This thesis is concerned with pragmatic factors of deontic reasoning, namely scale of violation, aggravating and mitigating circumstances and power of source. Nine experiments are reported investigating deontic reasoning and judgement revision. Experiment 1 established scale of violation as a modifying factor of a working rule with an inferential reasoning task, however, the effects were not transferred to a deductive reasoning task in Experiment 2. Scale of violation and circumstances were found to influence the reasoning of motoring violations with a major offence and aggravating circumstances being rated as more serious and receiving greater fines than a minor offence or mitigating circumstances (Experiments 3 & 4). These effects were also observed with a judgement revision task (Experiment 5). Power of source was included as an additional pragmatic factor and was found to influence the reasoning of conditional statements (Experiment 6), inducements (Experiment 7) and ratings of credibility and probability of outcomes (Experiment 8). The final study (Experiment 9) found significant effects for scale of violation / compliance and power of source within a judgement revision task. However, no difference was observed in the reasoning of superordinate and non-superordinate statements. The findings are explained in terms of the conditional probability hypothesis.

Dual Processing theory proposes that the ability to over ride associative (System 1) in favour of analytical (System 2) processed in deductive reasoning may depend on inhibitory control. The present study applies this association to a spatial reasoning task by adapting a mental rotation task to a multichoice format including System 1 (mirror) and System 2 (rotated image) responses. Fifty undergraduate volunteers from the University of Canterbury responded to a Stroop task as a measure of inhibitory control that was compared with System 1 and System 2 responding from a spatial and a deductive reasoning task. It was expected that people with weaker inhibitory potential would make more System 1 and fewer System 2 responses in both deductive and visual-spatial reasoning tasks. Contrary to expectation System 2 responding dominated for both tasks and correlations between both reasoning tasks and measures of inhibitory control were non-significant. The differing idiosyncratic demands of each task may have obscured any common variables associated with inhibitory control. This research initiated a test for the presence of System 1 and System 2 in spatial reasoning.

Dual Processing theory proposes that the ability to over ride associative (System 1) in favour of analytical (System 2) processed in deductive reasoning may depend on inhibitory control. The present study applies this association to a spatial reasoning task by adapting a mental rotation task to a multichoice format including System 1 (mirror) and System 2 (rotated image) responses. Fifty undergraduate volunteers from the University of Canterbury responded to a Stroop task as a measure of inhibitory control that was compared with System 1 and System 2 responding from a spatial and a deductive reasoning task. It was expected that people with weaker inhibitory potential would make more System 1 and fewer System 2 responses in both deductive and visual-spatial reasoning tasks. Contrary to expectation System 2 responding dominated for both tasks and correlations between both reasoning tasks and measures of inhibitory control were non-significant. The differing idiosyncratic demands of each task may have obscured any common variables associated with inhibitory control. This research initiated a test for the presence of System 1 and System 2 in spatial reasoning.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur riskhantering fungerar som ett stödsystem vid beslutssituationer. Människor kan ofta ta snedsteg och förenkla bedömningar och beslut. Inom organisationer kan man av den anledningen implementera stödsystem. Den här studien utgår från frågan: Hur påverkar riskhantering bedömningar i beslutssituationer? Genom en kvalitativ studie har tre organisationer undersökts utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk som omfattar riskhantering, systemets verktyg och kognitiva bedömningsprocesser. Resultatet visar att det främst är genom regleringar och ansvar som riskhantering som system kan påverka bedömningar och dess utförande. Andra typer av verktyg kan aktualisera risker som ett problem, men ha varierande effekt på bedömningarna i sig. Verktygen kunde vid osäkerhet förlita sig på organisationens aktörer, hur detta verkligen fungerar och gruppdynamikens förmåga att ifrågasätta individuella uppfattningar är relevanta frågor för framtida forskning inom riskhantering.

Nudging är ett verktyg som används inom fler och fler områden. Så även inom re- kryteringsområdet där nudging bland annat nyttjas för att hjälpa rekryterande chefer att undvika vanliga fallgropar vid urvalsbedömningar och beslut. Uppsatsen granskar och analyserar Thaler & Sunsteins definition av nudging, för att sedan undersöka om några utvalda nudingtekniker inom rekryteringsområdet med rätta kan kallas nud- ging enligt Thaler och Sunsteins definition, samt om de kan matchas in under Sunsteins tio viktigaste nudgingtekniker. Uppsatsen försöker identifiera vilket tanke- system nudgarna är tänkta påverka utifrån Kahnemans koncept om system 1 och sy- stem 2, samt om risken för fallgropar är mer förekommande under vissa delar under rekryteringsprocessen. Slutligen diskuteras om det föreligger en konflikt mellan nyttjande av nudging och statens krav på förtjänst och skicklighet som grund vid stat- lig anställning. Resultatet visar att de utvalda nudgarna i sju fall av åtta kunde kate- goriseras som nudgar enligt Thaler och Sunsteins definition, trots att rekryte- ringsnudgarna är framtagna för specifika tillämpningsområden. Definitionen skulle tjäna på en referens till kognitiva beteendebarriärer för att visa kopplingen till den beteendevetenskapliga grunden. Den skulle också tjäna på att tydligare koppla valar- kitekturen till en i tid närliggande valsituation. Forskningen pekar på att beslutsfat- tare faller offer för snabba system 1-beslut när de rekryterar, samt upplyser om hur detta kan undvikas; genom att antingen nudga system 1 att undvika vanliga fallgro- par eller genom att aktivera beslutsfattarens system 2, så att beslutsfattaren aktivt tänker igenom sina val. Endast tre av åtta valda nudgarna kunde matchas mot Sunste- ins tio viktigaste nudgingtekniker. Ingen konflikt eller etiskt dilemma identifierades i samband med användning av nudgar vid rekrytering i staten, då nudgarna syftar till att säkerställa att det är förtjänst och skicklighet som tillämpas vid urval och beslut. / Nudging is used in more and more situations to help people make better decisions. It is also used in the field of recruitment to help recruiting managers to avoid com- mon pitfalls when making decisions. This thesis reviews and analyses Thaler and Sunstein ́s definition on nudging, then examines whether a few selected nudging techniques qualify as nudging based on Thaler and Sunstein’s definition, criteria and tools, and if they can be matched with Sunstein ́s ten most important nudging tech- niques. The thesis seeks to identify which thought system the nudges are intended to influence based on Kahneman's concept of system 1 and system 2, as well as whether the risk of pitfalls is more prevalent during certain parts of the recruitment process. Finally, the thesis seeks to identify whether there is a conflict between the use of nudging and the state's requirement for merit and skill as the basis for state employment. Theresultsshowthatinsevencasesoutofeight,theselectednudges could be categorised as nudges according to Thaler and Sunstein's definition, even though the recruitment nods are designed for specific application areas. The defini- tion would benefit from a reference to cognitive behavioral barriers to make the connection to the behavioral science basis. It would also benefit from more clearly linking the choice architecture to the time of the decision situation. Research sug- gests that decision-makers fall victim to rapid system 1 decisions when recruiting and shed light on how to avoid it; either by nudging system 1 avoid pitfalls or by ac- tivating the decision maker's system 2, to make them actively think through their choices. Only three of the selected nudges could be matched against Sunstein's 10 most important nudging techniques. No conflict or ethical dilemma was identified in connection with the use of nudges in recruitment in the state, since the nudges aim to ensure that it is merit and skill that are the basis for all decisions.

The overall goal of this work is to create an open-source digital twin of the wire arc directed energy deposition process using robot operating system 2 for interpass temperature regulation of a maraging steel alloy. This framework takes a novel approach to regulating the interpass temperatures by using in-situational infrared camera data and a closed loop feedback control that is enabled by robot operating system 2. This is the first implementation of robot operating system 2 for wire arc directed energy deposition and this framework outlines a sensor and machine agnostic approach for creating a digital twin of this additive manufacturing process. In-situ control of the welding process is conducted on a maraging steel alloy demonstrating interpass temperature regulation leads to improved as-built surface roughness and more consistent as-built hardness. An evaluation of three distinct weld modes: Pulsed MIG, CMT MIX, and CMT Universal and two primary process parameters: travel speed and wire feed speed was conducted to identify suitable process windows for welding the maraging alloy. Single track welds for each parameter and weld mode combination were produced and evaluated against current weld bead metrics in the literature. Non destructive profilometry and destructive characterization were performed on the single track welds to evaluate geometric features like wetting angle, dilution percentage, and cross sectional area. In addition, the role of material feed rate on heat input and the cross sectional area was examined in relation to the as-built hardness. The robot operating system 2 digital twin provides a visualization environment to monitor and record real time data from a variety of sensors including robot position, weld data, and thermal camera images. Point cloud data is visualized, in real time, to provide insight to the captured weld meta data. Capturing in-situ data from the wire arc directed energy deposition process is critical to establishing an improved understanding of the process for parameter optimization, tool path planning, with both required to build repeatable, quality components. This work presents an open-source method to capture multi-modal data into a shared environment for improved data capture, data sharing, data synchronization, and data visualization. This digital twin provides users enhanced process control capabilities and greater flexibility by utilizing the robot operating system 2 as a middleware to provide interoperability between sensors and machines.

Previous research on human judgment and decision making has demonstrated systematic and predictable biases of judgment in experimental settings. One example of this is the tendency to intuitively violate the conjunction rule - a simple rule of probability. This was well illustrated in the famous Linda-problem. (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). According to the dual-process theory of reasoning, (Kahneman, 2011) reasoning fallacies such as the conjunction fallacy occurs when people fail to use analytic reasoning and instead overly rely on their intuition. The dual process theory proposes that cognitive processes underlying our intuitive impulses and our conscious reasoning constitutes two different modes in the mind –system 1 and system 2- and that the intuitive system 1 are not able to compute probabilities. Furthermore, it is assumed that processes that are labeled system 1 are fast whereas system 2 are thought to be slow. We tested these time course assumptions of dual process theory in a within-subject design by comparing response time latencies between conjunction fallacy judgments and accurate probability judgments. The results showed that inducing accurate responding did not result in delayed response latency. This indicates that making accurate probability judgments does not require more processing time which goes against what would be expected by the dual-process framework. / Tidigare forskning om mänskligt beslutsfattande och bedömningar har i experiment påvisat systematiska och förutsägbara bias. Ett exempel på detta är tendensen att intuitivt gå emot konjuktionsregeln- en enkel regel gällande sannolikhet. Detta illustrerades väl i det berömda Linda- problemet (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Enligt två-systemsteorin (Kahneman, 2011) om problemlösning, uppstår bedömningsfel såsom konjuktionsfelet när människor inte använder sig av analytiskt tänkande och istället förlitar sig för mycket på sin intuition. Två-systemsteorin menar att de kognitiva processer som ligger till grund för våra intuitiva impulser och vårt medvetna resonerande utgör två olika aktörer i vårt tänkande- system 1 och system 2- och att det intuitiva system 1 inte kan beräkna sannolikheter. Processer som betecknas som tillhörande system 1 är enligt två-systemsteorin snabba medan system 2 föreställs vara ett långsamt system. I denna studie testades antagandet om tidsåtgång för de två systemen i en inomgruppsdesign genom att jämföra responstider mellan bedömningar där konjunktionsfelet begåtts och bedömningar där det inte begåtts. Resultaten visar att korrekta sannolikhetsbedömningar inte resulterar i långsammare responstider. Detta indikerar att det inte tycks vara mer tidskrävande att göra riktiga sannolikhetsbedömningar, vilket motsäger två-systemsteorins antagande om snabbt och långsamt processande.

In an attempt to understand how humans make decisions, a wealth of researchers have explored the commonalities of different decision making demands. Two ranges of systems have been classified. Whereas Type 1 decision making is fast, automatic, and effortless, Type 2 judgments are slow, contemplative, and effortful. Here, I sought to determine underlying mechanisms of these processes. To do this, I present an extensive review and two electroencephalogram experiments. My review addresses theoretical models defining Type 1 and Type 2 decision making, discusses the debate between dual-process and continuous frameworks, proposes a novel insight into how these processes are selected and executed, and outlines neuro-anatomical findings. In one experiment, participants retained digits (Type 1 processes) and completed mathematical computations (Type 2 processes). I found that cognitive control – as reflected by frontal theta – and attentional mechanisms – as reflected by parietal alpha – are core mechanisms in Type 1 and Type 2 decision making. In a second experiment, I sought to replicate these findings when trained students diagnosed diseases. Differences in theta and alpha activity were not seen. I posit that the discrepancy between experiments may be because cognitive control relies on uncertainty which existed in experiment one but not experiment two. Moreover, attentional mechanisms involve the retrieval of knowledge in which the demands would have differed in experiment one but not two. I conclude by describing how cognitive control and attention fit into my hypothesis of different decision making steps: process selection and execution. These findings are important as they could lead to the assessment of decision making processes in real-world contexts, for example with clinicians in the hospital. Moreover, they could be used in biofeedback training to optimize decisions. / Graduate

The aim of this work is to introduce a new assessment method of children's cognitive abilities, the Cognitive Assessment System 2, to examine its criterion concurrent validity in a population of children with special educational needs and analyze the test profiles of these children. In the theoretical part of the work various assessment tools of children's cognitive abilities are presented. The Cognitive Assessment System 2 is also introduced. In the empirical part concurrent criterion validity of the CAS2 is examined via the correlation between the results of CAS2 and the results of other commonly used intelligence tests - it is examined on a sample of children with specific learning disabilities and children with below- average intelligence or mental retardation. The test profiles of children from both groups are analyzed. It was found that the overall scores in the method CAS2 highly correlate with total scores of the WISC-III in a group of children with a below-average intelligence and mental retardation, and with total scores of the WISC-III or the K-ABC in a group of children with specific learning disabilities. This is considered as evidence of the concurrent criterion validity of the CAS2. It was found that the children with a below-average intellect and mental retardation have balanced...

In today’s constantly evolving technological environment, businesses have more tools to support decision-making and these can be categorized as Decision Support Systems (DSS). One of the tools is Business Intelligence (BI), which is regarded as a high-priority investment in organizations nowadays. Even though there exists a vast amount of research in the DSS area, most of the influential work is conducted in time incomparable to today’s technological environment. In addition, most of the research focuses on profit-seeking organizations, as BI has been regarded as a tool to increase profits. However, non-profit organizations also use BI, but are not portrayed in the BI research area. The aim with this study is to explore how BI is used in relation to decision-making in a non-profit organization and to investigate the crucial factors in the usage of BI in relation to decision-making. A qualitative case study approach is applied where the Swedish non-profit organization Systembolaget AB is the case company. The main findings indicate that interaction between the two decision-making types is needed when using BI in a non-profit context. Moreover, having data literacy, data reliability, and data accessibility is found crucial in order to achieve BI success in relation to decision-making, especially when more and more decisions are made at the operational level. Finally, the results of this study amplify the need for an update in the DSS framework.