all exhaust. The entrance to the park bathhouse and its associated sports halls are situated in a pedestrian tunnel that goes through the building from the existing underpass under Personnevägen. For understanding of the building's function there will be windows that go in to the deep diving pool. The swimming pool hall is composed of three volumes that have different height and level the floors, creating several types of spatial features within a single room. Between the three components is also high pillars with metal rods between which stabilizes the large hall. Along these wriggle vines that take the park experience indoors. In the smallest volume, devoted mainly to children, there are large trees planted, creating new rooms between them while improving air quality.

Objectives of the study were 1) To investigate patterns of career development of two successful Indian football through media analysis. 2) To identify factors of career success in male v/s female Indian football players. Methodology: This is a career development narrative study where media analysis was used. Two famous Indian football players (Aditi Chauhan and Sunil Chhetri) were chosen based on he/she had represented India at National and International level and had an extensive career of 15-20 years. As the players were not available to be interviewed, several types of media data were retrieved and analysed.Narrative thematic analysis and Holistic form structural analysis was performed for the stories of the players. Findings: within first analysis, seven career development themes were identified; how their interest got developed in sports, their entry into Indian football, their settlement into their football positions, international level exposures received by each, barriers experienced & sacrifices made by each, career difficulties v/s career incline, and their journey towards transition v/s retirement in their careers. Underlining the career stories, three factors (athletic, psychological, and psychosocial) were identified followed by five themes(planning & goal setting, routine, mindset of the player, motivation, and support system) and six subthemes (fitness & diet, growth, internal motivation, parents, and family) of perceived factors of career success of the footballers. Within second analysis, types of narratives were identified. For Aditi it was sink or swim narrative and for Sunil it was performance narrative. Discussion: Both stories reflected the positive side and negative side of sports. From the whole person and whole career approach three major athletic career stages came up for the athletes’ stories which was initiation, development, and discontinuation stages. Media data focussed on whole athlete and whole career approach where training, competitions, and personal life events got covered. Thus, suggested that perceived factors of success played a key role in career development of Indian football players.

Bottlenose dolphins inhabiting coastlines and estuaries in Florida have been impacted in the past decade by development, algal blooms, catastrophic pollution, and fishery interactions (FI). Dolphins react to disturbance and environmental stressors by modifying their movements and habitat use, which may put them in jeopardy of conflict with humans. FI plays an increasing role in contributing to dolphin mortalities. I investigated dolphin movements, habitat use, residency patterns, and frequency of FI with sport fishing. Tagging studies with short-term data tags and bolt on radio-transmitters were done in several locations in Florida and the east coast providing fine-scale measurements of swimming, daily travels, and foraging activity. Transit speeds agreed with the predicted mean cost of transport as dolphins spent much of their day and night travelling and resting while swimming. Increased foraging was detected by stomach temperature changes revealing dolphins fed at night with a peak starting just after sunset. Dolphin abundance, site fidelity, ranging, stranding mortality, and community structure was characterized at Choctawhatchee and Pensacola Bays in the Florida Panhandle via surveying and photo-identification. Results showed they made frequent inshore movements, maintained site fidelity to specific areas, and comprised several distinct communities. FI was assessed at offshore reefs and coastal fishing piers near Destin, FL and Orange Beach, AL, showing that some dolphins demonstrate affinity to this activity. Harmful interactions with dolphins on reefs and at fishing piers negatively affect their resident communities. Mitigation of FI is suggested by use of avoidance strategies, gear modifications, and improved fish release practices.

Major depression is a serious mood disorder affecting more than 120 million people worldwide, irrespective of their race or socio-economic status. This psychiatric disorder is predicted to become the second leading cause of disability by the year 2020, second only to heart diseases in the global population, without distinguishing differences in the incidence within defined age groups. Depression is known to affect people across all age groups, including children, adolescents, adults and geriatrics, although older age is associated with an increased susceptibility to major depression and other psychiatric conditions. Until the 1970‘s depression during childhood and adolescence was thought to be uncommon or non-existent. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that there is a persistent escalation in the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents. Accordingly, the number of prescriptions for drugs to treat this disorder in juveniles has escalated significantly. With our current limited understanding of the safety and long-term effects of treatment with antidepressants, the clinician is left making decisions without sound evidence of safety. In addition, psychotropic drugs may affect neurodevelopment during childhood and adolescence and may consequently modulate susceptibility to psychiatric disorders later in life. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of early-life (pre-natal and postnatal) chronic treatment with venlafaxine, a dual action serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, during the developmental phase of the serotonin and norepinephrine pathways in stress-sensitive rats on measures of cognition, anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviour later in life. The study also investigated which age shows optimal behavioural changes later in life, following the above mentioned administration of venlafaxine. In addition we also determined the effects that the administration of venlafaxine has on the levels of monoamines l-norepinephrine (l-NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. A number of translational animal models of psychiatric disorders have been described and validated, and is suitable for such investigations. For the current study we used stress-sensitive Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats and their controls, Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. Pregnant dams were injected subcutaneously for 14 days with 10 mg/kg venlafaxine or saline from pre-natal day 15 (ND-15) to ND-01. New-born pups were then injected subcutaneously with 3 mg/kg venlafaxine or saline for 14 days from postnatal day 3 (ND+03) to ND+17. These doses were determined from previous studies reported in literature. Four rat treatment groups of both FSL and FRL rats received injections during pre-natal + postnatal ages as follows: saline + saline, venlafaxine + saline, saline + venlafaxine and venlafaxine + venlafaxine. Following the drug treatments, all rat groups were housed under normal conditions until the indicated time to be subjected to a battery of behavioural tests, including the novel object recognition test (nORT), locomotor activity test (Digiscan®), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced-swim test (FST), scheduled on either ND+35, ND+60 or ND+90. Separate treatment groups were used for each age group. After the behavioural tests animals were decapitated, the brains removed and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus dissected out. These were analysed at a later stage using an HPLC with electrochemical detection to determine the levels of the monoamines l-NE and 5-HT. All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the North-West University (approval number: NWU-00045-10-S5), and are in accordance with the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. The data from the current study suggest that in general FRL rats were not influenced by the early-life treatment with venlafaxine, as observed in the nORT, EPM or FST on ND+35, ND+60 or ND+90. There was minimal changes seen in the immobile behaviour in the FST of FRL rats that received prenatal venlafaxine. As expected, depressive-like behaviour in the FST was significantly enhanced in FSL rats relative to corresponding FRL rat groups as observed at ND+35 and ND+60, but not ND+90. Importantly, depressive-like behaviour was reversed following pre- and postnatal treatment with venlafaxine in FSL rats at ND+60, relative to the corresponding FRL rat groups. Reversal of depressive-like behaviour in FSL rats were not observed at ND+35 or ND+90, suggesting a delayed response that is reversed later in adulthood. The data from the nORT, Digiscan® or EPM did not reveal any significant differences between the various FSL treatment groups, including at ND+60. The current study therefore demonstrated that the treatment regimen employed had a transient effect on depressive-like behaviour later in life and suggested that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the treatment of depression. This was suggested by the venlafaxine-induced decrease in immobile behaviour exhibited by FSL rats at ND+60 in the FST, and the subsequent increase in immobile behaviour at ND+90. In general, the most significant venlafaxine-induced effects were seen in FSL rats, suggesting genetic susceptibility plays an important role. / MSc (Pharmacology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Title: Swim Smooth System and Swimming Specialization Objectives: Along with The Australian Swim Smooth Swim Type Coaching System criteria assign particular swim types to natural predispositions of selected elite swimmers and thus confirm suitability of their specialization. Methods: This work was carried out as a methodological study that explores both the suitability of specialization in a selected group of elite swimmers and the potential benefits of the Swim Smooth Swim Type System compared to the more commonly used method of one swim type. The study involved measuring, displaying, monitoring, evaluation, analysis and correlation. We measured the stroke length and stroke rate. We observed individual style of freestyle technique. We evaluated the Swim Types, somatotype, personality traits of extroversion and swimmers' potential to either speed, middle distance or endurance performance. We performed analysis of the development of swimmers' personal records in their main discipline. We determined the degree of correlation among particular Swim Type criteria that determine Swim Smooth swim types. We evaluated the swimmers' specialization suitability and outlined way of their further development. Results: Swim Smooth Swim Type System revealed the inadequacy of specialization of one swimmer. For all...

A exposição a estressores incontroláveis leva a alterações comportamentais e bioquímicas significativas que parecem envolver um mau funcionamento da via serotoninérgica Núcleo Mediano da Rafe (NMnR)-Hipocampo Dorsal, mediada por receptores de tipo 5-HT1A (5-HT1aR), sugerindo que as associações aprendidas, relacionadas à exposição ao estresse e suas conseqüências emocionais, não foram desconectadas. Estudos na literatura sugerem que processos de memória são tempo-dependentes e podem ser alterados pela administração de drogas no momento de sua formação ou evocação. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar se a interferência na neurotransmissão serotoninérgica mediada por 5-HT1aR, no NMnR, em diferentes momentos com relação à exposição ao estresse de nado forçado pode prevenir ou atenuar os efeitos desse estressor. Ratos Wistar machos (n=5-13/grupo) receberam duas injeções intra-NMnR de Salina (Sal), 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT; 3nmoles/0,2µL; agonista 5-HT1aR) e/ou WAY100635 (WAY; 0,3nmoles/0,2µL; antagonista 5-HT1aR) compondo os grupos experimentais: Sal+Sal, Sal+DPAT, WAY+Sal, WAY+DPAT. As drogas foram administradas em três condições experimentais distintas: antes da pré-exposição ao nado forçado; antes do teste em animais submetidos à pré-exposição; ou antes do teste em animais não pré-expostos. O teste ocorreu 24 horas após a pré-exposição. O tempo de latência para o primeiro episódio de imobilidade (LAT) e o tempo total gasto imóvel (IMO) foram registrados. Somente animais com sítios de injeção confirmados foram usados na análise (ANOVA de uma via seguida por teste post hoc de Duncan). Nossos resultados sugerem que o tratamento com 8-OH-DPAT antes da pré-exposição ou do teste em animais estressados previne ou atenua, respectivamente, as consequências comportamentais da exposição prévia ao estresse de nado forçado. Além disso, nossos dados sugerem que tanto a interferência no processo de aquisição da memória aversiva quanto da evocação da mesma são em parte mediados por 5-HT1aR. / Exposure to uncontrollable stressors leads to significant behavioral and biochemical changes which has been associated to mal functioning of the Median Raphe Nucleus (NMnR) Dorsal Hippocampus serotonergic pathway, mediated by receptor type 5-HT1A (5-HT1aR), suggesting that learned associations related to exposure to stress and emotional consequences from such exposure were not disconnected. Published studies suggest that memory processes are time-dependent and can be changed by the administration of drugs at the time of its formation or retrieval. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether interference with serotonergic neurotransmission mediated by 5-HT1aR in NMnR at different times in relation to exposure to forced swim stress could prevent or reduce the effects of this stressor. Male Wistar rats (n = 5-13/grupo) received two intra-NMnR injections of Saline (Sal), 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT; 3nmoles / 0.2 mL; 5-HT1aR agonist) and / or WAY100635 (WAY; 0.3 nmol / 0.2 mL; 5-HT1aR antagonist) composing the experimental groups: Sal + Sal, Sal + DPAT, WAY + Sal, WAY + DPAT. The drugs were administered in three different experimental conditions: before preexposure to forced swim; before testing in animals subjected to preexposure; or before testing in animals not preexposed. The test occurred 24 hours after preexposure. The latency to the first episode of immobility (LAT) and the total time spent immobile e (IMO) were registered. Only animals who had their sites of injection confirmed were used in the analysis (one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test Duncan). Our results suggest that treatment with 8-OH-DPAT before preexposure or testing in stressed animals prevents or attenuates, respectively, the behavioral consequences of prior exposure to forced swim stress. Furthermore, our data suggest that both the interference in the acquisition of aversive memory, and the retrieval of the same are partly mediated by 5-HT1aR.

A exposição a estressores incontroláveis leva a alterações comportamentais e bioquímicas significativas que parecem envolver um mau funcionamento da via serotoninérgica Núcleo Mediano da Rafe (NMnR)-Hipocampo Dorsal, mediada por receptores de tipo 5-HT1A (5-HT1aR), sugerindo que as associações aprendidas, relacionadas à exposição ao estresse e suas conseqüências emocionais, não foram desconectadas. Estudos na literatura sugerem que processos de memória são tempo-dependentes e podem ser alterados pela administração de drogas no momento de sua formação ou evocação. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar se a interferência na neurotransmissão serotoninérgica mediada por 5-HT1aR, no NMnR, em diferentes momentos com relação à exposição ao estresse de nado forçado pode prevenir ou atenuar os efeitos desse estressor. Ratos Wistar machos (n=5-13/grupo) receberam duas injeções intra-NMnR de Salina (Sal), 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT; 3nmoles/0,2µL; agonista 5-HT1aR) e/ou WAY100635 (WAY; 0,3nmoles/0,2µL; antagonista 5-HT1aR) compondo os grupos experimentais: Sal+Sal, Sal+DPAT, WAY+Sal, WAY+DPAT. As drogas foram administradas em três condições experimentais distintas: antes da pré-exposição ao nado forçado; antes do teste em animais submetidos à pré-exposição; ou antes do teste em animais não pré-expostos. O teste ocorreu 24 horas após a pré-exposição. O tempo de latência para o primeiro episódio de imobilidade (LAT) e o tempo total gasto imóvel (IMO) foram registrados. Somente animais com sítios de injeção confirmados foram usados na análise (ANOVA de uma via seguida por teste post hoc de Duncan). Nossos resultados sugerem que o tratamento com 8-OH-DPAT antes da pré-exposição ou do teste em animais estressados previne ou atenua, respectivamente, as consequências comportamentais da exposição prévia ao estresse de nado forçado. Além disso, nossos dados sugerem que tanto a interferência no processo de aquisição da memória aversiva quanto da evocação da mesma são em parte mediados por 5-HT1aR. / Exposure to uncontrollable stressors leads to significant behavioral and biochemical changes which has been associated to mal functioning of the Median Raphe Nucleus (NMnR) Dorsal Hippocampus serotonergic pathway, mediated by receptor type 5-HT1A (5-HT1aR), suggesting that learned associations related to exposure to stress and emotional consequences from such exposure were not disconnected. Published studies suggest that memory processes are time-dependent and can be changed by the administration of drugs at the time of its formation or retrieval. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether interference with serotonergic neurotransmission mediated by 5-HT1aR in NMnR at different times in relation to exposure to forced swim stress could prevent or reduce the effects of this stressor. Male Wistar rats (n = 5-13/grupo) received two intra-NMnR injections of Saline (Sal), 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT; 3nmoles / 0.2 mL; 5-HT1aR agonist) and / or WAY100635 (WAY; 0.3 nmol / 0.2 mL; 5-HT1aR antagonist) composing the experimental groups: Sal + Sal, Sal + DPAT, WAY + Sal, WAY + DPAT. The drugs were administered in three different experimental conditions: before preexposure to forced swim; before testing in animals subjected to preexposure; or before testing in animals not preexposed. The test occurred 24 hours after preexposure. The latency to the first episode of immobility (LAT) and the total time spent immobile e (IMO) were registered. Only animals who had their sites of injection confirmed were used in the analysis (one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test Duncan). Our results suggest that treatment with 8-OH-DPAT before preexposure or testing in stressed animals prevents or attenuates, respectively, the behavioral consequences of prior exposure to forced swim stress. Furthermore, our data suggest that both the interference in the acquisition of aversive memory, and the retrieval of the same are partly mediated by 5-HT1aR.