L’interaction du récepteur syndecan-1 de la famille des héparanes sulfates protéoglycanes avec le fragment carboxy-terminal alpha3LG4/5 de la protéine d’adhérence matricielle, la laminine 332, induit une réorganisation du cytosquelette de la cellule conduisant à la formation de filopodes et de microspicules, caractéristiques de la migration cellulaire. Notre laboratoire a mis en évidence que l’adhésion cellulaire syndecan-1 dépendante implique les chaînes d’héparanes sulfates et chondroïtine sulfate. Afin d’identifier le (les) zone(s) impliquée(s) dans l’interaction domaine LG4/5-syndécan-1, une approche de mutagenèse dirigée a été mise en place sur le fragment LG4/5 recombinant. Les résidus conservés parmi les laminines, identifiés dans la littérature comme liant l’héparine, aussi bien que des résidus basiques spécifiques à la chaine α3 identifiés par des approches prédictives, ont été remplacés par le résidu neutre glutamine. Toutes les protéines couplées avec l’étiquette 6-Histidine ont été produites dans des cellules de mammifère, purifiées par chromatographie d'affinité et caractérisées biochimiquement et par dichroïsme circulaire. L’évaluation de l’affinité des protéines produites pour l’héparine nous a permis d’identifier un site d’interaction majeur avec les glycosaminoglycanes dans le domaine LG4/5, entouré par des résidus à mineur affinité. La technique de résonance plasmonique de surface et des tests d’adhérence cellulaire nous ont permis de confirmer ce résultat puisque l’absence du site d’interaction majeur avec l’héparine a produit une inhibition totale de l’adhérence. Des expériences de pull-down nous ont montré que ce site est aussi impliqué dans l’interaction avec le syndecan-4, indiquant que cette séquence pourrait ainsi jouer un rôle dans différents processus cellulaires. Une collaboration avec des bio-informaticiens nous a permis de proposer un modèle structural du domaine LG4/5 et de montrer que la zone identifiée est localisée dans une boucle exposée à l’extérieure du module LG4, entourée par des résidus à plus faible affinité / The HSPG receptor syndecan-1 interacts with the carboxy-terminal LG4/5 domain in laminin 332 to participate in keratinocyte migration by inducing formation of cytoskeleton related protrusive structures. We have shown that syndecan-1 mediated cell adhesion occurs in heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate dependent manner and that these two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains bind independently to LG4/5 with different affinities. To identify residues involved in the interaction of the LG4/5 domain with syndecan-1 and to apprehend the molecular basis of the GAGs interaction specificity, we have used a site-directed mutagenesis approach of the recombinant LG4/5 fragment. The residues identified as conserved heparin binding residues throughout laminins, as well as “candidate” basic residues identified through predictive approaches, have been replaced by the neutral residue glutamine. All LG4/5 proteins carrying a hexa-histidine tag at their C-terminal end were expressed in mammalian cells. The produced proteins were purified and characterized biochemically. Circular dichroism studies performed on all mutagenised proteins showed that the overall structure of each mutant is comparable to that of the wild type protein. Heparin affinity chromatography analysis allowed us to identify a major heparin binding site in the LG4/5 domain surrounded by several minor GAG binding sites. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of mutated LG4/5 proteins-heparan sulphate interaction confirmed these results. These findings were well correlated with our in cellulo syndecan-1 mediated cell adhesion as the lack of this major heparin binding site totally abrogated cell adhesion. Pull down experiments allowed us to show that this heparin binding site sequence is responsible not only for the interaction of the receptors syndecan-1 but also for syndecan-4 suggesting that additional cellular functions may be carried by this sequence. Our structural predictions suggest that the LG4/5 in laminin 332 encompasses a major GAG binding site surrounded by a track of converging positively charged residues

L’infection par le virus de l’hépatite C (HCV) est une cause majeure de maladies hépatites sévères et constitue un problème majeur de santé public. Le HCV est associé aux lipopoprotéines formant une lipoviroparticule (LVP) qui est la forme infectieuse du virus. L’apolipoprotéine E (apoE), associée aux lipoprotéines, est impliquée dans les étapes précoces et tardives de l’infection. Elle interagit avec de récepteurs impliqués dans le métabolisme lipidique tels les héparanes sulfates protéoglycanes (HSPG). Durant ma thèse, j’ai démontré que les acides aminés chargés positivement du domaine de liaison aux HSPG d’apoE sont impliqués dans l’entrée du HCV dans l’hépatocyte. J’ai également démontré que la production et/ou l’infectiosité des particules virales est corrélée au taux d’expression d’apoE dans les cellules sans avoir d’impact sur la traduction ou la réplication virales. Enfin, j’ai identifié syndecan-4, un membre de la famille des HSPG, comme l’HSPG principal impliqué dans l’entrée du HCV dans les lignées Huh7.5.1. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre qu’HCV utilise l’interaction apoE-SDC4 pour établir une infection virale efficace. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and represents a major health problem. HCV associates with host lipoproteins forming host/viral hybrid complexes termed lipoviral particles. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipoprotein component that interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) to mediate hepatic lipoprotein uptake, and may likewise mediate HCV entry. I sought to define the functional regions of apoE with an aim to identify critical apoE binding partners involved in HCV infection. I demonstrated a direct correlation of apoE expression and HCV infectivity, whereas no correlation exists with viral protein translation or replication. Mutating the HSPG binding domain (HSPG-BD) of apoE revealed key residues that are critical for mediating HCV infection. Finally, I identified Syndecan-4 (SDC4), an HSPG family member, as the principal HSPG mediating HCV entry. Our data demonstrate that HCV uses apoE-SDC4 interactions to enter hepatocytes and establish efficient viral infection.

L'autotaxine (ATX) est une glycoprotéine sécrétée qui grâce à son activité lysophospholipase D est à l'origine d'un lipide biologiquement actif, l'acide lysophosphatidique (LPA), dans la circulation sanguine. L'expression de l'ATX par les cellules tumorales contrôle la dissémination métastatique spontanée des cellules de cancer du sein et la formation des métastases osseuses. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons observé que le ciblage thérapeutique précoce de l'ATX dans un modèle animal préclinique bloque de façon remarquable la dissémination métastatique des cellules de cancer du sein. Cependant les mécanismes moléculaires à l'origine de l'action du LPA sur les cellules tumorales sont mal caractérisés. Nous avons ici montré, via des expériences in vitro et in vivo, que l'ATX circulante d'origine non tumorale libérée par les plaquettes sanguines sous l'action des cellules tumorales, contrôle les évènements précoces de la dissémination métastatique. Cependant, le LPA est un lipide extrêmement sensible à l'action des phosphatases, présentes en grande quantité dans les milieux extracellulaires : l'activité du LPA serait dépendante de sa production locale, au voisinage de ses récepteurs présents à la surface des cellules. Ces travaux ont ainsi mis en évidence que le pouvoir pro-métastatique de l'ATX dépend à la fois de son interaction avec l'intégrine Alpha V/Beta3exprimée par les cellules tumorales, mais également d'un protéoglycane, Syndecan-4 présent en surface cellulaire. En conclusion, le ciblage de l’ATX via son activité ou via ses interactions présente un haut potentiel thérapeutique chez des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein à fort risque métastatique / Bone metastases are a frequent complication of cancer, occurring in up to 70 percent of patients with advanced breast or prostate cancer. Despite the improvement of current therapies, the survival of bone metastasis patients is only 24 months. This study aims to find new mechanisms involved in bone metastasis formation. Autotaxin (ATX/NPP2) is a secreted glycoprotein that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) through its lysophospholipase D activity. Our lab previously demonstrated that ATX is overexpressed in multiple types of cancers and together with LPA generated during platelet activation promotes skeletal metastasis of breast cancer. However, the pathophysiological sequelae of regulated interactions between circulating LPA, ATX and platelets remain undefined in cancer. In this work we show that ATX is stored in a- granules of resting human platelets and released upon tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation, leading to the production of LPA. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments using human breast cancers cells that do not express ATX demonstrate that non-tumoral ATX controls the early stage of bone colonization by tumor cells. However, LPA is extremely sensitive to phosphatases, which are highly expressed in extracellular environment and at cell membranes. The molecular mechanisms involved in the local production of LPA at the bone metastatic site are still not well characterized. The present results establish that binding of ATX to alphaV/Beta3 integrin and/or the proteoglycan syndecan-4 allow LPA delivery to its receptors present at the surface of tumor cells. These results may have important implications in the development of new therapies for patients with bone metastases

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第19664号 / 薬科博第52号 / 新制||薬科||6(附属図書館) / 32700 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 二木 史朗, 教授 松﨑 勝巳, 教授 中山 和久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

L'arthrose est caractérisée par une dégénérescence progressive du cartilage articulaire. Elle est caractérisée par l'augmentation des cytokines pro-inflammatoires en particulier l'interleukine-1ß (IL-1ß) qui inhibe la synthèse des protéoglycanes (PGs) et augmente leur dégradation conduisant à l'érosion du cartilage. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires de cette inhibition ne sont pas encore élucidés. Nous avons étudié l'effet de l'IL-1ß sur l'expression du gène de la xylosyltransférase I (XT-I), enzyme qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la synthèse des PGs au niveau du cartilage. Nous avons montré que l'IL-1ß est capable de réguler l'expression de la XT-I en deux phases : une phase précoce d'induction et une phase tardive d'inhibition. L'étude de la régulation du promoteur du gène humain de la XT-I par l'IL-1ß a permis de montrer que la phase précoce d'induction est médiée par le facteur AP-1 alors que la phase d'inhibition implique le facteur de transcription Sp3. Nous avons également étudié les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l'inhibition de l'anabolisme des PGs et de l'induction de la dédifférenciation chondrocytaire par Wnt3a. Nous avons montré que Wnt-3a inhibe l'expression du PG, syndécan 4 dans le cartilage et dans les chondrocytes humain en culture via la voie de signalisation non canonique, ERK1/2. Nous avons montré que l'inhibition de l'expression du collagène II par Wnt-3a est médiée par le syndécan 4 et que ce dernier est essentiel à l'activation des voies non canoniques par Wnt-3a probablement via une interaction avec la protéine régulatrice Dishevelled. Enfin, nous avons montré que les effets délétères de l'IL-1ß sur les PGs et le collagène II sont atténués par Wnt-3a en inhibant l'expression de l'ADMTS4 et de la MMP13 / Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. It is characterized by the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin 1ß (IL- 1ß ) which inhibits the synthesis of proteoglycans (PGs ) and increases their degradation leading to erosion of cartilage. However, the molecular mechanism of this inhibition is not yet elucidated. We studied the effect of IL-1ß on gene expression of the xylosyltransferase I ( XT- I), an enzyme which plays an essential role in regulating the synthesis of PGs in the cartilage. We showed that IL-1ß regulates the expression of the XT-I gene into two phases: an early phase of induction and a late phase of inhibition. The study of the regulation of the promoter of the human XT-I gene showed that the early induction phase by IL-1ß is mediated by AP-1 while the late inhibition phase involves the Sp3 transcription factor. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of PG anabolism and induction of chondrocyte dedifferentiation by Wnt-3a. We showed that Wnt-3a inhibits expression of the PG syndecan 4 in human cartilage and in cultured chondrocytes via the non-canonical signaling pathway involving the kinase ERK1/2. We also showed that inhibition of the expression of collagen II by Wnt-3a is mediated by syndecan 4, probably via interaction with a regulatory protein Dishevelled and that syndecan 4 is essential for non-canonical Wnt pathway signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that the deleterious effects of IL-1ß on PGs and collagen II are reduced by Wnt-3a by inhibiting the expression of ADMTS4 and MMP13

Alternative bone repair strategies are frequently sought after in orthopaedic surgery to address the growing need for improved morbidity and healing rates. This thesis sought to initiate and validate such an alternative, harnessing the flexible nature of a biomaterial substrate and the unique potential of glycosaminoglycan sugars. A novel, biodegradable biomaterial polymer, PHBV, has previously been identified to have the potential to mimic the characteristics of bone necessary for tissue repair and in this study, it was hypothesized that PHBV would be able to support bone formation. When tested in vitro, PHBV was found to support osteoblast cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, despite its rougher, more hydrophobic surface characteristics compared to tissue culture plastic (TCP). However, unlike the progression of cells on TCP, PHBV caused a developmental delay at each stage of osteogenesis, suggesting a sub-optimal cell-substrate interaction. The expression profiles of genes involved in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix were monitored to investigate this phenomenon further. The results suggested that cells cultured on PHBV appeared to preference 7 against a collagen-based ECM and, instead, trigger an increase in the expression of other factors, such as osteopontin, presumably to modify the biomaterial microenvironment to optimise continued growth and differentiation. This finding led to the next hypothesis that functionalisation of PHBV with suitable compounds could optimise and enhance the osteogenic development at the implant site by facilitating the desired and appropriate cell-substrate interactions. Non-protein factors are often preferred for functionalisation to material scaffolds over proteins, as they are relatively robust and can survive many of the processes used in the manufacture of biomaterials. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugars were appropriate candidates for this purpose, as they are not only abundantly expressed in bone, but more importantly, they are capable of binding and facilitating the activity of growth factors. Furthermore, they are resistant to several environmental influences including changes in pH, heat and desiccation. To identify a GAG that could be integrated with PHBV or any other biomaterial substrate, GAGs were extracted from phenotypically-distinct stages of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. These GAGs were identified to display gross structural differences, as well as differences in the enzymes synthesising them, between immature and mature osteoblastic cells, with the increased production of a larger GAG species observed as the cells differentiated. Unexpectedly, however, when these GAGs were subsequently dosed back into the media of growing MG-63 cells, their bioactivity did not match the stage at which they had been harvested: all GAG species were able to influence cell survival and growth to varying degrees but were not capable of affecting cell differentiation. However, if these same GAGs were exposed to cells by first being attached to the growth substrate, they induced varying degrees of aggregation in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), with more mature GAGs producing the most profound effects. Interestingly, a similar phenomenon was not observed when MG-63 cells where cultured in a similar manner. A direct correlation between the GAGs expressed by osteoblasts and the specific cellular processes they functionally influence has yet to be identified. While the experiments presented here demonstrate an effect of GAGs in osteoblastic cell survival, a role for GAGs in the progression of bone formation was not revealed. Loss-of-function studies were therefore necessary to determine the role of GAGs in bone, but this was hampered by the limited availability of procedures that allow the alteration of GAGs and the subsequent detection of these effects. Therefore, a tool to screen the efficacy of a loss of GAG function was developed. TAT-EGFP, a purpose-designed fluorescent GAG-binding peptide, was able to confirm that treatment with sodium chlorate was an effective 8 strategy to hinder GAG expression in MG-63 cells with minimal cytotoxicity to the cells. Following more extensive studies with chlorate treatment, it was found that a recoverable disruption to both proliferation and mineralisation could be induced in MG-63 cells. This suggested a role for GAGs in osteogenesis. A series of experiments then carried out following gene expression microarray analysis indicated that GAG de-sulfation by chlorate gives rise to an S-phase block in the cell cycle and a disruption to the actin cytoskeleton, which appeared to be associated with a change in the activity of cell-surface proteoglycans, most likely syndecan 4. It was also found that cells up-regulated plasma membrane ALP activity and cholesterol synthesis, presumably in an attempt to recover from a chlorate-induced loss in GAG function. Cholesterol is known to be important in establishing connections between membrane elements and the actin cytoskeleton, and its up-regulation here may reflect dysfunctions in these units and a dysfunction in syndecan 4 activity. With further confirmation, this would suggest that syndecan 4 plays a pivotal role in maintaining osteogenesis, in at least MG-63 cells, and that sulfated GAGs function principally to facilitate this role. The effective use of GAGs in bone repair strategies will require further understanding of GAG/syndecan 4/osteogenesis relationship.

No description available.