Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 587-597. / by Cheng-Teh James Huang. / Ph.D.

O diálogo entre a visualidade, a história da arte e os meios tecnológicos norteia este estudo. Para tanto, observamos alguns dispositivos maquínicos e sua aplicação na produção e divulgação de imagens. Desde os tempos da Renascença, a representação visual do espaço vem recebendo um impacto direto das tecnologias de geração e reprodução de imagem no contexto da arte e da comunicação. Na pintura, em uma fase inicial, o registro ótico deu-se por meio da perspectiva central, instrumento gráfico eficaz que deu corpo ao conceito de espaço analógico. A partir daí, dissertamos sobre as mutações dos modelos de visão, os dispositivos que, no campo da técnica e da ciência, contribuíram para novas formas de representação visual e espacial. Na época contemporânea, a tecnologia digital associada às telecomunicações propiciou à arte e às mídias uma nova forma visual chamada intervisualidade, caracterizada pela capacidade de ultrapassar as mídias individuais e agregar diversos formatos em uma única visão. / The dialogue between visuality, art history and technological media guides this study. To conduct the investigation, we have observed some mechanical and electronic devices and their application in the production and dissemination of images. Since Renaissance times, the visual representation of space has receivied a directly impact by image generation processes and reproduction technology, in the context of art and communication. In painting, at an early stage, optical representation took place through central perspective, an effective graphic tool that gave substance to the concept of analogic space. From that point on, we talk about the evolution of possible models of vision, devices in the field of technology and science, which have contributed to new forms of visual and spatial representations. At contemporary times, digital technology associated with telecommunications provided, both to art and media, a new visual format called intervisuality, characterized by its potential to transcend individual media aggregating diverse media into an unique vision.

Acquérir l’adjectif épithète pose deux problèmes majeurs en français. D’abord, l’adjectif dénote une propriété à propos d’un nom, les enfants doivent donc pouvoir concevoir un objet comme un tout et comme un ensemble de propriétés pour manier un SN avec épithète. Ensuite, l’alternance est un trait définitoire de l’adjectif du français, mais son placement n’est pas aléatoire et les contraintes en jeu sont multiples et d’ordre tendanciel. De plus, bien que les locuteurs connaissent cette possibilité, ils optent plutôt pour un placement fixe en usage. Ces faits nous ont amenée à nous demander si l’input permet à l’enfant de se construire la notion d’adjectif épithète sans avoir recours à des connaissances langagières innées. Pour y répondre, nous proposons une étude comparant les usages de trois enfants à ceux de leur famille à deux temps de leur acquisition (T1 : 3 ;8, T2 : 4 ;6). Nous étudions quatre aspects de l’usage de l’épithète (lexique, placement, combinaison avec d’autres modifieurs ou un dépendant adjectival) et nous confrontons l’adjectif aux autres modifieurs nominaux. Ces phénomènes montrent tous la même évolution. À T1, les enfants emploient la construction la plus fréquente des adultes, avec un fort degré de spécificité lexicale. À T2, d’autres constructions émergent selon leur ordre de fréquence chez les adultes. Le lexique de la construction de T1 s’est en outre élargi dans le champ de la classe sémantique des usages de T1. Les enfants montrent ainsi une sensibilité aux informations quantitatives et une abstraction graduelle des structures par analogie sémantique, qui plaident pour une construction progressive de la notion d’adjectif épithète à partir de l’input. / The acquisition of attributive adjectives is subject to two major difficulties in French. First, adjectives express a property of a larger unit : children must be able to conceive an object as a whole and as a set of properties to use a NP with an adjective. Second, adjectives in French may occur before or after the noun. Alternation is a defining feature of the category but it is not random, and the constraints at play are numerous and preferential in nature. Also, although speakers are aware of this possibility, they tend to choose a fixed position in usage. These facts raise the question of whether the input allows children to construct the notion of attributive adjectives without a resort to innate linguistic knowledge. To answer this, I propose a comparative study of the productions of three children interacting with their family at two times of their development (T1 : 3 ;8, T2 : 4 ;6). I examine four phenomena concerning attributive adjectives (lexicon, placement, combination with other modifiers or adjectival dependents), and I compare adjectives with other nominal modifiers. All of these phenomena show the same evolution. At T1, the children use the most frequent construction in the adult data, with a high degree of lexical specificity. T2 shows the appearance of other constructions according to their order of frequency in the adult data. The construction from T1 is also used with a greater choice of lexical units, but within the same semantic classes. The children thus show sensitivity to quantitative information and a gradual abstraction of constructions by semantic analogy, which pleads for a progressive construction of the knowledge of adjectives based on the input data.

This thesis examines the historical development of the expletive það in Icelandic, from the earliest texts to the present day. This development is set against the backdrop of Icelandic clause structure, with particular attention to verb-second, information structure and the left periphery. The study combines corpus linguistic data and quantitative techniques with theoretical analysis, conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar. I show that Icelandic underwent three syntactic developments in the period 1750-present and argue that these all reflect one overall change: the establishment of það as a structural placeholder for the topic position (the clause-initial prefinite position). I claim that það functions as a topic position placeholder in the earliest attested stage of Icelandic (1150-1350), but is restricted to a specific context: topicless subjectless constructions with a clausal object, where það has cataphoric reference. The three changes in the period 1750-present represent the establishment of this topic position placeholder in new contexts: (1) það generalises to all types of topicless subjectless construction, beyond those with a clausal object; (2) það emerges in presentational constructions (which inherently lack a topic), out-competing the earlier expletive form þar; (3) in cataphoric contexts with a clausal subject, það begins to transition from subject to topic position placeholder. The majority of these contexts exhibit at least a short period in which það - or alternatively þar - behaves like a subject. Icelandic thus exhibits the emergence of a topic position placeholder expletive from an earlier subject-like element. This shift towards prefinite expletives, which sets Icelandic apart from e.g. Mainland Scandinavian, happens relatively late in the diachrony (1750-present). Moreover, the Icelandic development challenges the standard claim in the literature on Germanic expletives, which assumes that subject expletives emerge from prefinite expletives.

疑問詞語及疑問句是漢語研究的重要方面。傳統研究以及生成語法研究對疑問詞語和疑問句的句法做了大量研究。Feng(1995)指出韻律控制句法是語言的一個重要機制。在此基礎上，本文從韻律─句法接口入手，首次對上古漢語中韻律制約的疑問詞語及句法現象進行綜合的研究。 / 基於韻律的層級結構，本文從三個不同韻律層級探京韻律單位及其對應的韻律規則對疑問詞語及句法的制約作用。 / 第一章首先回顧二十多年來韻律句法學的研究，並對全文的理論背景進行介紹，最後概述本文的研究目的、主要觀點及研究方法。 / 第二章討論韻素音步導致的疑問詞「胡*ga」與「何*gal」的句法對立。本章指出「何*gal」是標準形式，「胡*ga」比「何*gal」少一個韻素/-l/，是特定語音環境下出現的弱化形式。這導致「胡*ga」比「何*gal」受到更多的句法限制。 / 第三章指出上古漢語中雙音節音步導致單雙音節疑問詞在不同的句法位置出現對立。在焦點重音、雙音節音步和核心重音的共同制約下，單音節疑問詞必須與相鄰成分組成雙音節音步。在非論元位置，單音節疑問詞變為雙音節疑問詞。但論元位置疑問詞己與動詞組合為雙音節，因此論元位置的單音節疑問詞沒有變為雙音節。這也導致在歷時演變中，論元位置的疑問詞晚於非論元位置疑問詞進行「雙音化」。 / 第四章集中討論一個重要的疑問結構「何/奚+(以)+XP+為」。本文首次指出狀語「何/奚為」通過「分配删略」生成表層結構「何/奚+(以)+XP+為」。而且本文更進一步指出是語調需要轉化為句末語氣詞的韻律要求迫使「何/奚為」進行「分配删略」。 / 第五章對全文進行總結，指出上述問題的討論，不僅為探索上古漢語特指疑問句的句法生成機制提供了新的材料和現象，而且它們豐富了我們對上古漢語面貌的認識。 / Wh-words and syntax of wh-questions are significant topics in Chinese linuistics.They have received a lot of attention from traditionaland generative studies.Feng (1995) proposed that prosodically-constrained syntax is a crucial mechanism. Based on this hypothesis, this paper will conduct an original and extensive research into phenomena of prosodically-constrained wh-morphology and syntax in Archaic Chines from prosody-syntax interface. / Based on Prosodic Hierachy Theory, this paper will explore different prosodic units and prosodic rules in different hierarchies impose constraints on morphology and syntax of wh-words and wh-questions. / The first chapter will review the history of prosodic-syntax research in the past twenty years, and then introduce the theoretical background of the whole paper. The research purpose, main points and methodology of this paper will be presented in the last section. / The second chapter will discuss the syntactic contrast between HU/*ga/and HE/*gal/ in Archaic Chinese results from the restrictions of bimoraic feet. This paper will argue that HE/*gal/ is analysed as a underlying form while HU/*ga/ represents a weak form. This will induce that HU/*ga/, with only one mora, is more constrictive than HE/*gal/ which has more mora . / The third chapter will point out that disyllabic foot results in the syntactic contrast between monosyllabic and disyllabic wh-words in Archaic Chinese. For the requirements of the focus stress , disyllabic feet and NSR (Nuclear Stress Rule), monosyllabic wh-words, weak forms bearing focus stress, will be substitued for disyllabic forms. Terefore a contrast will emerge between wh-words in argument and non-argument positions. At the same time the substitute will result in the appearance of disyllabicity of wh-words in argument positions is later than ones in non-argument positions through the process of diachronic change. / The fourth chapter will focus on an essential wh-question construction in Archaic Chinese - [HE/XI+(YI)+XP+WEI]. This paper will first propose that adjunct HE/XI generates that structure through the syntactic operation "Distributed Deletion". In addition, we first argue that the syntactic operation is activated by a prosodic request that intonations have to be transformed into sentence-final particls in the intonational phrases. / The fifth chapter will summarize the whole paper. It is suggested that demonstrations above will not only offer some novel phenomena of syntactic mechanisms for wh-questions in Archaic Chinese, but also will offer a distinctive perspective of Archaic Chinese. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李果. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-263). / Abstracts also in English. / Li Guo.

Kwok Wai Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-78). / Preface --- p.3 / Chapter 1. --- Underlying Linguistic Reality --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1 --- Syntactics --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Superficial & Underlying Phrase Markers / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Rewriting & Transformational Rules / Chapter 1.2 --- Semantics --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Semantic Markers， Readings & Projection Rules / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Selection Restrictions / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Definition of Semantic Properties & Relations / Chapter 1.3 --- Status --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Appearance-Reality Distinction / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Linguistic Competence / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Idealization / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Linguistic Description / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Evidence / Chapter 2. --- Atomic Physics --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1 --- Line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2 --- Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom --- p.50 / Chapter 3. --- Criticisms of Katzian Semantics as Compared with Atomic Physics --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Distinction between Linguistic Theory & Linguistic Descriptions --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theoretical Constructs in Katz' Theory --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Theoretical Concepts & Correspondence Rules --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Bohr vs Katz: the Weakness of the Latter --- p.64 / Notes --- p.67 / References --- p.74

Orientador: Jeane Mari Sant'Ana Spera / Banca: Rony Farto Pereira / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Mendes de Moraes / Banca: Martha Augusta Corrêa e Castro Gonçalves / Banca: Marlene Durigan / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta análises de contos do livro Primeiras Estórias, de João Guimarães Rosa, do ponto de vista morfossintático. Buscando desvendar sua linguagem, as análises baseiam-se em elementos evidentemente escolhidos pelo autor para nortear a leitura de cada conto. São recursos morfossintáticos, revelados a cada passagem, que denotam a preocupação metalingüística do autor e marcam o caráter de invenção de seu texto. Para proceder às análises, partimos de conceitos oriundos da gramática gerativa, que apresenta o quadro teórico condizente com a idéia de gramática internalizada, importante no cotejo linguagem do autor/linguagem do leitor. Também foram descritas as categorias morfossintáticas que mais foram necessárias às análises, as quais fornecem um quadro do manejo lingüístico operado pelo autor em suas obras, especialmente neste livro de 1962. / Abstract: This research presents analysis of the Primeiras Estórias short stories, written by João Guimarães Rosa, through the morphological and syntactical point of view. Trying to reveal his language, the analysis are based on the elements evidently chosen by the author to guide the reading of each story. There are morphological and syntactical resources every passage, which indicates the author’s metalinguistic worries and mark the invention’s characteristic of his text. In order to proceed to the analysis, we took the concepts coming from the Gerative Grammar, which provides the theoretical support of the internal grammar, important to compare the author’s and the reader’s language. Also we describe the morphological and syntactical categories, which present a picture of the author’s linguistic handling, specially to this 1962’s book. / Doutor

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cassilda Nunes Dutra da Silva.pdf: 1084878 bytes, checksum: 7bb5a268108b8ea1c8bacbfaedf804ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Much has been said and written about the difficulty presented by the students in the production of texts with coherence and cohesion, i.e. textuality. The corpus analyzed in this study was composed of ENEM essays, an examination that assesses the skills and abilities of students graduating from basic education. It was searched, therefore, to identify the problems in the productions of texts by students who, theoretically, are ready to attend university. The theoretical research and analysis of the corpus support the hypothesis that the lack of knowledge of basic rules of syntax of the language influences considerably the cohesion and coherence, essential factors to the textuality. It is possible, therefore, to consider the syntax as the hub of textuality. Given the difficulties identified in the corpus analysis, we attempted to present some teaching strategies that can equip the student to acquire the ability to communicate through written texts. / Muito se tem falado e escrito sobre a dificuldade apresentada pelos alunos na produção de textos com coesão e coerência, ou seja, com textualidade. Levantou-se, então a hipótese de que o não conhecimento das regras básicas da sintaxe da língua influencia, consideravelmente, a produção de textos coesos e coerentes. O corpus analisado nesta pesquisa foi composto por redações do ENEM, exame que avalia as habilidades e competências de alunos concluintes da educação básica. Buscou-se, portanto, identificar os problemas presentes nas produções de textos de alunos e refletir sobre a prática no ensino de língua portuguesa. A pesquisa teórica e a análise do corpus comprovaram a hipótese levantada. É possível, pois, considerar a sintaxe como o eixo da textualidade. Diante das dificuldades identificadas na análise do corpus, buscou-se apresentar algumas estratégias de ensino que podem instrumentalizar o aluno a adquirir a capacidade comunicativa por meio de textos escritos.

Esta pesquisa investiga propriedades da estrutura sentencial do português brasileiro, mais precisamente aquelas que desencadeiam a inversão de constituintes para a periferia à esquerda da sentença. Sustenta-se num corpus para a obtenção de dados descritivos, constituído por dez peças de teatro, sendo cada uma delas escrita por um escritor nascido no Brasil numa década diferente, abrangendo dois séculos: XIX e XX. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os tipos de constituintes que ocupam a periferia esquerda de sentenças e o porquê de ocuparem tal posição, isto é, se desempenham alguma função discursiva como tópico, foco ou se simplesmente se encontram em proeminência estrutural, a fim de entender melhor como a estrutura da informação interage com a sintaxe desse dialeto. Dessa forma, o estudo das funções discursivas desempenhadas pelo sujeito, tanto na ordem SV como na ordem VS, também precisou ser considerado. O quadro teórico adotado para sua realização sustenta-se nas implementações do programa minimalista em Chomsky (2000, 2001 e 2004) feitas à Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros. Além disso, como proposta cartográfica, adota-se Rizzi (2002, 2004) e, como conceito de tópico e de foco, o proposto em Lambrecht (1996). / This research investigates properties of the Brazilian Portuguese sentence structure, more precisely those that trigger the inversion of constituents to the left-periphery of the sentence. It is based on a corpus as a means of acquiring descriptive data, composed of ten plays, being each of them written by a writer born in a different decade, comprising two centuries: XIX and XX. The aim of this research is to identify the types of constituents that occupy the leftperiphery of sentences and why they do so (if they fulfill any discourse function like topic, focus or if they are merely in structural prominence), in order to cast light upon the way the information structure interacts with the syntax of that dialect. For that reason, it was also necessary to investigate the discourse functions played by the subject both in SV and VS orders. The theoretical framework used for the accomplishment of that task is based on the implementations made by the Minimalist Program (Chomsky - 2000, 2001 and 2004) to the Theory of Principles and Parameters. Besides, as cartographic proposal, it adopts Rizzi (2002, 2004) and, as concept of topic and focus, those proposed in Lambrecht (1996).