Title: The balance assessed in the martial art of Taekwondo Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate balance in probands, regularly dealing martial art of taekwondo and compare it with the general population, which regularly pays no sports activity and does not currently have any experience in martial arts. Methods: This is a pilot study, which was attended by 16 probands, the results were processed quantitatively. The probands of both groups were in the age range 20-38 years, composed of 4 women and 12 - men. The first group consisted of eight coaches, students, holders of black belt, or representatives, dealing regularly martial art of Taekwondo WTF for ten years or more. It was composed of individuals from the clubs Gladiator Dojang, Hirundo and SK Cobra Dojang. The control group accounted for eight individuals with no regular sports activities that have experience with any type of martial arts. The data acquisition was first utilized clinical examination, containing basic kinesiology testing. This was followed by measuring instrument, which was held with Smart Equitest system from Neurocom. Measured data were initially processed by the program Neurocom Balance Manager software. Subsequently, it was the most frequently used tests and Unilateral Sensory Organization Test...

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o efeito da suplementação isolada de cafeína e bicarbonato de sódio sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos, desempenho e reativação parassimpática após simulação de luta de taekwondo. Para tanto, a presente tese foi dividida em estudo 1, com a suplementação de cafeína e estudo 2, com a suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio. Portanto, no estudo 1, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito da suplementação de cafeína sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos, desempenho e reativação parassimpática em simulação de luta de taekwondo. 10 atletas de taekwondo foram submetidos a duas sessões experimentais separadas por no mínimo de 48 horas entre elas. Nas duas visitas os atletas consumiram uma cápsula contendo cafeína (5 mg.kg-1 de massa corporal) ou placebo (celulose) uma hora antes da simulação da luta de taekwondo, composta por 3 rounds de 2 minutos com 1 minuto de intervalo entre os rounds. A ordem das sessões experimentais foi randomizada, duplo-cego e cruzada. Todas as simulações de luta foram filmadas para quantificar as ações técnico-táticas durante os rounds. Foram mensuradas a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) antes e após cada round,e a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi estimada durante a simulação de luta. Além disso, foram mensurados alguns índices da reativação parassimpática após o terceiro round. A concentração de lactato, a PSE, a FC e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram comparados usando análise de variância de dois fatores (condição e tempo). Adicionalmente, os índices da reativação parassimpática foram comparados utilizando o teste t de Student entre as condições cafeína e placebo. Os principais resultados indicam que: a suplementação de cafeína aumentou a contribuição do sistema glicolítico em relação ao placebo. Porém, a cafeína não melhorou o desempenho ou alterou a PSE, a FC ou a contribuição dos sistemas oxidativo e ATP-CP quando comparados ao placebo. Adicionalmente, nenhum índice da reativação parassimpática foi afetado pela suplementação de cafeína. No estudo 2, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos durante a simulação de luta de taekwondo. Para tanto, foram avaliados 9 atletas de taekwondo, os quais foram submetidos a duas condições experimentais, separadas por um mínimo de 48 horas entre elas. Nas duas visitas os atletas ingeriram uma cápsula contendo 0,03 g.kg-1 da massa corporal de NaHCO3- ou placebo (carbonato de cálcio), 90 minutos antes da simulação de luta de taekwondo, composta por 3 rounds de 2 minutos com 1 minutos de intervalo entre os rounds. A ordem das sessões experimentais foi randomizada, duplo-cego e cruzada. Todas as simulações de luta foram filmadas para quantificar as ações técnico-táticas durante os rounds. Foram mensuradas a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço antes e após cada round, a frequência cardíaca e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram estimadas durante a simulação de luta. Além disso, foram mensurados alguns índices da reativação parassimpática após o terceiro round. A concentração de lactato, a PSE, a FC e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram comparadas usando análise de variância de dois fatores (condição e tempo). Além disso, os índices da reativação parassimpática foram comparados utilizando o teste t de Student entre as condições NaHCO3 e placebo. Os principais resultados demonstraram que a suplementação de NaHCO3 aumentou a contribuição do sistema glicolítico e o tempo total de ataque em relação ao placebo. Porém, o NaHCO3 não alterou a FC, a PSE ou a contribuição dos sistemas oxidativo e ATP-CP durante a simulação de luta quando comparados ao placebo. Além disso, nenhum índice da reativação parassimpática foi afetado pela suplementação de NaHCO3 ou placebo / The aim of this study was to investigate the isolated effect of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during a simulated taekwondo combat. Therefore, this thesis was divided in two studies: study 1 investigated the effect of caffeine, while study 2 investigated the effect of sodium bicarbonate. Thus, in study 1, the aim was to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during a taekwondo combat. Ten taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 hours. Athletes consumed a capsule containing either 5 mg?kg-1 body mass of caffeine or placebo (cellulose) one hour before the combat simulation (3 rounds of 2 min separated by 1-min passive recovery), in a double blinded, randomized, repeated-measures crossover design. All simulated combat was video recorded to quantify the time spend fighting in each round. Lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were measured before and after each round, while heart rate and the estimated contribution of oxidative, ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems were calculated during the combat simulation. Furthermore, parasympathetic reactivation after the combat simulation was evaluated. Lactate concentration, rate of perceived of exertion, heart rate, estimated system contributions and indices of time-motion were compared by two-way ANOVA (condition x time). All indices of parasympathetic reactivation were compared using a Student\'s t-test in both caffeine and placebo conditions. The main results showed that caffeine ingestion increased the estimated glycolytic system when compared to placebo condition. However, caffeine ingestion did not alter the rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr contribution or improve the performance in relation to placebo condition. Furthermore, caffeine ingestion did not influence post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation following a taekwondo simulation when compared to placebo condition. In study 2, the main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during simulated taekwondo combat. Nine taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 hours. Athletes consumed 300 mg?kg-1 body mass of sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate (placebo) 90 minutes before the combat simulation (3 rounds of 2 min separated by 1-min passive recovery), in a double blinded, randomized, repeated-measures crossover design. All simulated combat was video recorded to quantify the time spent fighting in each round. Lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were measured before and after each round, while heart rate, estimated contribution of oxidative, ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems were calculated during the combat simulation. Furthermore, parasympathetic reactivation after the combat simulation was calculated. Lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, estimated system contributions and indices of time-motion were compared by two-way ANOVA (condition x time). All indices of parasympathetic reactivation were compared using a Student\'s t-test. The main results showed that sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased the lactate concentration, estimated glycolytic contribution and total attack time when compared with placebo condition. However, sodium bicarbonate ingestion did not influence heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr contribution during combat simulation compared to placebo. Furthermore, no indices of parasympathetic reactivation were different between sodium bicarbonate and placebo conditions

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o efeito da suplementação isolada de cafeína e bicarbonato de sódio sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos, desempenho e reativação parassimpática após simulação de luta de taekwondo. Para tanto, a presente tese foi dividida em estudo 1, com a suplementação de cafeína e estudo 2, com a suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio. Portanto, no estudo 1, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito da suplementação de cafeína sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos, desempenho e reativação parassimpática em simulação de luta de taekwondo. 10 atletas de taekwondo foram submetidos a duas sessões experimentais separadas por no mínimo de 48 horas entre elas. Nas duas visitas os atletas consumiram uma cápsula contendo cafeína (5 mg.kg-1 de massa corporal) ou placebo (celulose) uma hora antes da simulação da luta de taekwondo, composta por 3 rounds de 2 minutos com 1 minuto de intervalo entre os rounds. A ordem das sessões experimentais foi randomizada, duplo-cego e cruzada. Todas as simulações de luta foram filmadas para quantificar as ações técnico-táticas durante os rounds. Foram mensuradas a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) antes e após cada round,e a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi estimada durante a simulação de luta. Além disso, foram mensurados alguns índices da reativação parassimpática após o terceiro round. A concentração de lactato, a PSE, a FC e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram comparados usando análise de variância de dois fatores (condição e tempo). Adicionalmente, os índices da reativação parassimpática foram comparados utilizando o teste t de Student entre as condições cafeína e placebo. Os principais resultados indicam que: a suplementação de cafeína aumentou a contribuição do sistema glicolítico em relação ao placebo. Porém, a cafeína não melhorou o desempenho ou alterou a PSE, a FC ou a contribuição dos sistemas oxidativo e ATP-CP quando comparados ao placebo. Adicionalmente, nenhum índice da reativação parassimpática foi afetado pela suplementação de cafeína. No estudo 2, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio sobre a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos durante a simulação de luta de taekwondo. Para tanto, foram avaliados 9 atletas de taekwondo, os quais foram submetidos a duas condições experimentais, separadas por um mínimo de 48 horas entre elas. Nas duas visitas os atletas ingeriram uma cápsula contendo 0,03 g.kg-1 da massa corporal de NaHCO3- ou placebo (carbonato de cálcio), 90 minutos antes da simulação de luta de taekwondo, composta por 3 rounds de 2 minutos com 1 minutos de intervalo entre os rounds. A ordem das sessões experimentais foi randomizada, duplo-cego e cruzada. Todas as simulações de luta foram filmadas para quantificar as ações técnico-táticas durante os rounds. Foram mensuradas a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço antes e após cada round, a frequência cardíaca e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram estimadas durante a simulação de luta. Além disso, foram mensurados alguns índices da reativação parassimpática após o terceiro round. A concentração de lactato, a PSE, a FC e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foram comparadas usando análise de variância de dois fatores (condição e tempo). Além disso, os índices da reativação parassimpática foram comparados utilizando o teste t de Student entre as condições NaHCO3 e placebo. Os principais resultados demonstraram que a suplementação de NaHCO3 aumentou a contribuição do sistema glicolítico e o tempo total de ataque em relação ao placebo. Porém, o NaHCO3 não alterou a FC, a PSE ou a contribuição dos sistemas oxidativo e ATP-CP durante a simulação de luta quando comparados ao placebo. Além disso, nenhum índice da reativação parassimpática foi afetado pela suplementação de NaHCO3 ou placebo / The aim of this study was to investigate the isolated effect of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during a simulated taekwondo combat. Therefore, this thesis was divided in two studies: study 1 investigated the effect of caffeine, while study 2 investigated the effect of sodium bicarbonate. Thus, in study 1, the aim was to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during a taekwondo combat. Ten taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 hours. Athletes consumed a capsule containing either 5 mg?kg-1 body mass of caffeine or placebo (cellulose) one hour before the combat simulation (3 rounds of 2 min separated by 1-min passive recovery), in a double blinded, randomized, repeated-measures crossover design. All simulated combat was video recorded to quantify the time spend fighting in each round. Lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were measured before and after each round, while heart rate and the estimated contribution of oxidative, ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems were calculated during the combat simulation. Furthermore, parasympathetic reactivation after the combat simulation was evaluated. Lactate concentration, rate of perceived of exertion, heart rate, estimated system contributions and indices of time-motion were compared by two-way ANOVA (condition x time). All indices of parasympathetic reactivation were compared using a Student\'s t-test in both caffeine and placebo conditions. The main results showed that caffeine ingestion increased the estimated glycolytic system when compared to placebo condition. However, caffeine ingestion did not alter the rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr contribution or improve the performance in relation to placebo condition. Furthermore, caffeine ingestion did not influence post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation following a taekwondo simulation when compared to placebo condition. In study 2, the main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance, estimated energy system contribution and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation during simulated taekwondo combat. Nine taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 hours. Athletes consumed 300 mg?kg-1 body mass of sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate (placebo) 90 minutes before the combat simulation (3 rounds of 2 min separated by 1-min passive recovery), in a double blinded, randomized, repeated-measures crossover design. All simulated combat was video recorded to quantify the time spent fighting in each round. Lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were measured before and after each round, while heart rate, estimated contribution of oxidative, ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems were calculated during the combat simulation. Furthermore, parasympathetic reactivation after the combat simulation was calculated. Lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, estimated system contributions and indices of time-motion were compared by two-way ANOVA (condition x time). All indices of parasympathetic reactivation were compared using a Student\'s t-test. The main results showed that sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased the lactate concentration, estimated glycolytic contribution and total attack time when compared with placebo condition. However, sodium bicarbonate ingestion did not influence heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr contribution during combat simulation compared to placebo. Furthermore, no indices of parasympathetic reactivation were different between sodium bicarbonate and placebo conditions

<p><p>Syfte och frågeställningar<p> </p><p>1. Finns det ett samband mellan tiden mellan fotisättningarna (främre respektive bakre fot) och sparkhastigheten?<p> </p><p>2. Hur påverkar bakre fotens kontakttid sparkhastigheten?<p> </p><p>3. Hur påverkar den vertikala kraften på främre respektive bakre fot sparkhastigheten?<p> </p><p>4. Hur påverkar tiden till uppnådd maximal vertikalkraft på främre respektive bakre fot sparkhastigheten?<p> </p><p>Syftet med studien var att inom testgruppen undersöka hur kontakttid och belastningskaraktär påverkar sparkhastigheten i en rundspark som föregås av ett step.  <p> </p><p>Metod<p> </p><p>Studien innefattar analys av en rundsparkteknik med föregående horisontell förflyttning i lateral riktning från utgångsposition. Rörelsen benämns i studien som step. Testgruppen utgjordes av 5 Svenska elit Taekwondoutövare, men pga tekniska problem begränsades gruppen till 3 personer (2 män 1 kvinna). Rörelseförloppet fasindelades i 3 huvudfaser och 2 underfaser (1-stepfas, 2.1-kontaktfas 1, 2.2-kontaktfas 2 och 3-sparkfas). Tid och sträcka i fas 1 och 3 genomfördes med hjälp av höghastighetskamera (Casio Exilim High speed, Casio computer Co. Ltd, Japan.). Vertikalkraft och tid på höger respektive vänster fot mättes med kraftplattor (DBA dual-forceplate systems, Sverige).<p> </p><p>Resultat<p> </p><p>Resultatet visade att det inom testgruppen inte fanns något samband mellan sparkhastighet och tid mellan fotisättningarna. Däremot fanns en tendens till att bakre fotens kontakttid påverkar sparkhastigheten (kort tid = hög sparkhastighet). Det fanns också tendenser till samband mellan hög sparkhastighet och hög maximal vertikalkraft samt tid till denna (time to peak force) på stödjefoten. Dessa tendenser sågs inte på sparkfoten.<p> </p><p>Slutsats<p> </p><p>Resultaten indikerar att det finns tendenser till att kort kontakttid på sparkfoten samt förmågan att under kort tid generera hög vertikalkraft på stödjefoten är av betydelse för optimering av sparkhastighet. Resultaten bör dock ses som mycket preliminära och behöver konfirmeras med studier på ett större material.<p> </p><p> </p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p>

Syfte och frågeställningar  1. Finns det ett samband mellan tiden mellan fotisättningarna (främre respektive bakre fot) och sparkhastigheten?  2. Hur påverkar bakre fotens kontakttid sparkhastigheten?  3. Hur påverkar den vertikala kraften på främre respektive bakre fot sparkhastigheten?  4. Hur påverkar tiden till uppnådd maximal vertikalkraft på främre respektive bakre fot sparkhastigheten?  Syftet med studien var att inom testgruppen undersöka hur kontakttid och belastningskaraktär påverkar sparkhastigheten i en rundspark som föregås av ett step.    Metod  Studien innefattar analys av en rundsparkteknik med föregående horisontell förflyttning i lateral riktning från utgångsposition. Rörelsen benämns i studien som step. Testgruppen utgjordes av 5 Svenska elit Taekwondoutövare, men pga tekniska problem begränsades gruppen till 3 personer (2 män 1 kvinna). Rörelseförloppet fasindelades i 3 huvudfaser och 2 underfaser (1-stepfas, 2.1-kontaktfas 1, 2.2-kontaktfas 2 och 3-sparkfas). Tid och sträcka i fas 1 och 3 genomfördes med hjälp av höghastighetskamera (Casio Exilim High speed, Casio computer Co. Ltd, Japan.). Vertikalkraft och tid på höger respektive vänster fot mättes med kraftplattor (DBA dual-forceplate systems, Sverige).  Resultat  Resultatet visade att det inom testgruppen inte fanns något samband mellan sparkhastighet och tid mellan fotisättningarna. Däremot fanns en tendens till att bakre fotens kontakttid påverkar sparkhastigheten (kort tid = hög sparkhastighet). Det fanns också tendenser till samband mellan hög sparkhastighet och hög maximal vertikalkraft samt tid till denna (time to peak force) på stödjefoten. Dessa tendenser sågs inte på sparkfoten.  Slutsats  Resultaten indikerar att det finns tendenser till att kort kontakttid på sparkfoten samt förmågan att under kort tid generera hög vertikalkraft på stödjefoten är av betydelse för optimering av sparkhastighet. Resultaten bör dock ses som mycket preliminära och behöver konfirmeras med studier på ett större material.

Orientador: José Júlio Gavião de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patatas_JacquelineMartins_M.pdf: 1134548 bytes, checksum: 25bf80645d816fb83f6e457d61f5568c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O fenômeno Lutas nos remete a um conjunto de modalidades, cada uma com sua história, filosofia e características específicas. Considerando o Taekwondo e suas características como o objeto deste estudo, observamos suas manifestações como esporte para pessoas com deficiência. Então, o presente estudo desenvolve-se sob as bases de uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa e teve como objetivos gerais apresentar aos profissionais da área da Educação Física conhecimentos sobre o Para-Taekwondo em nível nacional e internacional e tecer considerações sobre os caminhos que ainda necessitam ser percorridos. Este estudo foi organizado na forma de capítulos-artigos, sendo ao todo três capítulos-artigos e um capítulo final com considerações finais do trabalho. Os capítulos-artigos vinculam com o objetivo central desse estudo, porém, cada um possui seu objetivo e desenvolvimento específico. Dessa forma, buscamos com este trabalho apresentar algumas reflexões a respeito do Para-Taekwondo, que surge como a adaptação do Taekwondo convencional para a participação de pessoas com amputação de membros superior. Utilizamos como metodologia para este estudo a entrevista semi-estruturada, coletando dados junto a dezessete professores de Educação Física, também técnicos de Taekwondo convencional que trabalham com a modalidade no Brasil, que fazem parte do Grupo 1 deste trabalho e também, para o Grupo 2, coletamos dados junto a sete professores/técnicos envolvidos com o Para-Taekwondo no Brasil, Canadá, México, Guatemala e Venezuela. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, as mesmas foram analisadas pela Análise de Enunciação, uma das técnicas da Análise de Conteúdo. Percebemos então, que no panorama do continente Americano, o Para-Taekwondo ainda não está totalmente estruturado e os trabalhos realizados na área estão apenas no começo de seu desenvolvimento. Consideramos que para que seja atingido, de fato, um espaço nos desportos Paralímpicos de alto rendimento, deve haver melhor preparação, tanto de professores, quanto dos ambientes que cercam essa prática, e melhor desenvolvimento da modalidade, pois, antes de pensar em Paralimpíadas é necessário pensar no aumento e na expressão de países e pessoas praticando e trabalhando dentro da modalidade / Abstract: The Martial Arts phenomenon brings us to several modalities, each one with its own history, philosophy and special characteristics. Considering the Taekwondo and its characteristics as the object of this study, we are able to observe its manifestations as a sport for people with disabilities. Thus, the present study is developed on the basis of a qualitative study, and it sought to provide the physical education professionals with the general knowledge of Para-Taekwondo, in national and international level, as well to weave considerations of the paths that still need to be traversed. This study was organized in the form of chapter-articles, totalling three chapters-articles and a final chapter with the final considerations. The chapters-articles are linked with the central objective of this study, however, each one has its own purpose and specific development. Therefore, we sought in this study some reflections on the Para-Taekwondo knowledge, which appears as the adaptation of the conventional Taekwondo to the participation of the people with upper limb amputation. For that, we used semi structured interviews as the methodology of the present study, collecting data from seventeen physical education teachers, also Taekwondo coaches that have been working with the conventional Taekwondo in Brazil, which are part of Group 1 in this study and also, for the Group 2, we collected data from seven teachers / coaches involved with the Para-Taekwondo in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela. After the transcription, they were analyzed by the Enunciation technique, one of the Contend Analysis techniques. We realized that in the American continent landscape, the Para-Taekwondo is not yet fully structured, and works in the area are only in the beginning of its development. We consider that in order to achieve, in fact, a space in the high-performance Paralympics sports, there must be a better preparation of both teachers and the environments that surround this practice, and also better development of the sport modality, since, before thinking in Paralympics games, it's necessary to consider the increase and the expression of countries and people practicing and working within the sport / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om akut koffeinintag har en påverkan på anaerob kapacitet med en halvcirkelspark (Dollyo Chagi) och anaerob effekt i en Squat Jump i smithmaskin.  Metod Totalt deltog 26 försökspersoner. 16 av personerna (8 män och 8 kvinnor) rekryterades från idrotten Taekwon-Do som utförde ett sparktest; Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test för att mäta anaerob kapacitet och beräkna ett trötthetsindex; Kick Decrement Index (KDI %). Teknikvalet i testet var en halvcirkelspark (Dollyo Chagi). Kravet på deltagarna för det som kallas för test 1, var att de tränat Taekwon-Do i minst fyra år. 10 av personerna rekryterades från övriga idrotter (8 män och 2 kvinnor) med vana för styrketräning för att mäta anaerob effektutveckling genom att de utförde en squat jump i smithmaskin med en yttre belastning motsvarande sin egen kroppsvikt. Detta test kallas för test 2. Både test 1 och test 2 hade två tillfällen som vi kallar för tillfälle 1 och tillfälle 2. Under tillfälle 2 tilldelades en experimentgrupp koffein 3mg/kg kroppsvikt, 30 minuter innan påbörjad test. Rekryteringen av deltagarna genomfördes genom e-mailutskick till personliga kontakter och föreningar i Stockholmsområdet.  Resultat Resultaten visar en signifikant förbättring av både anaerob kapacitet och anaerob effekt efter akut intag av koffein. Anaerob kapacitet förbättrades med en förbättring av KDI % från 6,8 % till 3,8% (ca 44 %). Anerob effekt förbättrades där effektutvecklingen ökade från 553w till 877w (ca 37 %).  Slutsats Denna studie visar att akut intag av koffein har en påverkan på anaerob prestation i form av alaktacida och laktacida prestationer där en ökning sker både i kapacitet och effekt. Denna information är värdefullt för utövare som vill prestera på topp och strävar efter medaljplatser. Men den visar också att timing för intaget måste stämma för maximal effekt av ämnet.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the level of motor skills in children and adolescents dealing with judo and taekwondo and to determine whether the level of motor skills differs between children with a suspected risk of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) compared to children without this risk. Another aim of this study is to evaluate the level of attention and find out whether it correlates with the level of motor skills. A total of 65 probands aged 9-13 years participated in the study. The experimental groups consisted of children competing in judo (n = 35), children practicing taekwondo (n = 19) and children attending taekwondo classes in physical education and hobby groups (n = 11). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 test was chosen to test motor skills. To detect a suspected risk of ADHD was used the Test Go / NoGo and the level of attention was tested by theTest of attention d2. A significant difference in favour of judists was found between the results of motor skills of children and adolescents in comparison with the racing group of taekwondists (p = 0.045) and also in the results of individual components, namely in the balance component (p = 0.051). A significant difference was found in motor skills among children with a suspected risk of ADHD compared to...

During the design of sports equipment, the main focus is usually on physical performance attributes, neglecting key subjective factors such as feel and comfort. The personal protective equipment worn in sport is a typical example, where injury prevention has taken precedence over user comfort, but it is anticipated that with a new approach to the design process, comfort can be improved without sacrificing protection. Using cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards as an example, this study aimed to develop a systematic method for assessing user perceptions and incorporating them into the design process. Players perceptions of the factors that influence the comfort of cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards were elicited through the use of co-discovery sessions, focus groups and individual interviews, and analysed through an inductive process to produce a comfort model. The relative importance of each different comfort dimension was identified through the use of an online questionnaire utilising the analytical hierarchy process method. Through the combination of these methods, six general dimensions were identified with a weighting regarding the amount to which each one determines a user's perceived comfort. For both cricket and taekwondo, the majority of players ranked Fit as the most important factor affecting comfort. Experimental procedures were developed to objectively test the Fit of cricket leg guards, with regards to batting kinematics, running performance and contact pressure. These methods were combined with subjective assessments of leg guard performance, to determine if there was a relationship between users perceived comfort and objective test results. It was found that shot ROM and performance were not significantly affected by cricket leg guards, despite perceptions of increased restriction whilst wearing certain pads. Wearing cricket leg guards was found to significantly decrease running performance when compared to running without pads (p<0.05). In addition, it was found that the degree of impedance depended on pad design and could not solely be attributed to additional mass. These results correlated with the subjective assessment of three different leg guards, with respondents identifying the pad which had the largest influence on their running biomechanics and impeded their performance the most, as the most restrictive pad. Contact pressure under the pad and straps was also measured for four different leg guards whilst running. The results found that the top strap applied the greatest amount of pressure to the leg, especially at the point of maximum knee flexion. The peak pressure under the top strap was found to reach up to three times that of any other area of the pad. These results were reflected in the subjective assessment of the leg guards, with all nine subjects identifying the top strap as an area of discomfort for certain pads. The results also suggested there was a preference for pads with a larger more consistent contact area, as pad movement was perceived to increase when contact area variation was greater. Finally the results from this research were used to develop a product design specification (PDS) for a cricket leg guard, specifying size, mass, contact pressure and shape. The PDS was used to develop a concept design which would maximise comfort, whilst maintaining protection.

The purpose of the work reported within this thesis was to design and implement a series of tests which better replicate the impact conditions experienced during a game, and allow for quantitative measurements of performance of various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The sports of cricket and taekwondo were used as case studies. The aim was to improve on existing testing protocols making them more representative of real life, an approach that has not been previously attempted in the literature and so required design of multiple items of novel equipment. A representative cricket impact test was developed utilizing a ball canon firing a cricket ball mass at an equivalent bowling velocity of 31 m/s (70 mph) and a novel, freely suspended force acquisition system with embedded accelerometers from which the transmitted force values could be derived. Throughout the testing secondary variables of coefficient of restitution (COR), deformation and contact time were measured from high speed video footage to give further insight into the impact mechanics of the three tested leg guards. Contact times were in the range of 3 ms - 4 ms, COR between 0.38 - 0.50 and deformation between 45 mm - 52 mm. These results were compared against other benchmark tests to establish how close the representative test was to an actual human related ball-pad impact and to estimate human tolerance levels to impact. A rig to mimic a human on human kicking impact in taekwondo was designed to measure performance of the piece of body protection equipment used in training and competition, commonly referred to as a hogu. Primarily a mechanical simulator was designed to replicate the speed and mass of a human leg impacting during a roundhouse kick. A force acquisition system was manufactured, capable of integrating with the kicking robot functioning, with a human torso sized and shaped anvil, using a similar accelerometer based system of force measurement as that introduced in the cricket testing. This test was then used to measure performance levels of nine off-the-shelf hogus and protective training pads. Using transmitted peak force and time to peak force (TTPF) as indicators of protection, these values were found to range from between 0.5 kN 7.5 kN and 9 ms - 23 ms across the pads indicating a major difference in the protection provided.