一九九六年一月廿日，尼克森在他的總統就職演說中，即已宣稱：「在經 歷一段衝突敵對的時期之後，我們正進入一個談判的紀元。」而台海兩岸 在目前日益頻繁交流的互動關係下，基於雙方逐漸發展出的共識和整個國 際後冷戰大環境，「談判」必然是雙方樂於作為採取處理事務的方式。但 中共長期以馬列主義為宗師，其「國家」目標、思維邏輯和行為方式，自 然與一般民主國家作風顯有不同。因此，必事先剖析中共一貫的談判，才 能在談判過程中，掌握有利的主導地位。香港與台灣是完全不同的政治實 體，中共對待雙方的政策也不盡相同，但對中共而言，能經由和平談判手 段達到實現中國領土統一的目標，乃其最高利益和價值所在。因此，筆者 以中共與英國談判香港領土主權問題為研究主題，從香港問題的由來，我 國、中共及英國的處理態度，以至中（共）英雙方的談判接觸，完成簽訂 一九八四年《聯合聲明》的過程為止，從中整理論析中共的談判本質、一 般作風及在香港問題個案上的談判策 以期對中共的談判行為有一深入的 了解。如果我方與中共進行相關談判工作之前，能先仔細研究中共與英國 談判香港前途的經驗，相信將有助於我方的因應作為。本文內容十萬字， 註釋及圖表約二萬字，共分為七章。第一章導言。第二章為中共談判的概 說。第三章敘述香港問題的由來。第四章探討論析影響中共處理香港問題 的四大因素。第五章是中共與英國談判香港問題的經過，迄完成《聯合聲 明》為止。第六章係運用「結構法」和「歷史研究法」，研析中共的談判 策略，為本文重點所在。第七章結論。筆者在研究過程中，對中共唯物辯 証法的談判策略和統戰手法、堅持「國家」主權的強硬立埸、「一國兩制 」的策略性政治理論、高恣態「你有求於我」的談判身段，均留下深刻印 象。台海兩岸多次事務性談判以來，中共頑固的主權觀念和另有企圖的談 判動機，阻礙了雙方更進一步的交流，這些事實經驗都可在中共與英國談 判香港問題過程中，找到例證。談判技術策略是中立的，每個人都可使用 。在兩岸談判中，雖有優弱勢之分，但如能多加一些「誠信」和「互動」 的共識，相信談判的結果，是能達到「雙贏」的期望，對整個中華民族前 途是有益的。

Reproductive division of labor is the most distinctive characteristic of the social Hymenoptera; some individuals reproduce and others forego their own reproduction to raise non-descendant offspring. In species where females are reproductively totipotent and lack morphologically distinct castes, there is potential for reproductive conflict because more than one female in a colony may attempt direct reproduction. I focused my dissertation research on a subtropical population of the primitively eusocial paper wasp, Mischocyttarus mexicanus, to investigate the initiation, establishment, and development of the colony before the emergence of adult offspring. Female M. mexicanus exhibit variation in behavior and task performance, and switch between reproductive and non-reproductive roles. These changes in behavior and reproduction may be influenced by social context. In three studies, I investigated the role of social context on reproduction, behavior, and brain structure. In the first study, I tested the role of body size, reproductive potential, and immediate egg-laying potential on the reproductive tactic employed by females. I found that large females either became solitary foundresses or became part of a group-initiated colony. In contrast, small females left their natal colony and pursued joining other colonies. This joiner tactic is unique to this population and has not been observed in temperate zone populations. I also found that subordinate females had the potential to lay eggs if given the opportunity. This suggests an incentive to remain in a colony for future opportunities of direct reproduction. In the second study, I investigated the effect of three variables on non-nestmate acceptance: non-nestmate age, stage of colony development, and non-nestmate aggressive behavior. I demonstrated that non-nestmate acceptance was context-dependent. Both non-nestmate age and stage of colony development had an effect on the proportion of accepted non-nestmates. Although, non-nestmate aggressive behavior did not affect non-nestmate acceptance, it did trigger an aggressive response from colony nestmates. In the third study, I assessed the relationship of Mushroom Bodies (MB) volume, the brain neuropils associated with learning and memory, to environmental conditions and social interactions. I compared MB volume of newly-established colonies initiated by solitary foundresses to groups of foundresses. In addition, I performed laboratory experiments to differentiate between the effect of environmental conditions and social interactions. I found a positive relationship between MB volume and environmental conditions including light intensity and foraging experience. In contrast to previous studies, I found no association between MB volume and social interactions. Ovary development was positively correlated with MB development. This result suggests that although reproductive dominance is established in newly-initiated colonies, social dominance may not yet be established. In summary, my studies found an effect of social context on behavior, adoption of reproductive tactics and brain structure in colonies of M. mexicanus during the offspring pre-emergence phase.

Recently, a new e-commerce business model is booming. It is an electronic-coupon based group-buying model. Its prosperous development has formed a big online group-buying market in which many new websites run similar electronic-coupon based group-buying models. This new electronic-coupon based group-buying model is very different from the traditional one. It is not only that the main type of the products is service-oriented, but also that the object of transaction is electronic coupons which provide the consumers privileges of getting the services in a limited time period. It completely changes consumer behaviors. For these reasons, this study explores how the electronic-coupon based group-buying model succeeds by reviewing the literature and analyzing the data collected from the online website. The results show that both the promotion price and discount rate impact the group-buying performance but the discount rate will have more impact than the promotion price. Further, the limited sale is a good strategy to improve the group-buying performance. Overall, the electronic-coupon based group-buying model performs well in restaurants, cinemas and entertainment industries.

Past research repeatedly suggests consumer’s defensive response to persuasive attempts is a key challenge for advertisers. Given the explosive growth of social media, this study aims to understand if consumer response to ads placed in a social network site could be influenced by ad location and the path through which the ad is delivered. Findings from an experiment suggest that consumers’ attention to ads in SNSs is remarkably low. Furthermore, the interaction between ad location and the path significantly influences consumers’ attitudes toward the ad, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intention. Specifically, it appears that an ad placed inside users’ timeline and sent through via known others, the indirect path, yielded favorable consumer response. On the other hand, consumers responded more favorably to an ad sent by the advertiser, the direct path, than that sent by known others if the ad is placed outside users’ timeline. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided. / text

Title of dissertation: Selected factors of success of Czech goalkeepers' sports performance and the analysis of the goalkeeper's game activities in the basic part of the Tipsport extraliga ČSLH 2017/2018 Objectives of dissertation: To find out whether there is an association between the body height and the total percent success of Czech goalkeepers in Czech Hockey Extraliga. Another aim was to analyse the success of particular game techniques in the matches of the basic part of the competition. Methods: Comparison of the body height and the achievement of players by using the Pearson-co- correlation coefficient. The research part of this thesis was carried out through the method of indirect observation of 14 Tipsport extraliga matches. It is particularly a technique of goalkeeper's selected game activities and the analysis of their success. Results: According to the results of correlation it is obvious that there is no relationship between the body height and the percent success of the goalkeeper. Goalkeepers of the Czech extraliga use the game activity butterfly more than 90 percent while responding to the kicked hockey puck in every hockey match. The success of the following game activity and its technique (reverse V-H) is bellow the boundary of 90 percent.

College students constitute a particular social group that carries hopes and expectations from both parents and society. However, in recent years there have been  reports about increasing problems in many universities in China: students suspension from school, skipping classes, or even committing suicide,. As social isolation, anxiety, fragility etc are possible reasons, the importance of university student’s mental health has been taken seriously more and more. University students’ socialization refers to the process in which college students grow up into independent and mature individuals by learning social and culture knowledge. From social perspective, on one hand, they still need to learn professional knowledge, on the other hand, they have to construct a good philosophy for themselves, a correct world outlook and value conception. This study mainly explores undergraduate students’ mental health in relation to socialization tactics and motives to study. That means that the focus of this survey is not on the degree of socialization, but on the tactic the students have chosen to get into the university society. In this study totally 120 students were examined via two questionnaires, the University Personality Inventory(UPI) introduced from Japan, and the combined Motives to Study and Socialization Tactics questionnaire from Israel. Both of them  passed homogeneity testing. The 120 students were from four universities, two  located in Hangzhou city and two in Beijing. Statistical analysis including correlation analysis, multiple regression and t-test, showed that motives to study had little to do with students’ mental health, while scholastic and collegiate socialization tactics were associated with good mental health of the students. There was no big difference in study motives and socialization tactics between the male and the female students in this study.

El presente trabajo de investigación “Profesionalización y Toma de Decisiones en Empresas Familiares No Corporativas” se ha realizado mediante un enfoque mixto con diseño no experimental y transversal de alcance descriptivo, cuyo objetivo es medir e identificar cuanto las empresas familiares del sector construcción servicios auxiliares se conocen al interna en dimensiones estratégicas y tácticas de manera que puedan realizar intervenciones tomando decisiones profesionales, entendiendo esta palabra de acuerdo a lo indicado por la real academia como “… con capacidad y aplicación relevantes propias”, lo que a su vez le permita sostenerse y crecer en el tiempo para superar las barreras de las generaciones más allá de las dificultades propias que representan las condiciones del mercado y las políticas y regulaciones de los gobiernos de turno. Es por ello que este trabajo de investigación ofrece una propuestas de análisis integral que ayudará a las empresas familiares del sector en estudio a tomar decisiones profesionales en intervención de carácter estratégico y táctico explorando para ello dimensiones como: manejo de las familias, balance negocio-familia, plan de negocios, alternativas estratégicas, estrategias definitivas; por otro lado aspectos tácticos como resultados y cultura impactada por los elemento de diseño, así como su propósito más allá de ser una fuente de ingresos, y que tanto las empresas también conocen a su competencia. Para ello este trabajo de investigación propone el uso de una herramienta integral que permitirá a las empresas familiares no corporativas, conocerse a profundidad sobre estos aspectos que facilitarán intervenciones de manera focalizadas. / Trabajo de investigación

Abstract Title: How strategic decisions are handled in the sales and business planning process (S&OP): A qualitative case study that examines steps 1 and 2 in the sales and business planning process, conducted at IKEA. Authors: Alma Nyroos, Lovisa Lim, Maja Bjuringer & Tilly Anderfors Supervisor: Petra Andersson, LNU Examiner: Hana Hulthén, LNU Background: Planning for today's supply chains has become an increasingly complex challenge. This is because global competition is increasing, at the same time as technology is constantly changing. In order to be able to compete in the market, it is important to make the planning of these chains more effective. One way to plan more efficiently is by using sales and operations planning (S&OP). S&OP's three important flows that are coordinated are materials, finances and information. Today, IKEA feels that they must use some temporary solutions to handle information that comes late in the process and changes the need for different resources. Research question:  1. What are the shortcomings in IKEA's S&OP process with delimitation to step one (data gathering) and two (demand planning)? 2. What are the causes of these shortcomings and how could these shortcomings be rectified? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify shortcomings in step one and two in IKEA's S&OP process. This is to be able to contribute with improvement measures in the process. Implementation: This is a case study on IKEA. The data that has been collected in this study are a combination of primary and secondary data.  Conclusion: In this study, it emerges that integration and coordination are two important aspects of the S&OP work. It is addressed by most article writers and has also been linked to IKEA's shortcomings. This is linked to the first two steps in the S&OP process. In the investigative organization, gaps were discovered both between internal units and between strategic and operational decisions. For the identified gaps, it is proposed to focus on coordinating the processes in such a way that more people are integrated. Both in terms of integration between different levels (strategic, tactical and operational) and between different units working at the same level. The study also shows that decisions must be integrated into processes in a better way, through better planned information sharing. Keywords: S&OP, demand, forecast, strategic, tactic, operational, integration, coordination.

In the wolf spider Rabidosa punctulata, upon encountering a female, males use one of two distinct strategies: (1) they court the female in an attempt to elicit a mating, or (2) they engage in a direct-mount tactic that involves extensive grappling with the female until a mating is achieved. The latter tactic appears more sexually aggressive, and both tactics come with the risk of being cannibalized. We explored the physiological mechanisms underlying this behavioural variation by assessing the relationship between circulating levels of the biogenic amine octopamine (OA), a neuromodulator suggested to play a role in 'fight or flight' responses of arthropods and male mating tactic expression. We predicted, and found support for, a relationship between OA levels and tactic expression, with males adopting the direct-mount tactic expressing higher OA levels than courting males. Male mating tactic and mass also showed a significant interaction, with a negative trend in direct-mounting males and no relationship in courting males. Males had considerably higher levels of OA circulating in their haemolymph than females and female OA level increased with female mass. Our experimental design cannot disentangle cause from effect, but our results are consistent with the hypothesis that OA plays a role in regulating mating tactic expression in R.punctulata.

The majority of sociological research on social movement tactics and strategies has focused on how theories of resource mobilization and dynamic political opportunities affect the innovation of tactics and types of tactics used. Relatively few studies have explored the roles of institutional, cultural, and political contexts in determining why social movement leaders choose certain tactics. This research study examines lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movement organizations (SMO) that are pursuing institutional advocacy. Specifically, it is a comparative case study of how tactics of LGBT organizations in Minnesota and Utah are affected by contested and conservative political landscapes, respectively. The concept of political landscapes was developed and includes three core components: the institutional structure of the political system, the sociocultural context, and dynamic political opportunities. Data was collected from 16 semi-structured interviews of LGBT SMO leaders. Secondary data was also collected by examining public records, newspapers, magazines, and organizational websites. The results from this study suggest that dynamic political opportunities are embedded in the larger institutional and sociocultural contexts. In Minnesota, the combination of a more open and competitive political system and a more diverse Christian presence and ethnically diverse urban areas have resulted in the use of tactics that are much more open and direct. Specifically, LGBT SMOs in Minnesota use tactics such as only endorsing candidates publicly, focusing on building a broad bipartisan base of sponsors for LGBT legislation, working with other SMOs to create large coalitions, using a frame that is all-encompassing of movement goals, and building a large, grassroots movement. By contrast, the closed and conservative political system and a dominant religion in Utah have resulted in more private, compromising, and behind-the-scenes tactics. LGBT SMOs in Utah tactics include using both public and private political endorsements, good-cop bad-cop organizations, delegate trainings, and frame alignment with the conservative culture.