Esta Tese estuda o papel da Razão e da Emoção no virtuosismo, como se integram aí sintaxe e semântica. Procuramos entender como a obra de arte é vivida, intuída, tanto no momento da sua concepção quanto no momento da sua execução. Nosso objetivo específico foi o de estudar como as composições de Ludwig van Beethoven encontram resplendor artístico nas mãos do virtuose Fritz Jank. Depois de várias leituras, cursos, estudos sobre a obra musical escolhemos como nosso referencial teórico, a obra de Suzanne Langer por harmonizar-se inteiramente com a linha de pesquisa Razão e Emoção, do Laboratório de Epistemologia Genética do qual participamos. Sua formação néo-kantiana, grandemente influenciada por Ernst Cassirer, permitiu-nos uma compreensão e uma visão da obra de arte e especialmente da música, perfeitamente inseridas na produção científica desse Laboratório. Um virtuose necessita ter o domínio da sintaxe da linguagem musical, ou seja, o domínio do conhecimento musical. Entretanto, quando só há a técnica, aos artistas parece faltar humanidade, paixão, emoção. Procuramos mostrar como, tanto a razão quanto a emoção, estão unidas, quer para a composição, quer para a interpretação musicais. O virtuose, assim, transcende esses aspectos, pois necessita ser um artista com excepcional domínio da técnica, da sintaxe da linguagem musical, além de ter profunda sensibilidade musical. Para fundamentar esta pesquisa realizamos comparações das interpretações pianísticas de Fritz Jank com as de outros grandes mestres do teclado, em execuções de algumas sonatas de Ludwig van Beethoven, por nós selecionadas. Neste trabalho procuramos dar uma idéia da carreira musical de Fritz Jank como professor e virtuose, recolhendo dados dos jornais, entrevistando alguns de seus contemporâneos e até acompanhando cursos sobre a sua obra. Esperamos assim, prestar uma homenagem ao grande mestre, nosso professor, que presenteou seus ouvintes com magníficas interpretações pianísticas e enriqueceu a vida, sobretudo o espírito, de todos aqueles que tiveram o privilégio não só de ouvi-lo, mas também de com ele aprender. / The current Thesis deals with the rule of reason and emotion in virtuosism and the way they integrate themselves in syntax and semantics. We try to understand how one lives and feels the work of art, both at the moment of its creation as well as when its being performed. Our specific aim was studying how Ludwig van Beethovens compositions could achieve success in the hands of the virtuose Fritz Jank. After a lot of reading, course attending and studies we decided to choose, as our theoretical reference the works of Suzanne Langer as it totally combines with the Reason and Emotion research field of our Genetic Epistemology Laboratory. Suzanne Langer´s neo-kantian upbringing greatly influenced by Ernst Cassirer, gave us a better understanding and feeling of the work of art and music inserted in this laboratorys scientific production. A virtuose needs to master the syntax of musical language, that means, the mastery of musical knowledge. However, when there is only technique it looks as though the artists lack humanity, passion and emotion. Thats why we try to demonstrate how reason and emotion are related to each other both in the creation of composition and musical interpretation. This way, the virtuose is the one who transcends these aspects because he needs to be an artist with outstanding mastery of technique and syntax and, along with that, have deep musical sensitivity. In order to give fundaments to this research we have done comparisons between Fritz Jank´s piano interpretations and other piano masters on some of Ludwig van Beethovens sonatas previously selected by us. In this work we try to give an idea about the musical career of Fritz Jank, as a Professor and virtuose, by collecting data from newspapers, interviewing some of his contemporaries and even taking courses on his works. Through this way we want to pay a tribute to the Great Master, our teacher, who gifted his listeners with magnificent piano interpretations that enriched the lives and above all, the spirits of all those who had the privilege of not only listen to him (his plays) but also of learning from him.

Il s’agit d’une description grammaticale du ɓaka, une langue oubanguienne (Niger-Congo). L’analyse se fonde sur un corpus recueilli sur le terrain, dans la région de l’Est-Cameroun (département du Haut-Nyong). Le corpus représente 1h 36mn de paroles spontanées qui ont été traitées sous Toolbox, Elan et Praat puis analysées dans une perspective structurale fonctionnaliste. La thèse comprend trois parties. La première regroupe une introduction et l’analyse phonologique. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’établissement des catégories grammaticales. Le ɓaka étant une langue à faible morphologie, c’est à partir de critères syntaxiques que quinze catégories ont été identifiées : Verbe, Nom, Nom relationnel, Pronom personnel, Pronom, Adjectif, Adverbe, Numéral, Prédicatif, Préposition, Subordinatif, Coordinatif, Interjection, Onomatopée et Modalité. Je présente, pour chaque catégorie définie, une étude des formes et de son fonctionnement. La troisième partie qui porte sur la syntaxe présente le syntagme nominal, le syntagme verbal et la prédication non verbale qui sont les éléments fondamentaux de la structuration de cette langue. La prédication non verbale combine le recours à des prédicatifs non verbaux et à la construction d’énoncé sans prédicatif dédié fondée sur la juxtaposition de deux éléments dont j’analyse les caractéristiques. J’aborde ensuite l’énoncé complexe, et traite en particulier des connecteurs entre propositions que sont les coordinatifs et les subordinatifs, puis des procédés de topicalisation et de focalisation qui manifestent la hiérarchie dans l’énoncé. Une bibliographie et une annexe présentant la transcription de trois textes du corpus terminent ce travail. / Ɓaka is an Ubangian language of the Niger-Congo language family. The grammatical description is based on a text corpus that was collected during fieldwork in the department of Haut Nyong in the East Province of Cameroon. The corpus consists of recordings (1h and 36 min) of spontaneous speech, which were annotated in Toolbox, Elan and Praat and then analyzed from a structuralist-functionalist perspective. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part 1 contains the introduction and the phonological analysis. Part 2 is dedicated to defining the word classes. As Ɓaka is a language with little morphology, the following 15 word classes were identified through syntactic criteria: verb, noun, relational noun, personal pronoun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, predicator, preposition, subordinator, coordinator, interjection, onomatopoeia and modal. For each of these defined word classes, a study of their forms and functions is presented. Part 3 deals with the syntax of Ɓaka, more precisely with the noun phrase, the verb phrase and non-verbal predication, which are the fundamental structuring units of this language. Non-verbal predication encompasses both the use of non-verbal predicators as well as constructions that contain no dedicated predicators and are based on two juxtaposed elements, whose characteristic features are analyzed in detail. Part 3 is also concerned with complex sentences. It examines coordinating and subordinating connectors as well as topicalization and focalization strategies, which reflect hierarchical relations in the sentence. The thesis concludes with a bibliography and an appendix containing three transcribed texts from the corpus.

L'acquisition de connaissances relatives aux constructions verbales est une question importante pour le traitement automatique des langues, mais aussi pour la lexicographie qui vise à documenter les nouveaux usages linguistiques. Cette tâche pose de nombreux enjeux, techniques et théoriques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à deux aspects fondamentaux de la description du verbe : la notion d'entrée lexicale et la distinction entre arguments et circonstants. A la suite de précédentes études en traitement automatique des langues et en linguistique nous faisons l'hypothèse qu’il n’y a pas de distinction marquée entre homonymes et quasi-synonymes ; de même, nous posons qu’il existe un continuum entre arguments et circonstants. Nous proposons une chaîne de traitement complète pour l'acquisition de schémas prédicatifs verbaux en japonais à partir d'un corpus non étiqueté de textes journalistiques. Cette chaîne de traitement intègre la notion d'argumentalité au processus de création des entrées lexicales et met en œuvre une modélisation de ces deux continuums. La ressource produite a fait l'objet d'une évaluation comparative qualitative, qui a permis de mettre en évidence la difficulté des ressources linguistiques à décrire de nouvelles données, plaidant par là même pour une lexicologie s'inscrivant dans le cadre épistémologique de la linguistique de corpus. / Lexical knowledge acquisition of verbal constructions is an important issue for natural language processing as well as lexicography, which aims at referencing emerging linguistic usages. Such a task implies numerous challenges, technical as well as theoretical. In this thesis, we had a closer look at two fundamental aspects of the description of the verb: the notion of lexical item and the distinction between arguments and adjuncts. Following up on studies in natural language processing and linguistics, we embrace the hypothesis that there is no clear distinction between homonyms and quasi-synonyms, and the hypothesis of a continuum between arguments and adjuncts. We provide a complete approach to lexical knowledge acquisition of verbal constructions from an untagged news corpus. The acquisition process makes use of the notion of argumenthood, and builds models of the two continuums. Our lexicon has been evaluated on a qualitative and comparative basis. Siding with lexicography anchored in the theoretical framework of corpus linguistics, we show the difficulty of using lexical resources to describe as yet unseen data.

The main intention of this dissertation The linguistic analysis of a baroque text is to present some from charakteristic signs of Czech language of 17th century. I have keeped at disposition a copy of the text Cvičení v dokonalosti a ctnostech křesťanských (The Exercising of Christian perfection and quality). Thist text of Alphons Rodericius was translated by the priest and linguist Jiří Konstanc and printed in 1664. In my work I get some informations about morphology and syntax of the baroque czech language and compare them with the present situation. There are many differences between baroque and present Czech language, for example the ending {--}ův in plural masculines or some forms of possessive adjectives. We can find many differences also by the conjunctions, e.g. anobrž, alebrž, an. In the syntax level we can see an effect of Latin or German. There are many complicated sentences, the verb stands often at the end of a sentence. We can find many other examples. At the end of this work I bring a small dictionary, where I make clear some words, which can make problems. This work doesn´t bring comprehensive informations, there are many other problems in this religious text.

ABSTRACT Grammar mistakes of the German learning Czechs The thesis is focused on morphological and syntax mistakes of German learning Czechs. The most important definitions, classifications and sources of mistakes are summarized in the first part. In the next part are systematically described the concrete mistakes of Czechs, as well as their sources, mainly the linguistic interferences between and within languages. The last part contains authentic texts written in German by Czech students or pupils. The grammar mistakes in the texts are marked and analyzed.

abstract: This thesis investigates the pronominal system in Standard Arabic. It seeks to unravel the correlation between independent and dependent personal pronouns. Although both pronoun groups are treated as distinct parts of the lexicon, I argue that dependent pronouns are reduced forms derived from the strong counterparts. This study examines how these forms (reduced and non-reduced) relate to one another phonologically and syntactically. Various analytical tools are utilized including vowel harmony, syllable structure as well as some principles of Distributed Morphology and Chomsky's 1995 Minimalist Program. With regard to the phonological relations, I argue that dependent subject pronouns are generated from their parallel strong forms by omitting the initial syllable. Dependent object pronouns are formed by omitting the first two syllables. The first person singular and third person plural masculine subject pronouns are suppletive forms completing the paradigm. They are not derived by reduction from their full counterparts. After investigating the distributional properties of both sets of pronouns, I propose a bipartite subcategorization of reduced pronominals into two subclasses: clitics and affixes. Clitics surface in positions in which strong pronouns cannot occur. As for affixes, they are used to mark verb-argument agreement. In light of these positions, I argue that dependent subject pronouns are always affixes while dependent object pronouns are always clitics. Clitics function as syntactically independent units which combine with hosts at the phonological phase as a result of their prosodic deficiency while affixes associate with hosts when features are valued during a sentence derivation. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. English 2013

Este trabalho foca seu estudo nas estruturas transitivas dos verbos dar e vender, presentes nos documentos notariais castelhanos dos séculos XII e XIII, das antigas regiões de Castela do Norte, Burgos, Rioja (Alta e Baixa) e Toledo, transcritos diretamente dos originais por Ramón Menéndez Pidal. A partir da leitura dos documentos, foi possível formar um corpus composto por fragmentos de todas as regiões e dos dois séculos, com a presença dos verbos dar e/ou vender e todos os seus complementos (diretos e/ou indiretos). Para a identificação dos objetos direto e indireto, usamos o critério da proporcionalidade dos objetos pelos pronomes lo(s), la(s) / le(s), respectivamente. Como suporte teórico ao estudo das estruturas transitivas, apoiamonos nos estudos funcionalistas de Hopper e Thompson (1980) e Alarcos Llorach (1994), para quem a determinação da transitividade não depende somente do verbo, mas de toda a complementação verbal, de modo a considerar que não há verbos transitivos, mas estruturas verbais transitivas. A análise dos fragmentos possibilitou a identificação de 18 estruturas diferentes, reunidas em quatro grandes grupos de estruturas sintáticas: Grupo 1 Estruturas presentes nos dois grupos; Grupo 2 Estruturas com complementos verbais latinos; Grupo 3 Estruturas topicalizadas; Grupo 4 Estruturas específicas com o verbo dar. O uso do objeto indireto com a preposição a ainda não estava definido, havendo no período muitos casos de ausência dessa preposição. As regiões de Castela do Norte e Toledo foram as únicas que apresentaram construções de tópico, com todos os casos situados no século XIII. Em relação à presença do latim medieval hispânico nos documentos, encontramos diversos fatores que mostram a integração entre a tradição latina e o falar romance, resultando em textos com a presença tanto de elementos castelhanos quanto de elementos latinos, tais como o pronome dativo uobis ao lado de a uobis. / This paper focus its analysis on transitive structures of the verbs dar (give) and vender (sell), present in Castilian Notarial documents from the 12th and 13th centuries, from old regions of North Castela, Burgos, High and Low Riojas and Toledo, trasnscribed directly from the originals by Ramón Menéndez Pidal. From the reading of those documents, it was possible to form a corpus made up of fragments from all regions and from the two centuries with the verbs dar and / or vender and all their complements. To identify the direct and indirect objects, we used the criterion of proportion of complements set by the pronouns lo(s), la(s), / le(s), respectively. We based the study of transitive structures on the principles proposed by Hopper and Thompson (1980), two functionalists, and Alarcos Llorach (1994), to whom the determination of transitivity doesn´t depend only on the verbs, but on the whole verbal complementation, so that there are no transitive verbs, but rather, transitive verbal structures. The analysis of the fragments made the identification of 18 different structures possible, gathered in four big groups of syntactic structures: Group 1 Structures present in the two groups; Group 2 Structures with Latin verbal complements; Group 3 Topic structures; Group 4 Specific structures with the verb dar. The usage of the indirect complement with the preposition a wasn´t defined yet, what, in this period, justifies the many cases in which the preposition doesn´t occur. The regions of North Castela, Burgos and Toledo were the only ones which presented topic constructions, all of them occurring in the 13th century. In relation to the existence of the Spanish Medieval Latin in the documents, we find several factors that show the interaction between the Latin tradition and the spoken Romance, resulting in texts with Castilian as well as Latin elements, such as the dative pronoun uobis coexisting with a uobis.

M.A. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

This dissertation studies the prosodic structure of the variety of Jordanian Arabic that is spoken in the rural areas of the Governorate of Irbid (IA) by investigating the role of syntactic structure in the formation of prosodic domains. It empirically explores the word-level, phrase-level and clause-level prosody of IA and attempts to account for these empirical results in a framework based on the standard syntactic-prosodic interface principles developed in Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) and formulated as OT constraints (Prince & Smolensky 1993). The basic hypotheses in this dissertation are that the prosodic word (ω), phonological phrase (Φ) and intonational phrase (ι) are present in IA, and that they are anchored in syntactic constituents. Relying on hypotheses derived from the MATCH constraints (Selkirk 2011) that ensure the syntactic-prosodic correspondence, ω, Φ and ι should respectively match the grammatical word, syntactic phrase and clause and should recursively match embedded syntactic constituents. A series of experiments was designed to test the hypotheses. Twenty native speakers (ten males and ten females) of Jordanian Arabic living in Irbid participated in the tasks. Each pair of participants performed several tasks in one session. Two game-based tasks were designed to explore intonational and temporal cues to Φ and ι boundaries and examine their relation to XPs and clauses, respectively. Two additional reading tasks were designed to determine the application domain of post-lexical segmental processes in IA (the coarticulation of pharyngealization and vowel hiatus resolution). The collected tokens were submitted to acoustic and statistical analyses. Based on the results of these experiments, the existence of the ω, Φ and ι is confirmed and our understanding of their segmental and suprasegmental cues is refined. ω’s match grammatical words and are the domain of stress, realization of the feminine -t suffix and coarticulation of pharyngealization. Φ`s match syntactic phrases and are cued suprasegmentally: their right boundaries are marked by low phrase accents (L-) and pre-boundary syllable lengthening. As for ι`s, they match clauses and are cued by additional final lengthening, boundary tones (H% or L%) and resistance to vowel reduction. There is also ample evidence that syntactic nesting motivates prosodic recursion. At the ω level, the primary/secondary status of genitive constructs of stress mirrors syntactic nesting. At the Φ level, recursion is evidenced by gradient pre-boundary syllable lengthening, which is greater at the right boundaries of higher prosodic subcategories that match larger syntactic domains. As for recursion at the ι level, it is not only cued by gradient pre-boundary syllable lengthening, but also by boundary tones: continuative H% are used at sentence-internal ι boundaries, but L% tones are cues to boundaries of larger ι’s. However, prosodic recursion is not unconstrained in IA: prosodic domains can only consist of two subcategories, i.e. a minimal and maximal layers. In this way, prosodic recursion is neither prohibited as proposed in the early version of Strict Layer Hypothesis (Nespor &Vogel 1986, Selkirk 1986), nor free to perfectly mirror syntactic nesting. As in most previous case studies, it is proposed that the one-to-one correspondence constraints of Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) account for the prosodic patterns in IA, but have to be complemented with language-specific markedness constraints on phonological weight, exhaustivity and recursion. It is also shown that these explanatory principles can, with minor reorganization, account for the prosodic patterns described in other Arabic dialects.

In this thesis I will explore the impersonal constructions in Modern Welsh. In doing so, I will follow the approach of the previous literature in comparing this construction with the analytic Welsh passive. The general linguistic literature on passivization assumes that both constructions involve passivization and despite some studies of Welsh concluding that the impersonal construction is not a passive, this thesis cannot support or deny this claim. I show that it is the definition of passive that obstructs a conclusive analysis for the Welsh impersonal morphology's syntactic and semantic effects, ultimately. Using the data described in detail throughout the thesis, I conclude with an assessment of the scope of our current theories of passive - be they typological or theoretical - that reveals problematic areas. Typological, prototypical and canonical approaches to the passive of course fail to include enough nuance to identify the relevant structural components of the Welsh impersonal, whilst theoretical approaches cannot account for the restrictions found on intransitive impersonals. LFG's mapping theory has the potential to accommodate the Welsh data according to current proposals and as such is examined in more depth. I have given an emphasis to using naturally occurring data whenever possible and this has led to a data-rich, descriptive work, in an attempt to expand the breadth of examples of Welsh found in discussions of linguistic theory. Additionally, this approach provide the basis for future work on Welsh verb classes by describing the behaviour of verbs in several constructions relevant to the work at hand. Along with a general synthesis of the previous literature on impersonals and analytic passives in chapter 2, I include an elaborated analysis of Welsh analytic passives and some problematic new impersonal data. The novel data on verb classes begins in chapter 3 with a study of verbs of psychological state. The lack of restriction on the impersonal contrasts with the analytic GET-passive's failure in a subset of these transitive verbs previously unobserved. In chapter 4, I investigate the availability of unaccusativity diagnostics in Welsh, in an attempt to prove that unaccusative verbs do indeed impersonalize, as suggested by previous literature. Chapter 5 then uses the diagnostic, amongst others to track down further restrictions on the impersonal and I show that whilst unaccusativity cannot be excluded as a potential restriction to impersonal morphology, the semantic restrictions are as plausible an account. This chapter uses different structural and semantic verbs and predicates and finds that animacy in intransitives is the only restriction needed to describe impersonals. In the following chapter (6) I examine this restriction in more detail and summarize the data on the impersonal in order to then probe the current linguistic theories in chapter 7.