Since most of the electrical energy is consumed by the electrical motors, it is necessary to use the electrical energy as efficient as possible. Throughout this study four different types of motors (induction motor, permanent magnet radial flux DC motor, permanent magnet axial flux DC motor, switched reluctance motor) are considered and compared based on their torque per unit volume and speed performance comparison. Torque per unit volume equations are obtained for each of the motor, related to quantities such as magnetic flux density and electric loading and the speed performances are compared by using a washing machine application, which has a wide speed range. As a result of this study torque per unit volume and speed performance of each of these four types of motors are obtained and motors of different types are evaluated due to their torque per motor volume, torque per ampere, efficiency and etc. over a wide speed range to have an idea about the applications of these motors.

Ce travail de recherche est réalisé dans le cadre d'une collaboration internationale entre l'Université Technique de Cluj-Napoca en Roumanie et l'Ecole Centrale de Lille en France. Cette thèse a comme premier objectif, de réduire l’ondulation de couple d’une machine triphasée 6/8 à réluctance variable grâce aux paramètres de contrôle dans le mode de fonctionnement moteur et générateur. Par conséquent, un modèle analytique a été développé et mis en œuvre dans un environnement de calcul numérique. Un outil d'optimisation permettant de trouver les meilleurs paramètres de contrôle a été utilisé. Toutefois, le processus d’optimisation est très lent.En conséquence, une stratégie pour réduire le temps du processus d'optimisation sans abaisser la précision des résultats est proposée. Une stratégie de ‘mapping’ est utilisée entre un modèle grossier mais rapide et un modèle fin mais lent. Un travail est mené sur le choix du modèle grossier, dans le cadre d’un modèle fournissant des valeurs en fonction du temps. Deux stratégies de ‘mapping’ ont été utilisées dans cette thèse : l’‘Output Space Mapping Proportional’(OSMP) et le Manifold Mapping (MM). Ces deux stratégies sont utilisées pour déterminer les paramètres de contrôle optimaux. Le problème d’optimisation est ensuite complété en ajoutant des variables géométriques au processus d’optimisation du contrôle. Les outils développés sont ensuite utilisés dans le cadre du dimensionnement par optimisation d’un alterno-démarreur automobile. Finalement, des expériences et des essais sur un prototype de Machine à RV sont menés afin de valider les résultats du processus d'optimisation en mode moteur et générateur. / The switched reluctance machine has a simple construction making it cheaper in execution but one of the drawbacks of this machine is the torque ripple. This thesis had as first target, the usage of an optimization tool to calculate the best control parameters to correct this major drawback in motor and generator operation modes. Hence, an analytical model that takes into account the machine geometry and that is able to be simulated in both operation modes by adjusting the commutation angles was provided and implemented in a calculation environment. The second target of this work is to investigate a method to reduce the optimization time without lowering the accuracy of the results. The strategy used in the optimization process is known in literature as the space mapping technique, more precisely for this thesis output space mapping proportional and manifold mapping were studied. After testing them on a mathematical model it was possible to continue the investigation on defining the optimal control parameters of a three-phases 6/8 SR machine prototype, being able that further to use this strategy in a much complicated process, i.e. defining the right geometry and control of a SR machine to be used in automotive integrated starter alternator systems. The final target of the thesis was to conduct experiments and tests on the existing prototype in order to partially validate the results of the optimization process.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Luis Azcue Puma / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Este trabalho apresenta o controle direto de potencia do gerador de relutancia variavel de 12/8 utilizando o controlador fuzzy PI auto-ajustavel e o controle vetorial do inversor conectado à rede eletrica. Inicialmente são estudados os principios de operação da maquina e a topologia do conversor eletronico de potencia que sera utilizado para aciona-lo. Usando o software de simulaçãoMatlab/Simulink é implementado o modelo da maquina de relutancia variavel utilizando as curvas caracteristicas, de corrente e torque, que foram extraídas utilizando dados experimentais. Utilizando o modelo da maquina é projetado o controlador de velocidade para sua operação no modo motor. Tambem sera projetado o controlador de potência PI utilizando o modelo estimado do sistema de conversão de energia eólica. A partir dos ganhos do controlador PI é projetado o controlador fuzzy PI autoajustavel com o objetivo de melhorar a resposta em regime permanente da potencia controlada. A potencia gerada pelo gerador de relutancia variavel é injetada à rede eletrica, atraves do controle independente das potencias ativa e reativa, para este proposito é utilizado um conversor trifasico de dois níveis. Na parte experimental deste trabalho foi implementado o controle de corrente por histerese para maquina operando no modo motor, posteriormente foi implementado o controle de corrente e controle da tens~ao no barramento CC para a máquina operando no modo gerador. Os resultados de simulação e experimentais se mostraram coerentes validando os controladores propostos. / This work presents the direct power control of the switched reluctance generator of 12/8 using the self-tuning fuzzy PI controller and the vector control for inverter connected to the grid. Initially, the machine's operating principles and the topology of the power electronics converter used to drive this machine are studied. The model of switched reluctance machine is implemented in Matlab/Simulink simulation software using the characteristic curves of current and torque extracted using experimental data. Using the machine's model, It is designed the speed controller for its operation in motor mode. Also, the PI controller is designed for the power control loop based on the estimation of the wind energy conversion system. Using the gains of the PI controller, It is designed the self-tuning fuzzy PI controller, in order to improve the steady state response of the power control loop. The power generated by the switched reluctance generator is injected into the power grid through the independent control of active and reactive power, for this purpose is used a three-phase two level converter. In the experimental part of this work was implemented the hysteresis current control for machine operating in motor mode, also, It was implemented the current and DC bus voltage control for the machine operating in generator mode. The simulation and experimental results were proved consistent and these results validate the proposed controllers.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alfeu Joãozinho Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Neste trabalho é estudado o gerador de relutância variável 12/8 aplicado em sistemas de geração eólica. Para a conexão do gerador com a rede elétrica será empregado o conversor em ponte assimétrico que compartilha o barramento de corrente contínua com um inversor. O conversor assimétrico tem a função de controlar a tensão no elo de corrente contínua e emprega controladores PIs para este fim. Já, o inversor conectado à rede elétrica controla as potências injetadas na rede por meio da técnica de controle orientado por tensão empregando controladores PIs. Analisou-se também as condições da máquina em termos de indução magnética através de simulações computacionais, pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos, com intuito de verificar e estimar os níveis de indução garantindo que a operação do controle atue de fato em condição de não saturação da máquina. Resultados das simulações de operação do gerador conectado à rede elétrica trifásica e dos níveis de indução magnética são apresentados para validar a proposta. / This academic work examines the switched reluctance generator 12/8 applied in wind power generation systems. A asymmetric bridge converter shares the DC link with an inverter that allows generator connection to the power grid. The asymmetric half bridge converter has the function of controlling the voltage of the DC link and uses PI controllers for this purpose. Already, the inverter connected to the grid controls the power injected into the grid across voltage oriented controle by employing PIs voltage controllers. It was also analyzed the machine conditions in terms of magnetic induction through computational simulations, by the Finite Element Method, in order to verify and estimate the induction levels, ensuring that the operation of the control actually acts in the condition of non-saturation of the machine. Results of the operation simulations of the generator connected to the three-phase electric grid and the magnetic induction levels are presented to validate the proposal

The switched reluctance generator emerged as an alternative generator and grew in interest among the scientific community during the last decade. It has a simple construction and comes up as a competitive option when one deals with variable speed applications and also when power electronics is required. Nowadays the most aimed applications are the aircraft applications, hybrid or electric vehicles and wind power. This machine has a doubly salient structure without copper in the rotor. The coils are concentrated in the stator poles. Thus, there is low copper and iron consumption and, because of it, this machine is closer to the modern environmental requirements. The switched reluctance generator driving uses power electronics and needs continuous information about the rotor position to drive properly the switches of the phases. The optimal design for this machine is still been established from the experimental results. Many operational details are under investigation. The machine has two different electrical circuits: one for the excitation and other when the load is fed. It is possible to insulate those two circuits and because of this it is also possible to reduce the electronic switches count. This work is helpful to understand how the SRG works. To get it the goals were to build a mathematical model for this machine and to simulate its operation. And than to know how it dynamically conducts. A prototype was constructed and used to test some driving circuits with it. Also it is presented an extensive comparative study. With this all this work presents a contribution for the development of this kind of machinery. / O gerador a relutância chaveado despertou interesse crescente na comunidade científica na última década. Esta máquina elétrica caracteriza-se por sua simplicidade construtiva e tem sido apresentada como uma alternativa competitiva quando é requerida eletrônica de potência, como ocorre nas aplicações em que a velocidade é continuamente variável. As aplicações mais visadas atualmente estão relacionadas à aeronáutica, aos veículos elétricos ou híbridos e à energia eólica. A máquina tem estrutura em dupla saliência, não tem enrolamentos no rotor e as bobinas do estator estão concentradas. Por isto consome menos cobre e aço e é vista como uma máquina elétrica mais próxima dos requisitos ambientais modernos. Seu acionamento necessita de eletrônica de potência e de informação contínua da posição do rotor, para estabelecer os instantes de energização das fases, para gerar energia elétrica. A técnica de projeto de geradores a relutância chaveados está se consolidando a partir de resultados experimentais. Mas vários aspectos operacionais estão sob investigação. O circuito elétrico do gerador a relutância chaveado tem duas malhas elétricas, uma durante a excitação e outra durante a geração. Seu acionamento pode utilizar conversores com contagem reduzida de chaves semicondutoras. O presente trabalho ajuda a compreender o funcionamento do gerador a relutância chaveado e a sua modelagem matemática. Simulações são apresentadas para detalhar a dinâmica das suas partes. Um protótipo foi construído e usado para ajustar os circuitos de acionamento e realizar estudos experimentais, e com isto contribuir para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de máquina elétrica. / Doutor em Ciências

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Motor de RelutÃncia VariÃvel (MRV) vem cada vez mais chamando a atenÃÃo da indÃstria e da comunidade acadÃmica. Isso se deve ao crescente desenvolvimento da eletrÃnica de potÃncia e na Ãrea de microprocessadores nos Ãltimos anos, o que permitiu o avanÃo de outros sistemas de acionamentos tais como com MRV. A competitividade do MRV se justifica por seu baixo custo de produÃÃo e manutenÃÃo, uma elevada densidade de potÃncia, robustez e resistÃncia a faltas. O presente trabalho propÃe um esquema de controle robusto baseado em um Controlador Preditivo Generalizado (GPC) pertencente a famÃlia de Controladores Preditivos Baseados em Modelo (MPC) aplicados a malha de corrente e velocidade de um sistema de acionamento com MRV. O controlador proposto, assim como controladores tradicionais aplicados neste tipo de sistema tais como o controlador por Histerese e o controlador PID sÃo tambÃm aplicados com o objetivo de proporcionar meios de comparaÃÃo dos resultados experimentais obtidos. A estrutura do controlador à baseada no projeto de um filtro de modo a permitir uma resposta rÃpida, rejeiÃÃo a distÃrbios, atenuaÃÃo de ruÃdos e robustez com um baixo custo computacional. O controlador proposto foi implementado e os resultados comparados com controladores tradicionais e analisados quantitativamente por meio de Ãndices de desempenho. Para execuÃÃo das rotinas de controle foi utilizado um DSP das Texas Instruments (TMS320F28335), sendo suas caracterÃsticas principais apontadas. O algoritmo do software de controle à esquematizado. O trabalho fez uso da bancada de pesquisa em MRV do laboratÃrio do Grupo de Pesquisa em AutomaÃÃo e RobÃtica (GPAR) da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC).

Le domaine de la traction électrique a suscité un très grand intérêt dans les dernières années. La conception optimale de l'ensemble moteur électrique de traction – onduleur doit prendre en compte une variété de critères et contraintes. Étant donnée la liaison entre la géométrie du moteur et la stratégie de commande de l'onduleur, l'optimisation de l'ensemble de traction doit prendre en considération, en même temps, les deux composants.L'objectif de la thèse est la conception d'un outil d'optimisation appliqué à un système de traction électrique légère qu'emploie un moteur à réluctance variable alimenté (MRVCE) par un onduleur triphasé en pont complet. Le MRVCE est modélisé en utilisant la technique par réseau de perméances. En même temps, la technique de commande électronique peut être facilement intégrée dans le modèle pour effectuer l'analyse dynamique du fonctionnement du moteur. L'outil d'optimisation réalisé utilise l'algorithme par essaim de particules, modifié pour résoudre des problèmes multi-objectif. Les objectifs sont liés à la qualité des caractéristiques de fonctionnement du moteur, en temps que les variables d'optimisation concernent la géométrie du moteur aussi que la technique de commande. Les performances de l'algorithme sont comparées avec ceux de l'algorithme génétique (NSGA-II) et d'une implémentation classique de l'algorithme par essaim de particules multi-objectif.Finalement, un prototype de moteur à réluctance variable est construit et le fonctionnement du MRVCE alimenté depuis l'onduleur triphasé en pont complet est implémenté et les outils de modélisation et d'optimisation sont validés / The interest for the electric traction applications has been growing in the last few years. The optimal design of the electric motor and of the inverter that powers it needs to consider a long list of restrictions and criteria. Because of the fact that the geometry of the motor and the switching strategy are closely linked, the optimization of the traction solution needs to consider both, at the same time.The objective of this thesis is the development of an optimization tool applied for the optimization of an electric traction solution that uses the switched reluctance motor (SRM) fed from a three phase full bridge inverter. The SRM is modeled using Permeance Network Analysis (PNA). The switching technique can be easily integrated in the model, which gives the possibility to run a dynamic analysis. The optimization tool created uses the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, modified for multi-objective problems. The algorithms performances are compared with those of the Genetic Algorithm, using the NSGA-II multi-objective technique and with a classic version of multiple objective particle swarm optimizer (MOPSO).Finally, a SRM prototype is constructed and the drive solution using a full-bridge three phase inverter is implemented. The modeling and optimization tools are thus experimentally validated

Policies to reduce emissions from transportation are implemented by different World and European<p>associations. Personal and freight transportation is one of the key contributors in GHG<p>emissions, being the second biggest GHG emitter after energy sector in the European Union.<p>The policies to reduce emissions from transportation are focusing on the optimization of the efficiency<p>of the existing vehicles, the development of new sustainable fuels and propulsion systems<p>and the electrification of the vehicles<p>The continuously increasing price of the permanent magnets and the shortage of rare earths<p>demand the finding of alternatives for the permanent magnet synchronous machines which is<p>currently the leading technology in several domains as hybrid and full electric propulsion and<p>wind turbines due to their best overall performances.<p>The good efficiency and the large constant power-speed ratio in addition to low the cost, high<p>reliability and fault-tolerance make the SRM a candidate with real chances on the market of<p>vehicle propulsion. The main drawbacks of the SRM related to the torque ripple, noise and<p>vibration make the research object in R&Ds all over the world.<p>This thesis is focused on the development of an efficient and robust switched reluctance drive<p>which can be integrated in a hybrid dive train or can be solely used for electric vehicle traction.<p>To achieve this goal, various instantaneous and average torque control techniques are implemented<p>and compared. A converter is designed, built and integrated on a test bench which<p>allows testing SRMs for vehicle propulsion. An investigation on noise production in SRDs ends<p>the thesis. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le moteur à réluctance variable (MRV) est en train de gagner beaucoup d'intérêt dans les applications de traction électrique grâce à la compatibilité significative entre ses caractéristiques naturelles et les exigences de l'industrie automobile. Cependant, à cause de la caractéristique fortement non linéaire des grandeurs électromagnétiques du MRV, l'usure du moteur, les variations paramétriques dues aux tolérances de fabrication, et la dérive des paramètres durant le fonctionnement, les stratégies de commande classique ne permettent pas d'assurer des hautes performances de suivi de trajectoire et de robustesse en stabilité dans l'environnement de fonctionnement d'un véhicule électrique. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des stratégies de commande robustes du MRV en prenant en considération les contraintes imposées par les applications de traction. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, une structure de commande en cascade, composée d'une boucle externe de vitesse et d'une boucle interne de courant, est envisagée. Les objectifs de synthèse sont ensuite fixés à travers un cahier des charges formulé en termes de gabarits fréquentiels, et les correcteurs robustes et adaptatifs de vitesse et de courant sont ainsi synthétisés en se basant sur les approches de commande H-infini et LPV/H- infini. La faisabilité des correcteurs constitue également un critère important dans les applications de traction électrique où la puissance de calcul embarqué dans le véhicule est très limitée. Ce critère est pris en considération dans cette thèse à travers l'utilisation des approches de synthèse des correcteurs H- infini d'ordre fixe. Les performances de ces correcteurs sont analysées et comparées avec les performances des correcteurs H- infini classiques à travers une étude par la μ-analyse de la robustesse en stabilité et une évaluation expérimentale. Le deuxième objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'évaluer l'intérêt de la commande sans capteurs mécanique du MRV en se basant sur des méthodes d'estimation. Des observateurs robustes basés sur les modes glissants et le filtrage de Kalman sont ainsi synthétisés. Les performances et la robustesse de ces observateurs sont ensuite comparées expérimentalement dans une perspective d'une application de traction électrique. / The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining much interest in electric vehicle applications. It includes robustness to harsh operational conditions, rugged structure, fault tolerant operation and a wide range of speed. However, due to the highly nonlinear electromagnetic characteristic, wear and tear of motor, manufacturing tolerances and parameters drift during operation, classical control strategies do not ensure high dynamical performance and robustness under various operating conditions in electric vehicle environment. In this context, the first purpose of this thesis is to propose robust control strategies of the SRM taking into account the constraints imposed by electric vehicle applications. To achieve this objective, a cascade control scheme is adopted; it consists of an outer speed loop and an inner current loop. Controllers design aims are fixed through specifications formulated in frequency domain, robust and adaptive controllers of speed and currents are thus synthesized based on H- infini and LPV/H- infini control approaches. Feasibility of these controllers is also an important criterion in electric vehicles applications where embedded computing power is very limited. This criterion is taken into account in this thesis by using fixed order controller synthesis approaches. The performances of these controllers are analyzed and compared with the performances of standard H- infini controllers through an experimental evaluation and a robustness analysis is performed using the concept of the Singular Structured Value, i.e. the μ-analysis. The second objective of this thesis is to assess the interest of the sensorless control of SRM. Robust observers based on second order sliding mode (SMO2) and Kalman filtering techniques (EKF) are designed to estimate the mechanical states of SRM. Performances and robustness of these observers are then compared experimentally in perspective of electric vehicle application.

La commande intermittente a pour but principal d'augmenter le rendement de l'ensemble machine-convertisseur par une réduction des pertes. Dans le but de maintenir le couple moyen de la machine requis par la charge, cette commande augmente le couple de référence et éteint quelques phases pendant chaque période électrique ou chaque période mécanique. Par ce fait, elle réduit les pertes du convertisseur et les pertes ferromagnétiques de la machine. Elle dispose également d'une liberté de sélection des phases activées qui influence des fréquences générées du courant, de la force radiale et du couple. Par conséquent, cette stratégie de la commande intermittente, qui est appelée le glissement, peut éviter l'excitation de fréquences naturelles du stator, ou bien celles de la chaine cinématique. Elle a pour but de réduire les effets négatifs de la commande intermittente vis-à-vis de comportements vibratoire du stator et pulsatoire de la chaine cinématique qui sont respectivement à l'origine du bruit acoustique et des à-coups mécaniques. En fin, la commande intermittente est validée sur des cycles de conduite et peut économiser jusqu’à 5,17 % de l’énergie électrique consommée. / The intermittent control aims to increase the efficiency of the machine-converter system by reducing the losses. In the purpose to maintain the average torque of the machine required by the load, this control increases the reference torque and turns off some phases during each electrical period or each mechanical period. By this fact, it reduces the converter losses and the ferromagnetic losses of the machine. It also has a freedom in the selection of the activated phases which influences the generated frequencies of the current, the radial force and the torque. Therefore, this strategy of the intermittent control, which is called sliding strategy, can avoid the excitation of the natural frequencies of the stator, or those of the drivetrain. It aims to reduce the negative effects of the intermittent control vis-à-vis the vibration of the stator and the pulsation of the drivetrain which are respectively at the origins of acoustic noise and mechanical jerks. Finally, the intermittent control is validated on driving cycles and can save up to 5.17 % of the consumed electrical energy.