Wolbachia é uma alfaproteobactéria que apresenta simbiose com uma variedade de artrópodos e nematoides, estando entre os mais abundantes gêneros de bactérias intracelulares já descobertos. Na região Neotropical, os estudos sobre tais bactérias e seus hospedeiros, em especial isópodos terrestres, ainda são incipientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: investigar as espécies de isópodos terrestres neotropicais infectados por Wolbachia; analisar a prevalência de infecção, variação genética e relações filogenéticas das linhagens presentes nessas espécies; investigar a simbiose de Wolbachia em nematoides parasitos de tatuzinhos-de-jardim e inferir sobre as possíveis rotas de transmissão horizontal da bactéria entre os isópodos terrestres e os invertebrados que possuam associações ecológicas com os mesmos. A detecção da bactéria foi realizada através de PCRs diagnósticas, utilizando-se o gene 16S rDNA. A infecção pelo simbionte foi registrada pela primeira vez em Atlantoscia floridana e Burmoniscus meeusei. As linhagens de Wolbachia que infectam as espécies nativas de isópodos terrestres, ao contrário das introduzidas, são muito diversas e não se agrupam dentro do Oniclado. Já as sequências presentes em B. meeusei não são relacionadas a nenhuma outra linhagem presente em crustáceos, e nem mesmo fazem parte de qualquer supergrupo conhecido de Wolbachia. Pela primeira vez foi evidenciada a presença da bactéria em um nematoide da família Mermithidae, Agamermis sp., endoparasito do tatu-bola Armadillidium vulgare. Uma vez que as sequências do parasito e do hospedeiro são idênticas, é possível que um evento de transmissão horizontal tenha ocorrido entre ambos. Por fim, a presença de Wolbachia foi examinada em espécies que possuiam relações ecológicas com os isópodos terrestres (predadores, parasitos, foréticos e animais que vivem sob as mesmas condições ecológicas). Entre as espécies associadas, a infecção foi registrada apenas no nematoide parasito e nos ácaros foréticos. Enquanto as linhagens do isópodo hospedeiro e do nematoide se mostraram muito similares, àquelas dos ácaros foréticos não apresentaram relação filogenética com as de seus forontes Balloniscus glaber. Interessantemente, as sequências presentes nos ácaros são proximamente relacionadas com aquelas de B. meeusei, embora mais estudos sejam necessários para esclarecer tal achado. / Wolbachia is a genus of alfaproteobacteria whose members live in symbiosis with a variety of arthropods and nematodes. It is among the richest genera of intracellular bacteria discovered to date. In the Neotropical region, studies on these bacteria and their hosts, especially terrestrial isopods, are still in the initial stages. The objectives of the present study were: to investigate the species of Neotropical terrestrial isopods infected by Wolbachia; to analyze the prevalence of infection, genetic variation, and phylogenetic relationships of the lineages present in these isopod species; to investigate the symbiosis of Wolbachia in parasitic nematodes of pillbugs; and to provide information to support inferences about the possible routes of horizontal transmission of the bacteria between the terrestrial isopods and the invertebrates that are ecologically associated with them. The bacteria were detected by means of diagnostic PCR’s, using the 16S rDNA gene. Infection by this symbiont was recorded for the first time in Atlantoscia floridana and Burmoniscus meeusei. The lineages of Wolbachia that infect the native species of terrestrial isopods, in contrast to the introduced species, are very diverse and do not group within the Oniclade. The sequences present in B. meeusei are not related to any other lineage present in crustaceans, nor to any other known supergroup of Wolbachia. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of these bacteria in a nematode of the family Mermithidae, Agamermis sp., an endoparasite of Armadillidium vulgare. Since the sequences from the parasite and the host are identical, it is possible that a horizontal transmission event occurred between the two. Finally, the presence of Wolbachia was examined in species that are ecologically associated with terrestrial isopods (predators, parasites, phoretic species, and animals that live under the same ecological conditions). Among the associated species, the infection was recorded only in the parasitic nematode and in the phoretic mites. Whereas the lineages of the isopod host and of the nematode proved to be very similar, those of the phoretic mites showed no phylogenetic relationship with those of their phoront Balloniscus glaber. Interestingly, the sequences present in the mites are closely related to those of B. meeusei, although further studies are necessary to clarify this finding.

Les glossines (mouches tsétsé) sont les vecteurs des trypanosomes africains, responsables de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) ou maladie du sommeil en Afrique sub-saharienne. De nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la THA visent à utiliser les symbiontes de la glossine pour augmenter sa réfraction à l'infection par les trypanosomes. La mise en place de telles approches nécessite une bonne connaissance des bases moléculaires et cellulaires des interactions entre les symbiontes, la glossine et le trypanosome. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient, i) d'évaluer l'évolution des densités des symbiontes (Wigglesworthia glossinidia et Sodalis glossinidius) au cours du cycle de développement du vecteur et ii) de caractériser les gènes de Sodalis, Glossina palpalis gambiensis et Trypanosome brucei gambiense en interaction et qui s'expriment différentiellement au cours de l'infection. Nous avons pu montrer la présence permanente des deux symbiontes quel que soit le stade de développement de la glossine, ce qui permet leur utilisation dans le cadre du contrôle des vecteurs. Par la suite, des infections expérimentales ont été réalisées sur des glossines d'insectarium. Des glossines de l'espèce G. p. gambiensis ont été gorgées sur des souris infectées par T. b. gambiense. L'analyse des métatranscriptomes des glossines infectées versus réfractaires à l'infection nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les gènes de Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis et T. b. gambiense différentiellement exprimés aux étapes clé de l'infection. Les résultats qui découlent de cette thèse mettent la lumière sur la complexité des interactions Sodalis - G. p. gambiensis - T. b. gambiense et soulignent l'implication des bactériophages du symbionte S. glossinidius dans la réfraction des glossines à l'infection. Mots clés : maladie du sommeil, mouche tsétsé, trypanosome, symbiontes, compétence vectorielle, expression de gènes. / Tsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)in sub-saharan Africa. New sleeping sickness control strategies plan to use tsetse gut symbionts to increase tsetse flies refractoriness to trypanosomes infection. Such approaches require good knowledge on the molecular and cellular basis of interactions between symbionts, tsetse fly and trypanosome. This thesis aimed to i) assess the evolution of Glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius) densities throughout the host fly development cycle and ii) to characterize genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in interaction, which are differentially expressed during the infection. We showed that both symbionts are present in all tsetse fly development stages, allowing their use in the context of vector control. Subsequently, experimental infections were performed on colonies flies. G. p. gambiensis female flies were fed on T. b. gambiense hosting mice. Transcriptome of infected flies and flies that have cleared trypanosome they ingested were analysed. This allow us identifying genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and T. b. gambiense differentially expressed at the infection key stages. Our results highlight the complexity of interactions between Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis, T. b. gambiense and underline the involvement of bacteriophages hosted by S. glossinidius in tsetse fly refractoriness to trypanosome infection. Key words: sleeping sickness; tsetse fly; trypanosome; symbionts; vector competence; gene expression.

Submitted by Johnsson Rodrigo (r.johnsson@gmail.com) on 2013-09-02T12:08:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTA.pdf: 21017159 bytes, checksum: 41e6a847bf3ae9866b8f2160a17c81bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-09-26T18:00:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTA.pdf: 21017159 bytes, checksum: 41e6a847bf3ae9866b8f2160a17c81bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-26T18:00:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTA.pdf: 21017159 bytes, checksum: 41e6a847bf3ae9866b8f2160a17c81bf (MD5) / CNPq, FAPESB / O gênero Mussismilia (M. hispida, M. harttii e M. braziliensis) é endêmico do litoral brasileiro e inclui as principais espécies de corais construtores. Estudos com a carcinofauna associada à Mussismilia são escassos e restritos a M. hispida no setor sudeste. Dentre os organismos registrados em associação com M. hispida, destacam-se os caranguejos-de-galha e copépodes sifonostomatóides. Para todo Atlântico, são registrados apenas cinco gêneros de Cryptochiridae (Decapoda, Brachyura) (Detocarcinus, Cecidocarcinus, Opecarcinus, Troglocarcinus e Kroppcarcinus – o último, recentemente descrito). Para o Brasil, considerando os dados da literatura, três espécies são registradas para a costa brasileira: Opecarcinus hypostegus, Troglocarcinus corallicola e Kroppcarcinus siderastreicola. Uma nova espécie de Troglocarcinus, gênero até então monoespecífico, foi encontrada em associação às espécies de Mussismilia no litoral da Bahia. Troglocarcinus n. sp. difere de sua congênere por (1) possuir numerosos espinhos bem desenvolvidos na carapaça (delimitando as regiões protogástrica e mesogástrica), pelo (2) segmento basal da antênula (que não se estende até o pedúnculo ocular), pela (3) presença de cerdas no esternito do primeiro pereópodo e, finalmente, pelo (4) terceiro pleópodo da fêmea unirreme ou birreme. Para a inclusão da nova espécie, foi necessária a elaboração de uma emenda na diagnose do gênero. No Atlântico Sul, a família Entomolepididae (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) está representada apenas por Spongiopsyllus. Uma nova espécie de Spongiopsyllus foi encontrada em amostras de Mussismilia hispida provenientes da Praia da Boa Viagem, na Baía de Todos-os-Santos. Spongiopsyllus n. sp. se distingue de S. adventicius pela redução no número de segmentos da antênula, ornamentação do endópodo da antena e pela cerdação do maxilípede e da P1. Spongiopsyllus n. sp. é o segundo registro do gênero para o Atlântico Sul e a primeira ocorrência da família associada com Scleractinia. Adicionalmente, foi elaborada uma chave de identificação para todas as espécies de Entomolepididae. O inventário da biodiversidade marinha na Província Brasileira ainda é incipiente. Deste modo, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo contribuem ao conhecimento da carcinofauna, com ênfase às formas associadas de hábito críptico, revelando que novas espécies e ocorrências geográficas permanecem amplamente desconhecidas pela comunidade acadêmica e científica. / Salvador

Esta tese é o resultado de uma extensa investigação a respeito do processo criativo pessoal que envolve a invenção de um ecossistema como poética artística. Ela é a resposta para a possibilidade de construir uma poética visual coerente baseada nos conceitos biológicos de ecossistema e simbiose que envolva construções escultóricas a partir de objetos cotidianos banais de pequeno tamanho, encontrados principalmente no ambiente doméstico. Baseada nas experiências pessoais prévias, dedicadas ao objeto na arte, e focada na busca por objetos comuns passíveis de produzirem interação simbiótica foi construído um conjunto de trabalhos envolvendo objetos, fotografias, pessoas e o espaço, os quais foram ordenados para melhor identificação segundo suas características quanto ao suporte e ao procedimento técnico. São eles: a) conjuntos simbióticos verticais, que podem ser compartimentados, livres ou mistos - aqueles cujo substrato de apoio é vertical como a parede; b) conjuntos simbióticos horizontais - aqueles cujo substrato de apoio é horizontal; c) trabalhos fotográficos - trabalhos originados a partir da fotografia e, d) trabalhos macro visíveis - trabalhos confeccionados a partir de lentes ou que as requerem para melhor serem vistos. A partir de organizações de montagem intencionadas para proporcionar maior proximidade e intimidade do espectador através de movimentos do corpo, os trabalhos instigam a percepção da escala das coisas bem como dá vistas aos objetos ínfimos imperceptíveis no cotidiano. A articulação teórico-prática acontece levando-se em conta diferentes estudos relacionados ao objeto principalmente na voz de Abraham Moles, Jean Baudrillard e Gaston Bachelard. Além de dialogar com designers e diversos artistas cujas obras tangenciam aspectos desta pesquisa, articulamos reflexões com o pensamento do curador Agnaldo Farias sobre o objeto na arte contemporânea. Defendemos que o lugar para pequenos objetos no contexto da arte contemporânea é um ecossistema inventado no qual o espectador é convidado a interagir e deixar-se levar por sua fantasia e imaginação da mesma maneira que somos conquistados pelas palavras e imagens de um livro infantil. / This Thesis is the result of an extensive investigation of the personal creative process involving the invention of an ecosystem as artistic poetics. It is the answer to the possibility of building a coherent visual poetics based on biological concepts of ecosystem and symbiosis, involving sculptural constructions from banal daily objects of small size, mainly found at home. Based on previous personal experiences, dedicated to the object in art and focused on the search for common objects capable to produce symbiotic interaction, I built a body of work involving objects, photographs, people and space, which were ordered for better identification according to their characteristics of support and technical procedure. They are a) vertical symbiotic sets, which may be compartmentalized, free or mixed - those works whose substrate support is vertical as the wall; b) horizontal symbiotic sets - those works whose substrate support is horizontal; c) photographic works - works originating from photography; and d) macro visible work - work made from lenses or require them to best be displayed. From intentioned assembly organizations to provide greater closeness and intimacy of the spectator through body movements, the work instigate the perception of things scale and gives views to tiny inconspicuous objects in daily life. The theoretical and practical articulation occurs taking into account different studies related to the object mainly in the thinking of Abraham Moles, Jean Baudrillard and Gaston Bachelard. In addition of dialogue with designers and several artists whose works tangent aspects of this research, I articulate reflections with the thought of the curator Agnaldo Farias about the object in contemporary art. I argue that the place for small objects in the context of contemporary art is an ecosystem created, in which the spectator is invited to interact and let themselves be taken away by their fantasy and imagination in the same way that we are conquered by the words and images of a children's book.

Wolbachia é uma alfaproteobactéria que apresenta simbiose com uma variedade de artrópodos e nematoides, estando entre os mais abundantes gêneros de bactérias intracelulares já descobertos. Na região Neotropical, os estudos sobre tais bactérias e seus hospedeiros, em especial isópodos terrestres, ainda são incipientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: investigar as espécies de isópodos terrestres neotropicais infectados por Wolbachia; analisar a prevalência de infecção, variação genética e relações filogenéticas das linhagens presentes nessas espécies; investigar a simbiose de Wolbachia em nematoides parasitos de tatuzinhos-de-jardim e inferir sobre as possíveis rotas de transmissão horizontal da bactéria entre os isópodos terrestres e os invertebrados que possuam associações ecológicas com os mesmos. A detecção da bactéria foi realizada através de PCRs diagnósticas, utilizando-se o gene 16S rDNA. A infecção pelo simbionte foi registrada pela primeira vez em Atlantoscia floridana e Burmoniscus meeusei. As linhagens de Wolbachia que infectam as espécies nativas de isópodos terrestres, ao contrário das introduzidas, são muito diversas e não se agrupam dentro do Oniclado. Já as sequências presentes em B. meeusei não são relacionadas a nenhuma outra linhagem presente em crustáceos, e nem mesmo fazem parte de qualquer supergrupo conhecido de Wolbachia. Pela primeira vez foi evidenciada a presença da bactéria em um nematoide da família Mermithidae, Agamermis sp., endoparasito do tatu-bola Armadillidium vulgare. Uma vez que as sequências do parasito e do hospedeiro são idênticas, é possível que um evento de transmissão horizontal tenha ocorrido entre ambos. Por fim, a presença de Wolbachia foi examinada em espécies que possuiam relações ecológicas com os isópodos terrestres (predadores, parasitos, foréticos e animais que vivem sob as mesmas condições ecológicas). Entre as espécies associadas, a infecção foi registrada apenas no nematoide parasito e nos ácaros foréticos. Enquanto as linhagens do isópodo hospedeiro e do nematoide se mostraram muito similares, àquelas dos ácaros foréticos não apresentaram relação filogenética com as de seus forontes Balloniscus glaber. Interessantemente, as sequências presentes nos ácaros são proximamente relacionadas com aquelas de B. meeusei, embora mais estudos sejam necessários para esclarecer tal achado. / Wolbachia is a genus of alfaproteobacteria whose members live in symbiosis with a variety of arthropods and nematodes. It is among the richest genera of intracellular bacteria discovered to date. In the Neotropical region, studies on these bacteria and their hosts, especially terrestrial isopods, are still in the initial stages. The objectives of the present study were: to investigate the species of Neotropical terrestrial isopods infected by Wolbachia; to analyze the prevalence of infection, genetic variation, and phylogenetic relationships of the lineages present in these isopod species; to investigate the symbiosis of Wolbachia in parasitic nematodes of pillbugs; and to provide information to support inferences about the possible routes of horizontal transmission of the bacteria between the terrestrial isopods and the invertebrates that are ecologically associated with them. The bacteria were detected by means of diagnostic PCR’s, using the 16S rDNA gene. Infection by this symbiont was recorded for the first time in Atlantoscia floridana and Burmoniscus meeusei. The lineages of Wolbachia that infect the native species of terrestrial isopods, in contrast to the introduced species, are very diverse and do not group within the Oniclade. The sequences present in B. meeusei are not related to any other lineage present in crustaceans, nor to any other known supergroup of Wolbachia. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of these bacteria in a nematode of the family Mermithidae, Agamermis sp., an endoparasite of Armadillidium vulgare. Since the sequences from the parasite and the host are identical, it is possible that a horizontal transmission event occurred between the two. Finally, the presence of Wolbachia was examined in species that are ecologically associated with terrestrial isopods (predators, parasites, phoretic species, and animals that live under the same ecological conditions). Among the associated species, the infection was recorded only in the parasitic nematode and in the phoretic mites. Whereas the lineages of the isopod host and of the nematode proved to be very similar, those of the phoretic mites showed no phylogenetic relationship with those of their phoront Balloniscus glaber. Interestingly, the sequences present in the mites are closely related to those of B. meeusei, although further studies are necessary to clarify this finding.

abstract: For interspecific mutualisms, the behavior of one partner can influence the fitness of the other, especially in the case of symbiotic mutualisms where partners live in close physical association for much of their lives. Behavioral effects on fitness may be particularly important if either species in these long-term relationships displays personality. Animal personality is defined as repeatable individual differences in behavior, and how correlations among these consistent traits are structured is termed behavioral syndromes. Animal personality has been broadly documented across the animal kingdom but is poorly understood in the context of mutualisms. My dissertation focuses on the structure, causes, and consequences of collective personality in Azteca constructor colonies that live in Cecropia trees, one of the most successful and prominent mutualisms of the neotropics. These pioneer plants provide hollow internodes for nesting and nutrient-rich food bodies; in return, the ants provide protection from herbivores and encroaching vines. I first explored the structure of the behavioral syndrome by testing the consistency and correlation of colony-level behavioral traits under natural conditions in the field. Traits were both consistent within colonies and correlated among colonies revealing a behavioral syndrome along a docile-aggressive axis. Host plants of more active, aggressive colonies had less leaf damage, suggesting a link between a colony personality and host plant health. I then studied how aspects of colony sociometry are intertwined with their host plants by assessing the relationship among plant growth, colony growth, colony structure, ant morphology, and colony personality. Colony personality was independent of host plant measures like tree size, age, volume. Finally, I tested how colony personality influenced by soil nutrients by assessing personality in the field and transferring colonies to plants the greenhouse under different soil nutrient treatments. Personality was correlated with soil nutrients in the field but was not influenced by soil nutrient treatment in the greenhouse. This suggests that soil nutrients interact with other factors in the environment to structure personality. This dissertation demonstrates that colony personality is an ecologically relevant phenomenon and an important consideration for mutualism dynamics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2018

Les légumineuses sont capables de développer des organes symbiotiques, les nodules, qui hébergent des bactéries du sol appelées rhizobia. Au sein des nodules les rhizobia intracellulaires se différencient en bactéroïdes capables de réduire l'azote atmosphérique en ammonium au bénéfice de la plante. En contrepartie, la plante alimente la bactérie en sources de carbone. Des études récentes sur le modèle symbiotique Medicago/Sinorhizobium ont montré dans les nodules la forte présence d'une grande diversité de peptides appelés NCR qui sont similaires aux peptides antimicrobiens (AMP) impliqués dans l'immunité innée. Ces NCR sont responsables du maintien de l'homéostasie entre les cellules hôtes et la forte population bactérienne qu'elles contiennent. Bien que certains NCR sont de vrais AMP, capable de tuer des bactéries in vitro, dans les nodules ils induisent plutôt une différenciation terminale caractérisée par une élongation cellulaire, une amplification du génome, une perméabilité membranaire et une perte des capacités de division de la bactérie. Néanmoins le mode d'action des NCR reste à élucider. Au cours de ma thèse j'ai participé à la caractérisation des processus de différenciation dans le modèle Aeschynomene, une légumineuse tropicale, Bradyrhizobium.Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle classe de NCR a été identifiée chez différentes espèces d'Aeschynomene. Ces NCR sont responsables de la différenciation des Bradyrhizobium via un processus similaire à celui décrit chez Medicago. Ces résultats suggèrent une évolution convergente des processus de différenciation chez les Dalbergioïdes (Aeschynomene) et le clade des IRLC (Medicago).Ensuite, pour identifier les fonctions bactériennes requises lors de la différenciation, j'ai criblé 53 mutants Tn5 d'Aeschynomene indica fix- . Huit gènes bactériens dont la mutation inhibe ou affecte le processus de différenciation ont été identifiés. Parmi eux, je me suis focalisé sur la DD-CPase une enzyme de modification du peptidoglycane et sur 2 gènes impliqués dans l'homéostasie du phosphate.La caractérisation du gène DD-CPase1 a permis de démontrer que le remodelage du peptidoglycane est requis pour une différenciation correcte des bactéroïdes chez les plantes hôtes qui produisent des NCR, en général, et chez Aeschynomene en particulier. Ces résultats suggèrent une interaction possible entre DD-CPase1 et des NCR conduisant à l'endoréplication des bactéroïdes.Enfin, j'ai étudié les propriétés physiologiques et symbiotiques des mutants pstC et pstB. Les mutants Tn5 des gènes pstC et pstB de la souche ORS285 de Bradyrhizobium sont sévèrement affectés par la carence en phosphate en culture pure et leurs propriétés symbiotiques (différenciation, réduction de l'azote) sont fortement réduites. Des analyses fonctionnelles plus approfondies de l'opéron Pst devraient permettre une meilleure compréhension du lien entre l'homéostasie du phosphate et l'efficience symbiotique dans l'interaction Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium.Mes travaux ont permis d'élargir nos connaissances sur l'évolution de la symbiose en montrant que le modus operandi impliquant des peptides dérivés de l'immunité innée utilisée par certaines légumineuses pour maintenir leur population bactérienne intracellulaire sous contrôle est plus répandue et ancienne qu'on ne le pensait et a été utilisée par l'évolution à plusieurs reprises. De plus différentes cibles bactériennes pouvant participer au processus de différenciation ont également été identifiées. / The legume species are able to form symbiotic organs, the nodules, that house soil bacteria called rhizobia. Within these nodules intracellular rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids, which are able to reduce atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonium for the benefit of the plants. In counterpart, the plants provide carbon sources to the bacteria. Recent studies on symbiotic model Medicago-Sinorhizobium showed that the nodules of M. truncatula produce a massive diversity of peptides called NCRs, which are similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of innate immune systems. These NCRs are responsible in maintaining the homeostasis between the host cells in the nodules and the large bacterial population they contain. Although many NCRs are genuine AMPs, which kill microbes in vitro, in nodule cells they do not kill the bacteria but induce them into the terminally differentiated bacteroids characterized by cell elongation, genome amplification, membrane permeability and loss of cell division capacity. However, the action mode of NCRs is still an open question. During my PhD thesis I focused on the identification of plant and bacterial functions required for bacteroid differentiation in the Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium model.Firstly, a new class of cysteine rich peptides (NCR-like) was identified in tropical aquatic legumes of the Aeschynomene genus, which belong to the Dalbergioid clade. These peptides govern terminal bacteroid differentiation of photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium spp. This mechanism is similar to the one previously described in Medicago suggesting that the endosymbiont differentiation in Dalbergioid and ILRC legumes is convergently evolved.Secondly, in order to identify the bacterial functions involved in bacteroid differentiation, I screened 53 fix- Tn5 mutants of the ORS278 strain on Aeschynomene indica. This screening allowed identify 8 bacterial genes, which inhibit or disorder the bacteroid differentiation. Among these identified genes, I focused on DD-CPase encoding a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme and two genes pstC and pstB belonging to Pst-system.The characterization of DD-CPase gene demonstrated that the remodeling peptidoglycan enzyme, DD-CPase1, of Bradyrhizobium is required for normal bacteroid differentiation in host legumes that produce NCRs, in general, and in Aeschynomene spp., in particular. This prompts a possibility of direct interaction of DD-CPase1 with NCRs leading to endoreduplication of the bacteroids.Finally, I have investigated the physiological and symbiotic properties of different mutants of pstC and pstB genes. The Tn5 mutants of pstC and pstB genes of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain ORS278 severely affected symbiosis on A. indica and A. evenia. Further functional studies on pst-operon will provide deeper understanding the correlation between phosphate homeostasis and nitrogen fixation efficiency in Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis.This study broadens our knowledge on the evolution of symbiosis by showing that the modus operandi involving peptides derived from innate immunity used by some legumes to keep their intracellular bacterial population under control is more widespread and ancient than previously thought and has been invented by evolution several times.

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) refers to the collaboration of traditionally separate industries that benefit each other through the physical exchange of materials, water, energy and/or by-products. Firms engaging in IS approach aim to mutualize resourcesor equipment(i.e. mutualization synergies), or to substitute resources with the output of another company (i.e. substitution synergies). Despite the obviouseconomic, environmental and socialbenefits provided by IS, this procedure remains fledgling, especially in France.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges induced by such a procedure, we conducted a qualitative study involving the interviews of seven actors who brought a global perspective towards IS implementation in French SMEsand who provideinformation and organizational framework so that to create successful IS networks. Studying IS involving SMEsin Francehighlights several challenges that embrace the specificities of the scope of our study: firms suffer from a lack of structure, a lack of resources (i.e. human, time, material), and a short-term vision, and are evolving within anextremely bureaucratic and highly procedural country. Implementing a successful IS in France with SMEs requires at first to overcome the entry barriers when approaching SMEs, which is often the role of facilitators working in associations. The other main stakeholders involved in the synergies, firms but also public and private actors,must establish a common networkin order to carry properly the synergiesand to make themsustainable. As France is characterized by place-oriented IS systems, networks that lead to synergies are built at a local scale which is relevant for mutualization synergies, but which can appear as an obstacle to detect substitution synergies as it maynot involve enough firms.

Le microbiote intestinal affecte la plupart des processus physiologiques de l’hôte, et plus particulièrement la digestion et le métabolisme. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires en jeu restent encore peu connus. Pour répondre à cette question, nous utilisons un modèle gnotobiotique simple : la larve de Drosophile monoassociée à un de ces symbiont naturel : Lactobacillus plantarum. Notre groupe a montré que L. plantarum promeut la croissance larvaire d’individus soumis à une carence en protéines. En effet, les larves monoassociées à L. plantarum se développent bien plus rapidement que des individus axéniques. Ainsi, L. plantarum tempère l’effet délétère de la carence nutritionnelle. Cette amélioration de la croissance repose en partie sur la hausse du niveau d’expression des protéases digestives de l’hôte ainsi que sur la modulation de la voie de signalisation TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) de la Drosophile par les bactéries symbiotiques. Notre travail s’est focalisé sur la recherche d’autres mécanismes génétiques impliqués dans l’interaction entre la Drosophile et L. plantarum au cours de la croissance larvaire. Nos résultats montrent que les variations génomiques naturelles de la Drosophile affectent l’intensité du bénéfice de croissance conféré par L. plantarum. En outre, les bases de notre étude ont permis de mettre en évidence que le microbiote intestinal a la capacité d'agir comme "tampon génétique" en compensant les défauts de croissance causés par le fond génétique des mouches. De plus, L. plantarum permet de diminuer la variation phénotypique de plusieurs caractères de la mouche tels que la croissance, la taille de certains organes et la durée du cycle larvaire. Nous avons également identifié le gène dawdle, codant un ligand de la voie TGF-β, comme acteur de l’interaction Drosophile-L. plantarum. De plus nous avons montré que Dawdle régule les protéases digestives de la Drosophile dans un contexte nutritionnel de carence en protéine, et cette régulation peut-être activatrice ou bien inhibitrice selon l’environnement microbien. / Intestinal microbiota can modulate virtually all aspects of their host physiology, and particularly, digestion and metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms at play remain largely unknown. To tackle this question, we use a simple gnotobiotic model: Drosophila larvae monoassociated with one of its major natural symbiont, Lactobacillus plantarum. Previous work from our group showed that L. plantarum promotes the juvenile growth of larvae facing a protein scarcity, thereby dampening the deleterious effect of the nutrient deficiency on larval growth. This growth enhancement partially relies on the upregulation of intestinal proteases, as well as on the modulation of the host TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) pathway by the symbionts. My thesis work aimed at unraveling other host genetic mechanisms involved in the interaction between Drosophila and L. plantarum during growth. Our work showed that host natural genomic variations affect the fly physiologic response to L. plantarum. Furthermore, the bases of our work enabled to unveil a novel role of intestinal bacteria, revealing their ability to act as a genetic buffer to compensate the growth impairments due to the fly genetic background. In addition, L. plantarum decreases the phenotypic variations in various host fitness traits (growth, organ size, timing to pupariation) and it also confers robustness to organ patterning. Finally, we showed that the TGF-β ligand, Dawdle plays an important regulatory role on digestive enzymes in a protein-deficient nutritional context, and that this regulation can be inhibitory or activating depending on the microbial environment.

Population growth, human technological development and intensification of human activities on the environment, has generated considerable volumes of industrial, agricultural and urban waste, which when applied to the soil can contaminate it with heavy metals, including zinc (Zn). To the be present in high concentrations in the soil this element is phytotoxic to most crops, disabling growing areas, becoming a risk to human health and the environment. Zn contaminated areas need to be recovered. To this end, this study aimed to evaluate the growing of E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna and E. dunnii, and the effect of isolated ectomycorrhizal association with the development of eucalyptus on soil contaminated by Zn. To do this, set up an experiment to evaluate the growth of seedlings of E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna and E. dunnii in soil contaminated by zinc. In another experiment sequence was conducted to assess the effect of ectomycorrhizal isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116), Pisolithus tinctorius (UFSC-132) and isolated UFSC-121 in seedling development of E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna and E. dunnii. Finally, we assessed the development of seedlings of C. citriodora and the effect of inoculation with Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116) in soil contaminated with Zn. C. citriodora has greater plant height, main root length, root volume, dry mass of cauline aste, leaf dry weight, root dry mass and total dry mass than E. grandis, E. saligna and E. dunnii in soil contaminated with 980 mg kg-1 Zn. C. citriodora, was the fastest-growing species in the soil with 79% clay contaminated by the addition of 980 mg kg-1 Zn. While E. dunnii had development of vegetative parts significantly reduced at this dose. Inoculation of isolated Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116) in eucalyptus species yielded the highest percentage of colonized roots in C. citriodora. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116) in C. citriodora was stimulated by the addition to 1,412.21 mg kg-1 Zn in solo. The addition of 1,500 mg kg-1 Zn in soil with 81% clay does not affect the development of C. citriodora. / O crescimento populacional, desenvolvimento tecnológico humano, e a intensificação das atividades antrópicas no meio ambiente, tem gerado volumes consideráveis de resíduos industriais, agrícolas e urbanos, que ao serem aplicados no solo, podem contaminá-lo com metais pesados, dentre eles o zinco (Zn). Ao estar presente em altos teores no solo este elemento é fitotóxico para a maioria das culturas agrícolas, inutilizando áreas de cultivo, tornando-se um risco a saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Áreas contaminadas por Zn necessitam ser recuperadas. Neste intuito, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento de E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna e E. dunnii, e o efeito da associação com isolados ectomicorrízicos no crescimento de eucalipto em solo contaminado por Zn. Para tal, estabeleceu-se um experimento para avaliar o crescimento de mudas de E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna, e E. dunnii em solo contaminado por Zn. Em sequência foi conduzido outro experimento para avaliar o efeito dos isolados ectomicorrízicos de Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116), Pisolithus tinctorius (UFSC-132) e o isolado UFSC-121 no desenvolvimento das mudas de E. grandis, C. citriodora, E. saligna e E. dunnii. E por fim, avaliou-se o crescimento de mudas de C. citriodora e o efeito da inoculação com Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116) em solo contaminado com Zn. C. citriodora apresentou maior altura de planta, comprimento da raiz principal, volume radicular, massa seca da aste caulinar, massa seca das folhas, massa seca das raízes e massa seca total que o E. grandis, E. saligna e E. dunnii em solo contaminado com 980 mg kg-1 de Zn. C. citriodora foi a espécie com maior crescimento no solo com 79% de argila contaminado pela adição de 980 mg kg-1 de Zn. Enquanto o E. dunnii teve desenvolvimento de suas partes vegetativas reduzido significativamente nesta dose. A inoculação do isolado Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC-Pt116) nas espécies de eucalipto proporcionou o maior percentual de raízes colonizadas no C. citriodora. O percentual de colonização ectomicorrízica de Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSCPt116) em C. citriodora foi estimulado pelo acréscimo de até 1.412,21mg kg-1 de Zn no solo. A adição de 1.500 mg kg-1 de Zn no solo com 81% de argila não afeta o desenvolvimento do C. citriodora.