Esta pesquisa investiga propriedades da estrutura sentencial do português brasileiro, mais precisamente aquelas que desencadeiam a inversão de constituintes para a periferia à esquerda da sentença. Sustenta-se num corpus para a obtenção de dados descritivos, constituído por dez peças de teatro, sendo cada uma delas escrita por um escritor nascido no Brasil numa década diferente, abrangendo dois séculos: XIX e XX. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os tipos de constituintes que ocupam a periferia esquerda de sentenças e o porquê de ocuparem tal posição, isto é, se desempenham alguma função discursiva como tópico, foco ou se simplesmente se encontram em proeminência estrutural, a fim de entender melhor como a estrutura da informação interage com a sintaxe desse dialeto. Dessa forma, o estudo das funções discursivas desempenhadas pelo sujeito, tanto na ordem SV como na ordem VS, também precisou ser considerado. O quadro teórico adotado para sua realização sustenta-se nas implementações do programa minimalista em Chomsky (2000, 2001 e 2004) feitas à Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros. Além disso, como proposta cartográfica, adota-se Rizzi (2002, 2004) e, como conceito de tópico e de foco, o proposto em Lambrecht (1996). / This research investigates properties of the Brazilian Portuguese sentence structure, more precisely those that trigger the inversion of constituents to the left-periphery of the sentence. It is based on a corpus as a means of acquiring descriptive data, composed of ten plays, being each of them written by a writer born in a different decade, comprising two centuries: XIX and XX. The aim of this research is to identify the types of constituents that occupy the leftperiphery of sentences and why they do so (if they fulfill any discourse function like topic, focus or if they are merely in structural prominence), in order to cast light upon the way the information structure interacts with the syntax of that dialect. For that reason, it was also necessary to investigate the discourse functions played by the subject both in SV and VS orders. The theoretical framework used for the accomplishment of that task is based on the implementations made by the Minimalist Program (Chomsky - 2000, 2001 and 2004) to the Theory of Principles and Parameters. Besides, as cartographic proposal, it adopts Rizzi (2002, 2004) and, as concept of topic and focus, those proposed in Lambrecht (1996).

by Siu Kwai-peng. / Includes bibliographical references / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986

手稿本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 655-663). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 语音 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 描寫语音 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 歷史音韻比較 --- p.75 / Chapter 第二章 --- 句子的成份 --- p.115 / Chapter 2.1 --- 主语和謂语　 --- p.117 / Chapter 2.2 --- 宾语 --- p.156 / Chapter 2.3 --- 修饰语 --- p.188 / Chapter 第三章 --- 谓補結構 --- p.213 / Chapter 3.1 --- 結果補语 --- p.216 / Chapter 3.2 --- 狀態補语　 --- p.225 / Chapter 3.3 --- 強化補语　　 --- p.233 / Chapter 3.4 --- 方向補语 --- p.239 / Chapter 3.5 --- 能性補语　 --- p.258 / Chapter 3.6 --- 肯定與否定補语 --- p.267 / Chapter 3.7 --- 重叠式補语 --- p.272 / Chapter 3.8 --- 谓語性補语 --- p.278 / Chapter 3.9 --- 黏附性詞組補语 --- p.290 / Chapter 3.10 --- 謂補結構中的宾语　 --- p.296 / Chapter 第四章 --- 體詞類 --- p.309 / Chapter 4.1 --- 概说 --- p.309 / Chapter 4.2 --- 名词 --- p.314 / Chapter 4.3 --- 專有名称 --- p.322 / Chapter 4.4 --- 地方词 --- p.327 / Chapter 4.5 --- 時间词　 --- p.335 / Chapter 4.6 --- 定词 --- p.341 / Chapter 4.7 --- 位词 --- p.357 / Chapter 4.8 --- 代词 --- p.367 / Chapter 4.9 --- 量词 --- p.383 / Chapter 第五章 --- 谓词類及其他 --- p.391 / Chapter 5.1 --- 谓词 --- p.391 / Chapter 5.2 --- 介词 --- p.473 / Chapter 5.3 --- 副词 --- p.491 / Chapter 5.4 --- 連词 --- p.515 / Chapter 5.5 --- 嘆词 --- p.522 / Chapter 5.6 --- 助词 --- p.527 / Chapter 第六章 --- 外来词 --- p.555 / Chapter 6.1 --- 概说 --- p.555 / Chapter 6.2 --- 外来词的来源 --- p.557 / Chapter 6.3 --- 借用的方式 --- p.563 / Chapter 6.4 --- 语音的对譯　 --- p.571 / Chapter 6.5 --- 词義的變遷　 --- p.598 / Chapter 6.6 --- 文法的適应　 --- p.606 / Chapter 附錄： --- 星加坡閩南話的外來词词彙 --- p.613 / 參攷書及譌文目錄　 --- p.655

手稿本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1-8](3rd group)). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 / Chapter 第一章： --- 詞類 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章： --- 主語和謂語 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1 --- 主語 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- 謂語 --- p.70 / Chapter 第三章： --- 修飾語 --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1 --- 定語 --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2 --- 狀語 --- p.108 / Chapter 第四章： --- 賓語 --- p.138 / Chapter 4.1 --- 直接賓語和间接賓語的次序 --- p.147 / Chapter 4.2 --- 冈事實語和普通賓語的次序 --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3 --- 假賓語 --- p.172 / Chapter 4.4 --- 謂賓復合詞的游離化 --- p.174 / Chapter 第五章： --- 謂補結構 --- p.185 / Chapter 5.1 --- 目的補語 --- p.186 / Chapter 5.2 --- 程度補語 --- p.199 / Chapter 5.3 --- 描寫補語 --- p.208 / Chapter 5.4 --- 結果補語 --- p.222 / Chapter 5.5 --- 可能補語 --- p.231 / Chapter 5.6 --- 方向補語 --- p.252 / Chapter 5.7 --- 狀態補語 --- p.272 / Chapter 5.8 --- 強化補語 --- p.278 / Chapter 5.9 --- 回複補語 --- p.285 / Chapter 第六章： --- 連謂式 --- p.290 / Chapter 6.1 --- 一般連謂式 --- p.294 / Chapter 6.2 --- “把´ح字句 --- p.334 / Chapter 第七章： --- “被´ح字句 --- p.365 / Chapter 第八章： --- 謂詞詞尾 --- p.387 / Chapter 第九章： --- 句尾詞 --- p.458

by Lam Sze-sing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-123). / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Statement of Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of this Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- RELATED WORK --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Corpus-Based Knowledge Acquisition --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Linguistic-Based Knowledge Acquisition --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Knowledge Acquisition from Standard Dictionaries --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Knowledge Acquisition from Standard Thesauri --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Remarks --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- A METHOD TO EXTRACT THE INTER-WORD SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP FROM《同義詞詞林》 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Structure of《《同義詞詞林》 --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Knowledge Representation of a Machine Tractable Thesaurus --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Extracting the Semantic Knowledge by Simple Co-occurrence --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Association Network --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Semantic Association Model --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Problems with the Simple Co-occurrence Method --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Methodology of Semantic Association Model --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Inter-word Semantic Function ..… --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NOUN-VERB-NOUN COMPOUND WORD DETECTION : AN EXPERIMENT --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- N-V-N Compound Word Detection Model --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Results of N-V-N Compound Word Detection --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION : AN APPLICATION … --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Word-Sense Disambiguation Model --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Linguistic Resource --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The LSD-C Algorithm --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- LSD-C in Action --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Results of Word Sense Disambiguation --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSIONS & FURTHER RESEARCH --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Further Research --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Enriching the Knowledge --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Enhancing the N-V-N Compound Word Detection Model --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Enhancing the LSD-C Algorithm --- p.99 / APPENDICES --- p.101 / Appendix A - Dependency Grammar --- p.101 / Appendix B - Sample Articles from a Local Chinese Newspaper --- p.104 / Appendix C - Ambiguous Words with the Senses Given by《現代漢語詞 典》 --- p.108 / Appendix D - List of Stop Words for the Testing Samples --- p.117 / REFERENCES --- p.119

Wong, Chin Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-143). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Outline --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Background in Natural Language Understanding --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Rule-based Approaches --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Corpus-based Approaches --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Stochastic Approaches --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Phrase-spotting Approaches --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- The ATIS Domain --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chinese Corpus Preparation --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- Semi-automatic Grammar Induction - Baseline Approach --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background in Grammar Induction --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Simulated Annealing --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Bayesian Grammar Induction --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Probabilistic Grammar Acquisition --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- Semi-automatic Grammar Induction 一 Baseline Approach --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Spatial Clustering --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Temporal Clustering --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Post-processing --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Four Aspects for Enhancements --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Chapter Summary --- p.22 / Chapter 4 --- Semi-automatic Grammar Induction - Enhanced Approach --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Evaluating Induced Grammars --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- Stopping Criterion --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cross-checking with Recall Values --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3 --- Improvements on Temporal Clustering --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4 --- Improvements on Spatial Clustering --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Distance Measures --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Evaluation --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5 --- Enhancements based on Intelligent Selection --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Informed Selection between Spatial Clustering and Tem- poral Clustering --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Selecting the Number of Clusters Per Iteration --- p.64 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- An Example for Intelligent Selection --- p.64 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Evaluation --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 5 --- Bidirectional Machine Translation using Induced Grammars ´ؤBaseline Approach --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1 --- Background in Machine Translation --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Rule-based Machine Translation --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Statistical Machine Translation --- p.76 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Knowledge-based Machine Translation --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Example-based Machine Translation --- p.78 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Evaluation --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Baseline Configuration on Bidirectional Machine Translation System --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Bilingual Dictionary --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Concept Alignments --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Translation Process --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Two Aspects for Enhancements --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- Chapter Summary --- p.91 / Chapter 6 --- Bidirectional Machine Translation ´ؤ Enhanced Approach --- p.92 / Chapter 6.1 --- Concept Alignments --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Enhanced Alignment Scheme --- p.95 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Experiment --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2 --- Grammar Checker --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Components for Grammar Checking --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3 --- Evaluation --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Bleu Score Performance --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Modified Bleu Score --- p.122 / Chapter 6.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.130 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.131 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.131 / Chapter 7.2 --- Contributions --- p.134 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future work --- p.136 / Bibliography --- p.137 / Chapter A --- Original SQL Queries --- p.144 / Chapter B --- Seeded Categories --- p.146 / Chapter C --- 3 Alignment Categories --- p.147 / Chapter D --- Labels of Syntactic Structures in Grammar Checker --- p.148

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Este estudo trata da relação entre a comunicação visual urbana e sua percepção e uso pelos indivíduos em deslocamento pela cidade. A investigação concentrou-se na avaliação dos desempenhos estético e funcional da comunicação visual urbana em relação à influência que cada desempenho tem na apreensão do espaço construído segundo duas condições de mobilidade do transeunte ― a pé e de ônibus, e foi realizada através de um estudo de caso. Para tal, foram propostas três categorias de comunicação visual urbana: Comunicação de Ponto de Venda, Sinalização Urbana Pública e Mídia Exterior, elaborada uma metodologia a partir da Sintaxe Espacial e da Percepção Ambiental e selecionadas duas vias de Porto Alegre. A metodologia propõe o estudo do transeunte em dois aspectos: a identificação espacial do transeunte, utilizando a análise sintática do espaço urbano, e a percepção diferencial do transeunte, através da avaliação da percepção da qualidade visual do ambiente construído. Foram exploradas as hipóteses de que (1) de modo geral, as pessoas não prestam atenção à comunicação visual urbana, (2) existe uma percepção diferencial entre o transeunte em deslocamento a pé e o transeunte em deslocamento em ônibus, e (3) esta diferenciação incide sobre as categorias e os desempenhos da comunicação visual urbana. Os resultados mostram que desempenho estético influencia a percepção dos dois tipos de transeuntes, entretanto o desempenho funcional é especialmente relevante para os transeuntes de ônibus. / The present study deals with the relationship between urban visual communication and its perception and use by individuals in displacement across the city. The research focused on the evaluation of both aesthetic and functional performances of urban visual communication regarding the influence that each performance has in the apprehension of built space in two conditions of mobility of passers-by: on foot and by bus, and was carried out through a study case. For this purpose, three categories of urban visual communication were proposed: Point of Purchase Communication, Urban and Public Signaling and Outdoors Media; a methodology based on Space Syntax and Environmental Perception was developed and two itineraries in Porto Alegre were selected. The methodology proposes the study of the passer-by under two aspects: space identification of the passer-by, using syntactic analysis of urban space; and differential perception of the passer-by, assessing the perception of the visual quality of built environment. Hypotheses have been explored that (1) in general, people do not pay attention to urban visual communication, (2) there is a differential perception between passers-by in displacement on foot and passers-by in displacement by bus, (3) this differentiation focuses on the categories and performances of urban visual communication. Results show that aesthetic performance influences the perception of the two types of passers-by. However, functional performance is especially relevant to the passer-by in displacement by bus.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 116-120. / by Robert Cregar Berwick. / M.S.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 443-488. / by Lauri Henrik Carlson. / Ph.D.