This thesis examines existing theories of Spanish stress assignment in generative phonology and proposes an alternative theory that is more effective in predicting the surface representations of Spanish stress. Stress is characterized according to traditional textbook standards and examples are given (Chapter I). The current theoretical setting, especially the theories of James W. Harris, is then described (Chapter II). This writer's own theory, based upon an underlying distinction between tense and lax vowels, is delineated (Chapter III) and defended (Chapter IV). The new stress assignment rule--along with a rule of vowel laxing before a word boundary (#) and a rule of stress adjustment--shows stress in Spanish to be predictable and, therefore, not phonemic.

The subject of the thesis is the determination of syllable boundaries in English with respect to its perceptual relevance. The hypothesis is based on two different theoretical conceptions. The Maximum Onset Principle (MOP), a traditional approach widespread among linguists, assigns intervocalic consonants to neighbouring syllables in such a way that the longest possible onsets are created in the syllables that follow. An alternative view, advocated by John Wells, advises to utilize more complex parameters, such as morphological structure, prosodic structure or, most importantly, the allophonic realization of phonemes as determined by position within the syllable. A word monitoring experiment measuring reaction times, in which listeners pressed a key if they heard a given word in the auditory stimulus, yielded data about listeners' performance in two conditions: in one the items were divided into syllables according to the MOP, in the other according to Wells. The latter was associated with faster reactions, which might be interpreted as cognitively less strenuous. However, the difference between the two conditions was not robust, mainly because of the limited number of listeners.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the realizations of consonant clusters in an age- homogenous group of Czech-speaking children. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the syllable and consonant clusters as language universals, as well as with the syllable structure and consonant clusters in Czech. Furthermore, some theories of speech acquisition which take combinations of segments and forming of syllable structure in children's speech into account are also presented. A number of studies in consonant cluster acquisition is also summarized. The practical part of this work consists of an experiment in which consonant clusters in 16 typically developing Czech children aged 3;8-4;9 ( x = 4,4) were analysed. Eleven various two-element consonant clusters were selected according to their frequency of occurrence in the corpus of written Czech. Clusters were placed in 30 real words and 30 pseudowords - the pseudowords had the same structure as real words. Imitation was used as a elicitation method. Pictures were used only as complementary elements. The entire sample consisted of 461 consonant clusters realized in real words and 464 clusters realized in pseudowords. We described the structure of the target consonant clusters (i.e. manner and quality/accuracy of realizations) and their...

This study investigates sociophonetic stress variation in the Onondaga County area of Upstate New York. I argue that five variations of stress correlate to factors of age, education level, place of residence, frequency, and analogical change. Dinkin and Evanini (2010) have examined and discovered similar outcomes of stress variation in his work with dialectal features across the state of New York. Rather than analyze the state and its borders in their entirety, I focus on morpheme-specific analogical change of stress in specific social categories within the Syracuse, New York region. In terms of lexical items, I analyze stress placement within four-, five-, and six-syllable words containing the -mentary affix and explore how stress shifts in these words depending on those social and linguistic factors. Data were collected through formal and informal sociolinguistic interviews in which each instance of the target words were analyzed as belonging to one of five types of stress. Results indicate that Syracuse is one of the locations in the state that see all five stress patterns. To further investigate, I take the provided evidence of stress variation and filter for sociological relevance for factors of age, gender, and residence.

Esta pesquisa investiga o desenvolvimento das formas silábicas CCV (Consoante1 + Consoante2 + Vogal) do Português Brasileiro na fala infantil. Presente em palavras como triste, blusa, madrinha, tigre, a sílaba CCV é a última a ser adquirida pela criança, após os 5;0 anos de idade (LAMPRECHT, 1993). No entanto, palavras contendo contextos CCV podem figurar na produção infantil mesmo antes dos 2;0 anos: ab(r)e aqui (Lz. 1;09 anos); (o)b(r)igado (Ar. 1;09 anos). O objetivo deste trabalho é observar como o ataque ramificado manifesta seu desenvolvimento na fonologia infantil, questionando se o molde CCV estaria presente na Fonologia da criança mesmo antes das primeiras realizações-alvo desta sílaba. Analisam-se dados experimentais de 49 crianças, que elicitaram estímulos familiares ou logatomas do tipo /CCV.CV/ e /CV.CV/, e produções longitudinais de três crianças. Os corpora foram categorizados em cinco grupos conforme o percentual de realizações-alvo CCV, de 0%-%5 (G1) a acima de 76% (G5). Para acessar o conhecimento fonológico infantil sobre a ramificação de ataque, três fontes de evidência foram tomadas: (i) observação de padrões fonotáticos e estratégias de reparo impostas à produção da sílaba CCV; (ii) interação entre o ataque ramificado e a regra de palatalização de oclusivas alveolares; e (iii) comparação da duração de sílabas CCV reduzidas a C1V e de sílabas CV. Os resultados em (i) apontam que antes de produtivamente realizar o ataque ramificado como na forma-alvo, parte dos informantes em G1 empregou estratégias de reparo visando modificar a qualidade do segmento em C2, como em entrar [etja] e Dlato [pwa.t]. Observou-se ausência de uma ordem específica de desenvolvimento dos filtros fonotáticos no molde CCV. Contudo, detectou-se tendência significativa por evitar sílabas oclusiva coronal + líquida e preferência por sílabas oclusiva labial + líquida, o que creditamos ao Princípio de Contorno Obrigatório (McCarthy, 1986) e ao desenvolvimento do controle articulatório infantil (Goldstein, 2003). Em (ii) verificou-se que a palatalização em contextos /ti, di, tli, dli/ reduzidos à C1V (como trilho [ti.], Dlibo [i.b] e triângulo [tiã.g.l]) foi bloqueada por uma parcela dos informantes em G1, e não foi bloqueada pelo desenvolvimento do molde CCV na fala de informantes específicos dos grupos G2-G4. Observou-se, em (iii), que a duração é uma propriedade de aquisição ainda em curso: mesmo quando a ramificação de ataque foi produzida, constatou-se duração variável (mais longa, similar ou mais curta) entre C(C)V e CV. Os resultados em (i) e (ii) apontam manifestações da ramificação de ataque na produção de uma parcela de nossos informantes mesmo antes de suas primeiras realizações-alvo do CCV. Já a ausência de tais manifestações nos dados de parte das crianças em G1 sugere que a ramificação de ataque ainda deve emergir na Fonologia infantil. Atribuímos esta emergência à marcação do Parâmetro de Ataque Máximo, propondo que a variabilidade e a gradualidade pós-marcação paramétrica observada no percurso de aquisição pode ser devida à aquisição segmental, ao domínio articulatório-motor das sequências consonantais e ao design do experimento, causas também reportadas na literatura. / This research investigates the development of the syllabic forms CCV (Consonant1 + Consonant2 + Vowel) within Brazilian Portugueses child speech. Being present in words such as triste, blusa, madrinha, tigre, the CCV syllable is the last one to be acquired by the child, after 5;0 years old (LAMPRECHT, 1993). However, words containing CCV contexts may figure in child production even before 2;0 years old: ab(r)e aqui (Lz.1;09y.o.); (o)b(r)igado (Ar.1;09y.o). The main goal of this work is to observe how the branched onset presents its development in child phonology, questioning whether the CCV pattern would be available to the childs Phonology prior to the first target realizations of that syllable. There were analyzed experimental data from 49 children, who elicited habitual stimuli or logathomes of the type /CCV.CV/ and /CV.CV/, as well as longitudinal productions from three children. The corpora were categorized into five groups based on the percentage of CCV target realizations, from 0%-%5 (G1) to above 76% (G5). In order to access the child phonological knowledge of onset branching, three evidence sources were selected: (i) observation of phonotactic patterns and repair strategies imposed to the production of the CCV syllable; (ii) interaction between the branched onset and the rule for palatalization of alveolar implosives; and (iii) comparing the duration of CCV syllables reduced to C1V and CV syllables. The results in (i) point out that, before effectively realizing the branched onset as in the target form, part of the informants in G1 employed repair strategies aiming to modify the segments quality in C2, as in entrar [etja] and Dlato [pwa.t]. An absence of a specific order of development of phonotactic filters for the CCV pattern could be observed. However, there was detected a significant tendency to avoid coronal implosive+liquid syllables and a preference for labial implosive+liquid, which we credit to the Obligatory Contour Principle (McCarthy, 1986) and the development of child articulatory control (Goldstein, 2003). In (ii) it was verified that the palatalization within contexts /ti, di, tli, dli/ reduced to C1V (as trilho [ti.], Dlibo [i.b] and triângulo [tiã.g.l]) was blocked by a parcel of the informants in G1, yet it was not blocked by the development of the pattern CCV at the speech of specific informants from the groups G2-G4. It was observed in (iii) that duration is a property of acquisition still under development: even when onset branching was produced, it was found variable duration (longer, similar or shorter) between C(C)V and CV. The results in (i) and (ii) point towards expression of onset branching on the production of a parcel of the informants even before their first target realizations of CCV. On the other hand, the absence of such manifestation in the data of part of the children from G1 suggests that onset branching is yet to emerge at those childrens Phonology. It is claimed that this emergency is attributed to the setting of the Maximum Onset Parameter, and the post-parameter setting variability and gradualness observed in the course of acquisition can be due to the segment acquisition, to the motor-articulatory of the consonant sequences and to experiments design, as already reported by the literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campos_pbb_me_sjrp.pdf: 1587289 bytes, checksum: 44e373579909de7120a570fee97a7997 (MD5) / O presente trabalho trata das grafias não-convencionais de sílabas com coda nasal, produzidas por jovens e adultos em processo de alfabetização de uma escola municipal de São José do Rio Preto. Sob o aspecto fonético (CAGLIARI, 2009), a posição de coda corresponde a um momento de redução de energia, o que pode tornar os segmentos que preenchem essa posição da sílaba menos audíveis. Sob o aspecto fonológico (SELKIRK, 1982), a coda é um constituinte não-imediato da sílaba que apresenta várias restrições de preenchimento. A nasalidade apresenta uma complexidade decorrente de aspectos fonético-acústicos aliados a uma discussão na literatura a respeito de sua representação fonológica. Soma-se ainda, o fato de a nasal em coda no Português Brasileiro apresentar, sob o aspecto gráfico, três possibilidades de registro (<m>, <n> e <~>). O córpus de pesquisa é constituído de grafias de palavras coletadas a partir de cinco propostas de escrita, incluindo uma lista de frutas, duas propostas de bingo e duas propostas de listas a partir de imagens. A metodologia de análise qualitativa baseia-se no paradigma indiciário proposto por Ginzburg (1989), pois acreditamos que, ao considerar a singularidade dos dados, teremos fortes indícios da inserção do escrevente tanto em práticas orais quanto em práticas letradas. Para análise quantitativa dos dados, consideraram-se as variáveis: estrutura da sílaba, tipo de vogal no núcleo silábico, tonicidade da sílaba. Os dados foram organizados de acordo com (i) tipos de registros da rima e (ii) não-registros da coda. Os registros foram classificados como convencionais e não-convencionais. Quanto aos registros não-convencionais, organizamos uma categorização de acordo com a não-convenção ortográfica que envolve a coda e a vogal. Verificou-se que os escreventes, em sua maioria, registram a posição de coda... / The present work treats of the unconventional orthographies of syllables with nasal coda, produced by youths and adults in literacy process of a municipal school of São José do Rio Preto. Under the phonetic aspect (CAGLIARI, 2009), the coda position corresponds a moment of reduction of energy, what can turn the segments that fill out this position the less audible syllable. Under the phonological aspect (SELKIRK, 1982), the coda is a syllable constituent that presents several completion restrictions. The nasality presents a current complexity of phonetic-acoustic aspects allies a discussion in the literature regarding its phonological representation. It is still added, the fact the nasal in coda in the Brazilian Portuguese presents, under the graphic aspect, three registration possibilities (<m>, <n> and <~>). The research corpus is constituted of the orthographies of words collected starting from five proposed of writing, including a list of fruits, two proposed of bingo and two proposed of lists starting from images. The methodology of qualitative analysis is based on the indiciário paradigm proposed by Ginzburg (1989), because we believed that, when considering the singularity of the data, we will have strong indications of the clerk's insert in oral practices and in litteracy practices. For quantitative analysis of the data, it was considered the variables: structure of the syllable, type of vowel of nucleus, tonicity of syllable. The data were organized in agreement with (i) types of registrations of the rhyme and (ii) no-registrations of the coda. The registrations were classified as conventional and unconventional. As for the unconventional registrations, we organized a categorization in agreement with the orthographic unconvention that involves the coda and the vowel. It was verified that the clerks, in their majority, register the position of the coda independent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Dans cette thèse est analysée la morphophonologie du chinois standard (CS), dans un essai de transposition du modèle CVCV, un modèle phonologique post -génératif. Dans la Partie 1, nous situons l’analyse dans son contexte historique, pour comprendre l’état de l’art qui résulte des consitions internes et externes à la science et mettre en perspective la partie 2, dédiée à l’étude phonologique même.Dans la Partie 2, nous proposons, en adoptant une approche déductive, d’unifier l’explication d’ un grand nombre de phénomènes en CS à la fois en phonologie (syllabe), tonologie (représentation du ton, sandhi tonal, ton neutre) et morphologie (composition , réduplication), jusqu’alors traités séparément, de façon isolée et dans des cadres différents, tout en restant économique et cohérent, avec le même dispositif théorique : le modèle CVCV. / In this phd thesis is analyzed the morphophonology of Standard Chinese, in an attempt to transpose the CVCV theory, a post-generative phonological model.Part 1 situates the analyses in their historical context, in order to understand the state of the art resultingfrom internal and external conditions to the science and to put into perspective Part 2, dedicated to the phonological studies themself.Part 2 proposes adopting a deductive approach to unify the explanation of many phenomena in StandardChinese in phonology (syllable), tonology (representation tone, tone sandhi, neutral tone) and morphology(composition, reduplication), previously treated separately, in isolation and in different frameworks, while remaining economical and coherent, with the same theoretical tool: the CVCV theory.

Esta pesquisa investiga o desenvolvimento das formas silábicas CCV (Consoante1 + Consoante2 + Vogal) do Português Brasileiro na fala infantil. Presente em palavras como triste, blusa, madrinha, tigre, a sílaba CCV é a última a ser adquirida pela criança, após os 5;0 anos de idade (LAMPRECHT, 1993). No entanto, palavras contendo contextos CCV podem figurar na produção infantil mesmo antes dos 2;0 anos: ab(r)e aqui (Lz. 1;09 anos); (o)b(r)igado (Ar. 1;09 anos). O objetivo deste trabalho é observar como o ataque ramificado manifesta seu desenvolvimento na fonologia infantil, questionando se o molde CCV estaria presente na Fonologia da criança mesmo antes das primeiras realizações-alvo desta sílaba. Analisam-se dados experimentais de 49 crianças, que elicitaram estímulos familiares ou logatomas do tipo /CCV.CV/ e /CV.CV/, e produções longitudinais de três crianças. Os corpora foram categorizados em cinco grupos conforme o percentual de realizações-alvo CCV, de 0%-%5 (G1) a acima de 76% (G5). Para acessar o conhecimento fonológico infantil sobre a ramificação de ataque, três fontes de evidência foram tomadas: (i) observação de padrões fonotáticos e estratégias de reparo impostas à produção da sílaba CCV; (ii) interação entre o ataque ramificado e a regra de palatalização de oclusivas alveolares; e (iii) comparação da duração de sílabas CCV reduzidas a C1V e de sílabas CV. Os resultados em (i) apontam que antes de produtivamente realizar o ataque ramificado como na forma-alvo, parte dos informantes em G1 empregou estratégias de reparo visando modificar a qualidade do segmento em C2, como em entrar [etja] e Dlato [pwa.t]. Observou-se ausência de uma ordem específica de desenvolvimento dos filtros fonotáticos no molde CCV. Contudo, detectou-se tendência significativa por evitar sílabas oclusiva coronal + líquida e preferência por sílabas oclusiva labial + líquida, o que creditamos ao Princípio de Contorno Obrigatório (McCarthy, 1986) e ao desenvolvimento do controle articulatório infantil (Goldstein, 2003). Em (ii) verificou-se que a palatalização em contextos /ti, di, tli, dli/ reduzidos à C1V (como trilho [ti.], Dlibo [i.b] e triângulo [tiã.g.l]) foi bloqueada por uma parcela dos informantes em G1, e não foi bloqueada pelo desenvolvimento do molde CCV na fala de informantes específicos dos grupos G2-G4. Observou-se, em (iii), que a duração é uma propriedade de aquisição ainda em curso: mesmo quando a ramificação de ataque foi produzida, constatou-se duração variável (mais longa, similar ou mais curta) entre C(C)V e CV. Os resultados em (i) e (ii) apontam manifestações da ramificação de ataque na produção de uma parcela de nossos informantes mesmo antes de suas primeiras realizações-alvo do CCV. Já a ausência de tais manifestações nos dados de parte das crianças em G1 sugere que a ramificação de ataque ainda deve emergir na Fonologia infantil. Atribuímos esta emergência à marcação do Parâmetro de Ataque Máximo, propondo que a variabilidade e a gradualidade pós-marcação paramétrica observada no percurso de aquisição pode ser devida à aquisição segmental, ao domínio articulatório-motor das sequências consonantais e ao design do experimento, causas também reportadas na literatura. / This research investigates the development of the syllabic forms CCV (Consonant1 + Consonant2 + Vowel) within Brazilian Portugueses child speech. Being present in words such as triste, blusa, madrinha, tigre, the CCV syllable is the last one to be acquired by the child, after 5;0 years old (LAMPRECHT, 1993). However, words containing CCV contexts may figure in child production even before 2;0 years old: ab(r)e aqui (Lz.1;09y.o.); (o)b(r)igado (Ar.1;09y.o). The main goal of this work is to observe how the branched onset presents its development in child phonology, questioning whether the CCV pattern would be available to the childs Phonology prior to the first target realizations of that syllable. There were analyzed experimental data from 49 children, who elicited habitual stimuli or logathomes of the type /CCV.CV/ and /CV.CV/, as well as longitudinal productions from three children. The corpora were categorized into five groups based on the percentage of CCV target realizations, from 0%-%5 (G1) to above 76% (G5). In order to access the child phonological knowledge of onset branching, three evidence sources were selected: (i) observation of phonotactic patterns and repair strategies imposed to the production of the CCV syllable; (ii) interaction between the branched onset and the rule for palatalization of alveolar implosives; and (iii) comparing the duration of CCV syllables reduced to C1V and CV syllables. The results in (i) point out that, before effectively realizing the branched onset as in the target form, part of the informants in G1 employed repair strategies aiming to modify the segments quality in C2, as in entrar [etja] and Dlato [pwa.t]. An absence of a specific order of development of phonotactic filters for the CCV pattern could be observed. However, there was detected a significant tendency to avoid coronal implosive+liquid syllables and a preference for labial implosive+liquid, which we credit to the Obligatory Contour Principle (McCarthy, 1986) and the development of child articulatory control (Goldstein, 2003). In (ii) it was verified that the palatalization within contexts /ti, di, tli, dli/ reduced to C1V (as trilho [ti.], Dlibo [i.b] and triângulo [tiã.g.l]) was blocked by a parcel of the informants in G1, yet it was not blocked by the development of the pattern CCV at the speech of specific informants from the groups G2-G4. It was observed in (iii) that duration is a property of acquisition still under development: even when onset branching was produced, it was found variable duration (longer, similar or shorter) between C(C)V and CV. The results in (i) and (ii) point towards expression of onset branching on the production of a parcel of the informants even before their first target realizations of CCV. On the other hand, the absence of such manifestation in the data of part of the children from G1 suggests that onset branching is yet to emerge at those childrens Phonology. It is claimed that this emergency is attributed to the setting of the Maximum Onset Parameter, and the post-parameter setting variability and gradualness observed in the course of acquisition can be due to the segment acquisition, to the motor-articulatory of the consonant sequences and to experiments design, as already reported by the literature.

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Author: Elisabeth Wahlberg   Title: “…I’ll just get mum to help me” About Young Adults’ Strategies for Coping with Reading and Writing Difficulties in Daily Life     This study investigated how seven young adults, who during senior high school underwent a syllable based intervention due to reading and writing difficulties, developed their literacy skills, and what strategies they used to try to overcome reading and writing problems, whether at work, during studies or in their leisure time. The period from when the participants had left school ranged between three and eight years. Qualitative as well as quantitative data was compiled for the study. Qualitative data consisted of  semistructured interviews and quantitative data of tests performed before the intervention and on two occasions after, in order to compare results over time. The study was a longitudinal case study with a phenomenological lifeworld approach and looked to increase awareness of the realities of living with reading and writing difficulties. It analysed how the participants dealt with their problems and what strategies they employed, in order to overcome them. Study results showed that even as participants improved their literacy skills compared to pre-intervention, reading and writing remained an issue. All participants were forced to adjust to the fact that they were affected in their daily lives, whether in choice of career or further education, or more everyday tasks involving reading and writing and also the inclination to read for pleasure. They avoided to expose their shortcomings if at all possible. Still, the participants all strived to tackle their reading and writing problems by applying elements from the syllable based intervention in conjunction with inventing individual strategies.