Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The South African and international table grape industries are growing rapidly, which necessitates the production of high quality export fruit at competitive production costs. For this reason, alternative irrigation methods are required to utilise water optimally while still attaining good quality table grapes. An increase in agricultural productivity may be dependent on either the availability of more water for irrigation or an increase in the efficiency of water use. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD) irrigation strategy in Crimson Seedless and Dauphine table grape production. This irrigation system is based on the drying of half of the vine roots, thereby allowing the plant to produce hormones like abscisic acid (ABA) in reaction to water stress. The hormone production in turn results in stomatal closure and the reduction of water loss via transpiration. The drying cycle is then repeated after 10 to 15 days on the other side of the vine, irrigating the previously dried roots. PRD will encourage a consistent production of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), without actual water stress. This strategy reduces the amount of water used for irrigation, without an accompanying loss in fruit yield, as compared to conventional techniques. In this study, conventionally treated vines were irrigated according to historical block data and PRD-treated vines were irrigated at the same times. The second aim of this study was to monitor the efficacy of a foliar nutrient, Croplife. This foliar nutrient allegedly improves the uptake of foliar applied nutrients, assists with transport of all minerals through the leaves and enables the plant to attain higher pest and disease resistance thresholds. Conventionally treated vines that did not receive foliar nutrient treatment were compared to vines that received foliar nutrients as prescribed by the manufacturer. Vine cultivars Crimson Seedless and Dauphine, were grown under open hydroponic principles with drip and drip irrigation respectively in this experiment. For the hydroponic vines (Crimson Seedless), all vines were situated in the same row and 72 vines were divided into mini-plots of three vines. Treatments were then assigned to an equal number of plots at random. The same procedure was followed for the drip irrigated vines (Dauphine) but the vines were situated in two rows of equal length. Treatment effects were followed from budburst until harvest, where after post-harvest analyses were conducted. The first aim, namely to show that PRD is an effective irrigation strategy for table grape production in Crimson Seedless and Dauphine cultivars , has shown that vines did not exhibit signs of stress even though they received only half the conventional amount of water. This study was conducted over only one growth season and therefore no definite conclusions could be drawn about the long term effectiveness of PRD on table grapes. It did, however, confirm numerous results obtained from different studies on the use of PRD in wine grape production. The results obtained in the second part of the study were inconclusive and could not show that Croplife is effective in improving the uptake and transport of applied foliar nutrients. Because Crimson Seedless is cultivated under open hydroponic principles, nutrients can be absorbed by the roots via the soil and micronutrients are also available from chemical sprays during the season. There was no evidence to indicate that the use of Croplife increased nutrient absorption and transport, neither did it supplement or detract form the observed effect of PRD. Despite the limitations experienced during this study, it has shown that the use of PRD for table grape production may be a useful tool for improving water utilisation efficiency in future. The strategy will have to be developed systematically through experimentation to fully unlock the potential of the PRD management system for table grape production. This study provides a good starting point for future research required to elucidate numerous aspects of the PRD system and has clearly shown that established vineyards can be switched to a PRD system without a loss in table grape quality. It is envisaged that the advantages of this system could have a positive effect on the production of high quality fruit for the international market.

Thesis (MscAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Under certain South African conditions, Redglobe develops a colour that is too dark and thus unacceptable for the Far Eastern markets. These markets require a pink colour instead of a dark red colour. The cultivation of grapes with an acceptable colour involves amongst other, canopy management practices. This generally includes the removal of leaves and/or lateral shoots. Hereby, the leaf area and the microclimatic conditions in the canopy are altered. The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of leaf and lateral shoot removal at different defoliation times after anthesis in order to obtain a pink coloured Redglobe crop. Other quality aspects, namely total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), berry mass and total yield, were also evaluated. A canopy management trial was conducted on six year old Redglobe vines with moderate vigour. The treatment design was a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial and involved two leaf removal (L) levels (L0 = 0% leaf removal; L33 = 33% leaf removal) in combination with three lateral shoot removal (LS) levels (LS0 = 0 % lateral shoot removal; LS50 = 50% lateral shoot removal; LS100 = 100% lateral shoot removal). Four defoliation times (DT) were selected: 36 (pea berry size), 69 (véraison), 76 (one week after véraison) and 83 (two weeks after véraison) days after anthesis (DAA). A total of 24 treatment combinations, replicated in four blocks, were applied. Generally, treatment combinations involving 33% leaf removal lowered the main shoot leaf area. Likewise, the lateral shoot leaf area was decreased by increasing levels of lateral shoot removal at any defoliation time. As expected, 33% leaf removal applied in combination with any level of lateral shoot removal, always resulted in a lower total vine leaf area compared to where 0% leaf removal was part of the treatment combination. Compensation reactions occurred and in this regard the main shoot leaf size increased due to 33% leaf removal applied at 1 week after véraison and 2 weeks after véraison. Treatment combinations involving lateral shoot removal increased the ratio of main shoot leaf area to the total leaf area. On the other hand, the main shoot leaf area percentage was lowered by the application of 33% leaf removal at 2 weeks after véraison compared to no leaf removal at the same defoliation time. It can therefore be assumed that the contribution of lateral shoot leaves to grape composition might have increased in cases where the main shoot leaf area was lowered at a later stage (e.g. 2 weeks after véraison). The bunches were visually evaluated and divided into classes from dark (class one) to light (class nine). This visual bunch evaluation showed that the mean bunch colour was in class three (lighter than class two) due to the defoliation time. The lateral shoot removal x leaf removal interaction resulted in a mean bunch colour that was in classes 2 and 3. However, within these classes, there was a tendency that bunch colour decreased for defoliation times later than pea berry size. The lateral shoot removal x leaf removal interactions showed that bunch colour was darker when the treatment combinations involved 0% leaf removal. The percentage of bunches with the desired colour was increased by application of the treatments at véraison, compared to the other defoliation times, and also with 50% lateral shoot removal and 100% lateral shoot removal compared to 0% lateral shoot removal. Biochemical analyses confirmed that increased levels of lateral shoot removal generally lowered the anthocyanin concentration regardless of defoliation time. A similar effect on TSS was observed, i.e. from véraison onwards, the application of 50% lateral shoot removal and 100% lateral shoot removal tended to lower TSS. The effect of these levels of lateral shoot removal at véraison was significant. The role of the lateral shoots in colour development and sugar accumulation is therefore emphasized. Furthermore, the special role that lateral shoots also play in berry development is illustrated in that berry mass tended to decrease when 100% lateral shoot removal in combination with 33% leaf removal and 100% lateral shoot removal in combination with 0% leaf removal were applied at véraison. This, together with the positive relationship obtained between grape colour and the lateral shoot leaf area:fruit mass ratio, accentuates the role of active leaf area during the ripening period. The possible effect of the microclimatic light environment on colour must also be considered. However, although the light intensity increased with increased levels of LS, the colour that was obtained was probably not associated with the differences in light intensity. It was found that it is possible to manipulate the colour of Redglobe grapes with defoliation treatments. However, the treatments that have a decreasing effect on grape colour also affected other quality parameters like TSS and berry size negatively. Although, it is possible to reduce the colour of Redglobe through the application of leaf and lateral shoot removal at different defoliation times, the question arises whether the treatment combinations used in this study are worthwhile to pursue because the mean bunch colour that was obtained was still too dark. However, it was possible to increase the percentage of bunches with the desired colour. Therefore, if such treatments are applied, it must be approached cautiously, keeping in mind that assimilate supply has to be sustained throughout the ripening period.

<p>This report includes a development presentation of an information system for managing the staff data within a small company or organization. The system as such as it has been developed is called Employee Management System. It consists of functionally related GUI (application program) and database.</p><p>The choice of the programming tools is individual and particular.</p>

This report includes a development presentation of an information system for managing the staff data within a small company or organization. The system as such as it has been developed is called Employee Management System. It consists of functionally related GUI (application program) and database. The choice of the programming tools is individual and particular.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a rotary table for machining large non-rotary workpieces up to a maximum weight of 65 000 kg. The aim of the work is to analyze and evaluate the current state of knowledge in the field of rotary tables, to create a table design according to the assignment and its 3D model with part of the drawing documentation. The theoretical part of the work searches for solutions used in the construction of rotary tables in the category of table according to the assignment. The information obtained is further used in the design of rotary table solution variants. By evaluating the weight of the required properties and their degree of fulfillment, a variant of the design solution of the table is selected, which is then designed. The individual design steps are described and explained in the text part of the work accompanied by pictures and calculations. The result of the process is a structural design of the mechanical part of the rotary table with a 3D model and partially processed drawing documentation. The contribution of the work is the summarization of relevant information for the design of rotary tables, the processed procedure of solving the design of the table and the modeled design of the rotary table. These outputs can be further treated as documentation for the production of the designed table, the development of the rotary table design to deeper details or technical development in this area.

Detta examensarbete vid Konstfack inom Inredningsarkitektur och Möbeldesign har kommit att handla om en vilja att lära sig något nytt och utmanas inom det en tidigare inte gjort. Inom arbetet har det kommit att bli en undersökning av ett Perstorpsbord från 1960-talet. Det har varit en källa till inspiration och visat på lärdomar inom möbelkonstruktion och möbelformgivning. Projektets tyngd ligger i att förstå och se samband mellan de två aspekterna. Med detta som grund har en transformation skett där Perstorpsbordet har kommit att bli ett nytt, med förändringar inom form, material och konstruktion.  Avsikten har varit att gestalta det nya bordet kallat NAVET, för en ungdom som ofta flyttar emellan boenden. Med det i åtanke så har behov av bordet blivit fastställda som sedan kommit att bli en del av utformningen. Jag jobbar med Perstorpsbordets befintliga funktioner samtidigt som det ska placeras i samtiden och därmed utvecklas. Därav ändras bordets form, material och kulör, samtidigt som jag behåller de aspekter med Perstorpsbordet som utifrån mina undersökningar ansågs vara fungerande hos bordet ännu idag.  Det var viktigt för mig att gå igenom en gestaltningsprocess av en möbel från start till slut. Från ett undersökande med nyfikenhet och öppna ögon, så var syftet att ta det vidare igenom en process av arbete som skisser, anteckningar, mock-up, prototyper och samtal med mera. För att leda fram till att själv stå i verkstaden och försöka förverkliga denna idé av ett bord i full skala.  Mitt mål är att personligen utveckla mer kunskap om såväl en möbel, som dess relation till fältet samt hur jag själv jobbar. Jag upptäckte en för mig ny förundran inför möbler tack vare denna djupdykning och en förståelse för det arbete som ligger bakom. Jag anser därför att detta projekt har gett mig möjligheten att bli bättre som inredningsarkitekt och möbeldesigner. / This thesis project at Konstfack in Interior Architecture and Furniture Design has centered on a desire to learn something new and be challenged in areas I have not previously explored. During this work, it has become an investigation of a Perstorp table from the 1960s. It has been a source of inspiration, providing insights into furniture construction and design. The project’s core lies in understanding and seeing the connections between these two aspects. Using this as a foundation, a transformation has taken place where the Perstorp table has become a new piece, with changes in form, material, and construction. The intention has been to design the new table, called NAVET (The Hub), for a young person who frequently moves between homes. With this in mind, the needs of the table were identified and subsequently incorporated into the design. I am working with the existing functions of the Perstorp table while also aiming to place it in a contemporary context and thus develop it further. Therefore, the table’s shape, material, and color have been changed, while retaining the aspects of the Perstorp table that my research showed to be still functional today. It was important for me to go through a design process for a piece of furniture from start to finish. Starting with exploration driven by curiosity and open-mindedness, the goal was to advance through a work process involving sketches, notes, mock-ups, prototypes, and discussions, among other things, leading to the point where I am in the workshop, attempting to realize this idea of a table in full scale. My goal is to personally develop more knowledge about a piece of furniture, its relation to the field, and how I work. I discovered a newfound admiration for furniture thanks to this deep dive and gained an understanding of the work involved. Therefore, I believe this project has given me the opportunity to become a better interior architect and furniture designer.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how elite sport students who studied at the National Sport Upper Secondary Schools with specialization on table tennis, experienced the aim and content of the subject Physical Education related to the learning of the subject, learning of the Specialized Physical Education, as well as their own elite investment. The theoretical perspective used in the study is Lave and Wengers (1991) theoretical concept the Community of practice. Where the focus is based on how the students like a community fulfills the criteria who used to characterize the Community of practice and also the aspect of "learning as participate" in the Community of practice. The results showed that the students did not experience a specific aim with the subject Physical Education. The biggest difference was in how the students experienced the learning of the subject Specialized Physical Education towards Physical Education. All of the students exemplify the meaning of studying at the National Sport Upper Secondary Schools with the aim of becoming an elite athlete. Therefore the subject Physical Education was seen by the students more as a subject of amusing character than a subject with knowledge, unlike what they experienced with the subject Specialized Physical Education. In relation to their own elite investment it became obvious that the students considered that they could not use the practical skills which were supposed to be developed in the subject of Physical Education. However two of the students emphasized that the theoretical knowledge was important elements in relation to their elite investment.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Table grapes are the second-largest contributor to the perishable product export in South Africa. The table grape industry also experienced considerable growth in the past ten years. The industry contributes toward employment in South Africa. The South African table grape industry experiences quality-related problems with exporting table grapes to the European market. Examples of quality related problems can range from chemical damage, chilling injury/freezing damage, heavy bruising and decay. A great amount of table grapes is basically wasted. The postharvest loss of table grapes during transportation can range from 1%-25% per day depending on the degree of temperature fluctuation. Therefore, it is important to minimize waste and increase the export volumes in order to utilise the potential profit possibilities. Based on data analysis for this case, results indicated that packaging is preventing cool air from flowing through the pallet during transportation and preventing the table grapes to cool evenly. The fluctuation in temperature contributes to the qualityrelated problems of these table grapes. The primary research goal is to identify packaging-related problems and propose possible solutions to improve the packaging-related conditions in which table grapes arrive at the destination. This study therefore investigated and evaluated the performance of the current packaging system of table grapes within a South African context for exporting to Europe for a specific case. Further analyses of the data received from Dole South Africa, a fruit marketing and distribution company, revealed that the following two types of packaging showed serious quality-related problems: 1) A04I: The 4.5kg box with the grapes in plastic bags. 2) A05E: The 5kg box with 500g punnets (10 x 500g punnets). A questionnaire combining with the Packaging Portfolio Evaluation Model and the Packaging Scorecard was developed and used to evaluate the two identified packaging systems in the following stages: Stage 1: Development of a new questionnaire by combining the Packaging Portfolio Evaluation Model and the Packaging Scorecard. Stage 2: Survey with the questionnaire developed in Stage 1. The identified types of packaging were evaluated with a new questionnaire with specific criteria. Members of the table grape supply chain from the farmer in South Africa to consumer in Sweden were used during the evaluation process. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each criteria or question in order to describe the performance and importance of the different packaging criteria. Data were also analysed with the use of box plots. The box plots and data visualisation methods were used to make conclusions and recommendations regarding the different categories of each type of packaging. It was clear that the major problem areas of both packaging systems involved were related to the environmental aspect of the packaging. The marketing and the logistics of the plastic bag also underperformed. However, individual criteria regarding the other business areas can also be improved. Possible solutions to these problem areas are also suggested in this thesis. The possible solutions include the Tali Grape Basket, Perforated Plastic Liners, New Generation Pack (NGP), Vinguard TM , Easypunnet and the Sulphur Dioxide Liner Bag. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tafeldruiwe is die tweede grootste bydraende faktor tot bederfbare produkuitvoere in Suid-Afrika. Die tafeldruifindustrie het ook aansienlike groei die afgelope tien jaar beleef. Die industrie dra tot werkskepping in Suid-Afrika by. Die Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruifindustrie ervaar kwaliteitsverwante probleme met die uitvoer van tafeldruiwe na die Europese mark. Voorbeelde van hierdie kwaliteitsverwante probleme kan wissel van chemiese skade, koueskade / vries skade, swaar kneusing en bederf. ‘n Groot hoeveelheid tafeldruiwe word vermors. Die oes verlies van tafeldruiwe tydens vervoer kan wissel van 1% -25% per dag, afhangende van die mate van temperatuur verandering. Daarom is dit belangrik om vermorsing te beperk en uitvoerhoeveelhede te verhoog om sodoende potensiële winsmoontlikhede te benut. Volgens data-analise blyk dit dat huidige verpakking tans verhoed dat koel lug tydens die vervoer van die produk deur die palet vloei, en dit veroorsaak dat die tafeldruiwe nie eweredig afkoel nie. Die wisseling in temperatuur dra grootliks tot die kwaliteitsverwante probleme van die tafeldruiwe by. Die primêre navorsingsdoelwit is om die verpakkingsverwante probleme te identifiseer en moontlike oplossings voor te stel om sodoende die toestand te verbeter waarin tafeldruiwe by die eindbestemming aankom. Daarom ondersoek en evalueer hierdie studie die prestasie van die huidige verpakkingsisteem van tafeldruiwe binne ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse konteks vir uitvoere na Europa; met betrekking tot ʼn spesifieke situasie. Verdere analise van data soos ontvang vanaf Dole Suid-Afrika, ‘n vrugtebemarkingsen verspreidingsmaatskappy, het getoon dat ernstige kwaliteitsverwante probleme veral by die volgende twee tipes verpakkingsisteme voorkom: 1) A04I: Die 4.5kg karton met druiwe in plastieksakkies. 2) A05E: Die 5kg karton met 500g bakkies (10 x 500g bakkies). ʼn Vraelys, gebaseer op die kombinasie van die Verpakkingportefeulje Evalueringsmodel model en die Verpakkingstelkaart, is ontwikkel en gebruik om die bogenoemde verpakkingsisteme te evalueer en wel in die volgende fases: Fase 1: Ontwikkeling van ʼn gekombineerde Verpakkingsportefeulje Evalueringsmodel en die Verpakkingstelkaart tot ʼn nuwe vraelys. Fase 2: Opname met die vraelys soos ontwikkel in Fase 1. Die twee geïdentifiseerde tipes verpakking is geëvalueer met die nuwe vraelys met spesifieke kriteria. Die lede van die tafeldruiwe voorsieningsketting van die boer in Suid-Afrika tot die verbruiker in Swede is gebruik tydens die evaluasieproses. Beskrywende statistiek vir elke kriteria of vraag was bereken sodat die prestasie en belangrikheid van die verskillende verpakkingskriteria beskryf kan word. Data was ook beskryf met behulp van ‘n houer-en-puntstipping. Data visualiseringmetodes en die houer-en-puntstippings was gebruik om gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings rakende die verskillende kategorieë van die tipes verpakking te maak. Dit was duidelik dat die omgewingsaspek van beide tipes verpakking ‘n groot probleem was. Die bemarking en logistiek van die plastieksakkie het ook onderpresteer. Individuele kriteria van ander besigheidsareas kan egter ook verbeter word. Moontlike oplossings vir hierdie probleem-areas word ook in hierdie tesis aangedui. Die moontlike oplossings sluit die “Tali Grape Basket”, “Perforated Plastic Liners”, “New Generation Pack (NGP)”, “Vinguard TM ”, “Easypunnet” en die “Sulphur Dioxide Liner Bag” in

Petitions of different kinds are emerging as an increasingly used source for studies of early modern Sweden and beyond. Supplications offer historians great opportunities to examine claims coming from people of various backgrounds, and the larger complex of contemporary ideas these arguments were built on. In these documents, petitioners often bring up the issue of poverty. The purpose of the thesis has been to elucidate this language of poverty and the ideas and values behind its invocation, through studying how people described and used it in their communication with the County Administration of Uppsala between 1730 and 1734. The study has shown that statements of poverty were deployed by a large variety of people, but women were more prone to speak about it than men, especially in echelons above the peasantry. Poverty was used in several ways: to denote a subordinate relation in the social hierarchy, as an enhancer of plight or as something which was not deserved as the petitioners had fulfilled the duties expected of them. By calling themselves poor or emphasizing their blameless destitution, supplicants could ask for the County governor’s protection, try to establish themselves as deserving of help or invoke notions of Christian compassion. Behind the statements of poverty lay ideas of hierarchy and reciprocity set out in the Lutheran Table of Duties, which provided a base for the supplicants’ claims for help.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grape quality is important for the producer, exporter and the consumer. Consumers judge table grapes according to their size, colour, taste and shelf life. The consumer’s prerequisites will influence the producer. Therefore, it is essential to know how the table grape berry develops so that it can be manipulated, favouring the postharvest quality and shelf life. This study was performed on Prime and Crimson Seedless, both grafted onto Ramsey, in the Paarl district of South Africa. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify table grape berry development and compositional changes taking place throughout growth and ripening. The effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life was also evaluated. To evaluate whether berry size influenced the measured development parameters, three berry sizes were induced for both cultivars by using plant bioregulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfenuron – synthetic cytokinin (CPPU) or girdling. The following sizes were obtained for Prime: (i) small berries (<20 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (20-24 mm) obtained by 15 ppm GA3 application at 8 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>24 mm) obtained by combination of 15 ppm GA3 and 1 ppm CPPU application at 8 mm berry size. Crimson Seedless berry sizes were as follows: (i) small berries (<18 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (18-22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 at 7 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 and vines were girdled at 7 mm berry size. To evaluate the effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life, grapes were stored for five weeks at -0.5 ˚C and another week at 7.5˚C. The bunches were evaluated for loose berries, browning, soft tissue breakdown, decay and berry split. The following components were analysed for both cultivars to determine changes in berry composition throughout the season: berry fresh weight, total soluble solids (TSS), glucose, fructose, titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, malic acid, abscisic acid (ABA) and total phenols. Total and individual anthocyanins were analysed for Crimson Seedless. Differences were obtained for the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Véraison, representing the start of ripening, started at the same time in successive seasons: 21 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Prime and 28 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Crimson Seedless. A lag stage was not observed, at seven day sampling intervals, for either of the cultivars. Components such as TSS, glucose, fructose and TA content per berry were influenced by berry size in either one or in both seasons for both cultivars. Significant changes in component concentration were detected at the start of, or around véraison. Sugar concentrations (TSS) already started to increase for both cultivars before the start of véraison. At véraison, concentrations of glucose, fructose and ABA increased while concentrations of TA, tartaric acid, malic acid and total phenols decreased. Total anthocyanins in Crimson Seedless started to increase one week after véraison commenced. The main anthocyanin found in Crimson Seedless was peonidin-3-glucoside. During ripening a 1:1 glucose:fructose ratio was detected in both cultivars. Prime tartaric:malic acid ratio was lower than Crimson Seedless tartaric:malic acid ratio in both seasons. Tartaric acid was the main organic acid found in Prime, while malic acid was the main organic acid found in Crimson Seedless. No significant differences were found in the postharvest defects between the different berry sizes. However, tendencies for differences were observed which led to the assumption that medium size berries were more prone to loose berries in both cultivars. Large berries showed a higher percentage berry split for both cultivars. Crimson Seedless second harvest date took place 24 hours after rainfall which could have very likely led to the higher percentages berry defects compared to the first season. Greater berry decay was found with later harvest dates for both cultivars. No significant differences were found for the TSS:TA ratio between the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Postharvest defects were therefore found not only to be influenced by TSS:TA ratio but rather by harvest date and packing procedures. Environmental conditions prior to harvest also had an impact on postharvest shelf life. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Druif kwaliteit is belangrik vir die produsent, uitvoerder en verbruiker. Tafeldruiwe word gekeur deur die verbruiker volgens grootte, kleur, smaak en raklewe. Die verbruiker se voorkeure sal dus die produsent beïnvloed. Daarom is dit belangrik om te weet hoe tafeldruiwe ontwikkel ten einde korrelsamestelling te manipuleer om na-oes kwaliteit en raklewe te kan bevoordeel. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer op Prime en Crimson Seedless, beide geënt op Ramsey, in die Paarl distrik van Suid Afrika. Die doel van die studie is om vas te stel hoe korrelsamestelling gedurende groei en rypwording verander. Die effek van suiker:suurverhouding op na-oes raklewe is ook geëvalueer. Om te kan meet of korrel grootte die gemete parameter beïnvloed is drie korrelgroottes verkry vir albei kultivars deur die gebruik van plant bioreguleerders, te wete gibbereliensuur (GA3) en sintetiese sitokiniene (CPPU), of ringelering. Die volgende korrelgroottes is verkry vir Prime: (i) klein korrels (<20 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, geklassifiseerd as kontrole; (ii) medium korrels (20-24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 15 dpm GA3 behandeling by 8 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n kombinasie van 15 dpm GA3 en 1 dpm CPPU by 8 mm korrelgrootte. Crimson Seedless korrelgroottes was soos volg: (i) klein korrels (<18 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, wat as kontrole gedien het; (ii) medium korrels (18-22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling by 7 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling en gelyktydige ringelering by 7 mm korrelgrootte. Om die effek van suiker:suur verhouding op na-oes houvermoë te kon evalueer was druiwe gestoor vir vyf weke by -0.5˚C en ‘n verdere week by 7˚C. Die trosse is geëvalueer vir loskorrels, verbruining, sagte weefsel afbreek, verval en korrelbars. Die volgende komponente is geanaliseer vir albei kultivars om veranderinge in korrelsamestelling gedurende die seisoen te bepaal: vars korrelgewig, totale oplosbare vaste stowwe (suikerinhoud), glukose, fruktose, titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur, absisiensuur en totale fenole. Die totale en individuele antosianiene is ook vir Crimson Seedless gemeet. Beduidende verskille tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir albei kultivars is verkry. Deurslaan, naamlik die begin van rypwording, het op dieselfde dag in opeenvolgende seisoene plaasgevind: 21 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Prime en 28 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Crimson Seedless. In teenstelling met die tipiese korrel ontwikkelingspatroon is ‘n rusfase nie waargeneem by beide kultivars nie. Komponente soos suikerinhoud, glukose, fruktose en titreerbare suur inhoud per korrel is deur korrelgrootte beïnvloed in een of albei seisoene vir beide kultivars. Suiker konsentrasie van albei kultivars het reeds voor deurslaan begin toeneem. By deurslaan het die konsentrasies van glukose, fruktose en absisiensuur inhoud toegeneem, terwyl die konsentraies van titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur en totale fenole gedaal het. Totale antosianiene in Crimson Seedless het ‘n week na deurslaan begin toeneem. Die hoof antosianien in Crimson Seedless is peonidien-3-glukosied. Gedurende rypwording was daar ‘n 1:1 glukose:fruktose verhouding gevind vir beide kultivars. In terme van sure is Prime se wynsteensuur:appelsuur verhouding laer as in Crimson Seedless vir albei seisoene. Wynsteensuur is die hoof organiese suur in Prime terwyl appelsuur die hoof organiese suur in Crimson Seedless is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille vir na-oes houvermoë tussen korrelgroottes is waargeneem vir beide kultivars nie. Daar was egter tendense wat aanleiding gegee het in die aanname dat medium grootte korrels geneig is tot loskorrels in albei kultivars. Groot korrels het ‘n hoër korrelbars persentasie getoon vir beide kultivars. Crimson Seedless se tweede oes het plaasgevind 24 uur na reënval, wat aanleiding gegee het tot hoër persentasies korrelbederf. Hoër persentasie korrelbederf was ook gevind met later oesdatums. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind vir suiker:suur verhouding tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir beide kultivars nie. Dus word na-oes houvermoë nie net deur suiker:suur verhouding beïnvloed nie, maar ook deur oestyd en verpakkingsprodsedures. Omgewingsomstandighede voor oes kan ook na-oes houvermoë beïnvloed.