The goal of this thesis is to map a theme, which has not been systematically explored enough by Czech linguists so far. It deals with the material of the Prague Spoken Corpus (PSC), which contains a series of records of authentic spoken language. The thesis presents primarily a comprehensive description of particles, which can be found in the PSC, their semantic classes based on their real occurrence in the natural speech context. It further describes their collocability and syntagmatic relations, including their valency, thus more adequately explains their function in the commonly spoken language. Attention is also paid to their frequency and preferred use within the scope of particular combinations of sociolinguistic parameters, i.e. four variables (sex, age, education and type of discourse) which determined the selection of speakers on recordings to make their combinations as balanced as possible. Some particles are homonymous with other parts of speech - the extent of homonymy and its context dependency just as the processes of particulization are described in the contextual usage of particles and adverbs. The results in terms of the frequency of usage were compared with the frequency of occurrence in the written corpus SYN2005. The presentation of particles in dictionaries of Czech language was...

Šiame magistro darbe tyrinėjamos augalų pavadinimų žodinės asociacijos lietuvių ir baltarusių kalbomis, kurios kyla perskaičius tam tikrų augalų pavadinimus. Asociaciniame eksperimente dalyvavo 102 informantai: 52 lietuvių ir 50 baltarusių tautybės. Jiems buvo pateiktas 20 augalų pavadinimų sąrašas: ąžuolas, eglė, liepa, rožė, tulpė, kaštonas, klevas, beržas, šermukšnis, žibutė, erškėtrožė, tuopa, obelis, kriaušė, pušis, nendrė, gvazdikas, lelija, gluosnis, ramunė. Magistro darbo tikslas – aprašyti, kokias asociacijas sukelia apibrėžtos teminės grupės žodžiai-stimulai, t.y. augalų pavadinimai, ir nagrinėti žodines asociacijas psicholingvistiniu ir etnolingvistiniu aspektais. Žodinės asociacijos nagrinėjamos pagal tokius parametrus: asociacijų turinį, asociacijų santykį su žodžiu-stimulu, asociacijų dažnumo charakteristiką, asociacijų loginį ir gramatinį kriterijų. Tyrimui pasirinkti tokie metodai: anketavimas, lyginamasis ir aprašomasis. Atlikus analizę, paaiškėjo, kad abiejų tautybių informantų atsakymuose vyrauja daiktavardinės asociacijos, žodžiai-stimulai ir asociatai daugiausia susiję paradigminiais santykiais. Pastebėta, kad augalų pavadinimai dažniausiai sukelia vienažodes asociacijas. Ne visos asociacijos buvo logiškai motyvuotos ir pagrįstos, tačiau tokias asociacijas dažniausiai vartojo abiejų tautų mokyklinio amžiaus vaikai. Nustatyta, kad vyrų mąstysena ir kalba yra konkretesnė, moterų – abstraktesnė, susijusi su jausmine sritimi, asmenine gyvenimiška patirtimi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study for an AM deals with verbal association of names of plants, which are evoked when tie names of certain are read. One hundred two people took part in this associative experiment: 52 Lithuanian and 50 Belarusian nationality. They were given a list of 20 plants: ąžuolas, eglė, liepa, rožė, tulpė, kaštonas, klevas, beržas, šermukšnis, žibutė, erškėtrožė, tuopa, obelis, kriaušė, pušis, nendrė, gvazdikas, lelija, gluosnis, ramunė. The objective of the study is to compare the differences in the use of language, which arise from social and psychic factors. The verbal association are studied by the following parameters: the contents of the association, the relationship of association with the word-stimulant, the character of the frequency of associations, and the logic and grammatical criterion of the associations. The following methods were chosen for the study: questioning, comparison and description. The study demonstrated that in the answers off two nationality of informants nouns prevail, and the words-stimulants and the association are mostly connected with paradigmatic relations. It was noticed that the plant names most often trigger one-word associations. Not all associations have been substantiated in a logical and reasonable, but such associations in both nations used mostly school-age children. It was found that the male way of thinking and language is more specific for women - more abstract, concerned with the sensual sphere of personal life experience... [to full text]

Lexikal organisation hos äldre personer är ett relativt outforskat område. Studies syfte var att tillföra information om lexikal organisation hos äldre personer med svenska som modersmål i form av kartläggning av associationsmönster, samt att undersöka om samband fanns mellan associationsmönster och benämningsförmåga, ålder samt utbildningsnivå hos ovan nämnda population, då tidigare forskning om detta är begränsad. I studien deltog 45 personer i åldern 60 till 89 år, vilka delades in i tre olika grupper utefter ålder oavsett utbildningsnivå samt tre olika grupper baserade på utbildningsnivå oavsett ålder. Samtliga deltagare genomförde ett testbatteri inkluderande Boston Naming Test och en omarbetad version av Kents och Rosanoffs associationstest. Mini Mental State Examination i svensk revidering användes för att ge en översiktlig bild av deltagargruppens kognitiva förmåga. Resultaten visade att äldre personer har en hög andel paradigmatiska associationer. Vid jämförelse med tidigare forskning om associationsmönster hos unga vuxna upp till 26 år, har äldre en högre andel paradigmatiska associationer. En tendens fanns till ett samband mellan hög utbildningsnivå och högre andel syntagmatiska associationer än hos grupper med lägre utbildningsnivå. Inga samband kunde påvisas varken mellan associationsmönster och benämningsförmåga eller mellan associationsmönster och åldersvariation. / Lexical organisation in the elderly is a relatively unexplored area. The aim of this study was to broaden the understanding of lexical organisation in an elderly, Swedish population through the mapping of associative patterns. The study also aimed to examine if relationships existed between association patterns and naming ability, age and level of education in the above-mentioned population. Participants in the present study were 45 persons between the ages of 60 to 89 years. They all had Swedish as their first language and they did not have any known aphasia or cognitive disorder. Participants were divided into three different groups based on age regardless of level of education, as well as three different groups based on level of education regardless of age level. All participants completed a test battery including Boston Naming Test and a remodelled version of the Kent and Rosanoff Association Test. A Swedish version of the Mini Mental State Examination was carried out to give basic view of cognitive ability in the participants. In comparison with earlier research on association patterns in young adults up to 26 years, older individuals have a higher number of paradigmatic associations. There was a tendency to a relationship between a higher level of education and a high number of syntagmatic associations, in comparison with groups with lower level of education. No relationship was found between association patterns and naming ability or between association patterns and age variation.

This study sought to critically investigate the contribution of the ordinary people in the creation of a language policy and its subsequent implementation in Zimbabwe. The study was prompted by the realisation of the near-absence of a coherent language policy framework in Zimbabwe. The language policy situation in Zimbabwe is not clearly stated. A hotch-potch of statutes support the status, creation and implementation of languages that are spoken by the citizens of the country. The country’s supreme law, the constitution is silent about the necessity of a broad-based language policy in Zimbabwe. Only three languages Shona, Ndebele and English are considered to be major in a country with 16 known languages. This situation does not support the development of languages particularly the indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are not considered as a suitable medium of instruction from the third year of primary schooling up to tertiary level. Indigenous languages play a critical role in culture, economics and politics. The study argued that ordinary people have creative ways of contributing to the development of a language policy because these people are constantly creating new words and vocabulary that they implement in their day to day struggle with nature and other social classes. Authorities in Zimbabwe are yet to view the role of indigenous languages in development as a cornerstone of socio-economic and political progress. African languages, particularly the Shona language that was the main unit of analysis in this study revealed its capacity to handle complex ideas. It was recommended that when Shona and other indigenous languages are accorded the status of official languages of the country and then provided with the financial resources and linguistic expertise to develop them then, a coherent language policy can become a living reality in Zimbabwe. / Africam Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This study has attempted to show the overarching significance of the conquering motif in relation to discourse dynamics of the entire book of Revelation and the significance of salvific history for its syntagmatic understanding. Based on language-in-use as a whole between the model author and the model audience, syntagmatic analysis (i.e., SVU analysis) and associative analysis (i.e., sign-intertextual reading) are eclectically and concertedly utilized by means of sampling analysis. Utilizing this integrative method, the findings are as follows: (1) the interwoven network of the prologue (Rev 1:1-8) programmatically provides the paradigmatic reading strategy for understanding the key paraenetic motif in the rest of the book against the background of salvific history; (2) by summarizing the churches’ earthly prophetic roles – withdrawal and witness through martyrdom – in terms of conquering, the model author alerts his audience to the military significance of their daily actions or choices in their ordinary earthly lives through visionary communication; (3) just as the prologue preliminarily guides, the ever-forward-moving historical framework serves as an incentive device for the paraenetic-imperative in Rev 2-3 and 4-22.

Cette étude consiste en une analyse comparée des unités syntaxiques (les syntagmes) et des constructions fondamentales du fiançais et du persan, en ayant un regard sur les Langues Contrôlées (LC) et les cas problématiques et ambigus pour la traduction.Après un passage sur l'histoire de ces langues et une brève présentation du système d 'écriture et phonétique du persan ,les classes de mots et leurs classifications traditionnelle et moderne sont comparées. Ensuite, les structures des syntagmes déterminant, nominal, adjectival, prépositionnel , adverbial et verbal et la nature de leurs composants, ainsi que les constructions fondamentales de la phrase de base dans ces deux langues sont analysées. Tout au long du parcours, en faisant quelques tests de traduction avec des étudiants persanophones, certains cas problématiques pour la traduction sont repérés et traités pour une langue contrôlée français-persan éventuelle. Dans la synthèse finale, sont rassemblées, les structures syntagmatiques et certaines instructions pour élaborer une LC concernant les langues française et persane / This study concerns a comparative analysis of the syntactic units (syntagms) and the fundamental constructions of French and Persian, with regards to Controlled Languages and problematic and ambiguous cases for translation.After a historical survey of these languages and a brief presentation of the writing and phonetic systems of Persian, the ward classes (parts of speech) and their traditional and modern classifications are compared. The structures of determinant, nominal, adjectival, prepositional, adverbial and verbal syntagms and the nature of their component, as well as the fundamental constructions of the basic sentence in thesetwo languages are then analysed. During the study, as a result of translation tests carried out by Persian students, some problematic cases for translation have been recognized and analysed for a potential French-Persian controlled language. ln the final synthesis, the syntagmatic structures and some instructions for developing a controlled language relating French and Persian languages have been assembled