The overall aim of this thesis was to study the daily process of coping, potential prognostic factors for recovery and evaluating an individually tailored behavioural medicine intervention in the acute stage of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). The studies comprised three samples of patients with acute Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). All patients were included within the first month after the whiplash occurrence and were recruited from hospital emergency wards in six Swedish communities. Study I and II included 51 participants generating 260 daily coping diaries (WAD-DCA) during seven days in the acute stage of WAD. In Study I daily stressors and primary appraisal were analysed and in Study II patterns between stressors, appraisals, coping strategy profiles, daily activity level and well-being were described. The results showed a large variety of situations that the individuals perceive as stressful, not only pain itself. High self-efficacy was associated with high degree of physical/mental well-being. Threatening stressors and catastrophic thoughts were associated with low degree of physical and mental well-being. In Study III potential prognostic factors for good as well as poor recovery were studied more closely in a mildly affected sample (MIAS) (n=98) from within the first month after the accident up to one year later. Pain-related disability at baseline emerged as the only indicator of prognosis after 12 months in MIAS. Study IV (n=55) was a randomised control study, were current clinical recommendations of standard self-care instructions (SC) for the management of acute WAD was compared to an individually tailored behavioural medicine intervention delivered via Internet or face-to-face. The results showed that SC was not as effective as the behavioural medicine intervention. By early identification of situation-specific factors and potential behavioural (physical, cognitive and affective) determinants of activity performance, it seems possible to tailor a self-management intervention that decreases pain-related disability, fear of movement and catastrophising and increases self-efficacy. The use of innovative methods such as the Internet of distributing treatment interventions showed to be a good alternative to more traditional forms. The results of this thesis uncover new insights in understanding the individual’s specific perspective as applied in a behavioural medicine approach in acute WAD.

Zugl.: Cottbus, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

<p> </p><p>Litteratur som berör begreppet individanpassad undervisning framhåller både positiva samt negativa aspekter, vad beträffar detta arbetssätt. Med denna bakgrund fann vi det intressant att undersöka hur verksamma pedagoger i grundskolans tidiga år, uttrycker sig om individanpassad undervisning. För att studera hur det ser ut i verksamheten, valde vi att använda oss av en kvalitativ metod med intervjuer som teknik för insamlande av data. Det material som samlats in har analyserats och beskrivits med hjälp av teorianknytning. Resultatet visade att tidsrelaterad individualisering är den form som tillämpas mest i undervisningen, men respondenterna poängterar också betydelsen av att anpassa undervisningen till den nivå där eleven befinner sig, det vill säga svårighetsrelaterad individualisering. Respondenterna vidhöll även att denna arbetsform är till fördel för de svagpresterande eleverna, något som skiljer sig från den forskning som framkommit inom området. En annan intressant aspekt som vi kunde urskilja utifrån resultatet, var att det fanns motsättningar mellan pedagoger och forskare huruvida individanpassad undervisning, är en illusion eller verklighet. Ett hinder som respondenterna lyfter fram är att det i dagens skola förekommer stora klasser med bara en pedagog, vilket innebär att det kan vara svårt att få tiden att räcka till för att organisera en individanpassad undervisning.</p><p> </p> / <p>Literature that contains the concept individual tailored education show both positive and negative aspects, regarding this method. With this background, we found it interesting to examine how active teachers, in the compulsory school, express about individual tailored education. In order to study how it is in the reality, we have chosen to use us of a qualitative method, with interviews for collecting of information. The information that was gathered have then been analyzed and described with the aid of theory connection. The result showed that timerelated individualization is the most common type that teachers applies in their education, but the respondents also points out the importens to adapt the education on the basis of each individual, in another word difficultrelated individualization. The respondents maintained also that this work form is to advantage for the pupils who have difficulties, something that distinguish from research within the area. The study also showed another interesting aspect, namely that there were contradictions between teachers and researchers, whether individual tailored education is an illusion or if it is reality. An obstacle that the respondents points out is that the school of today has big classes with only one teacher, which means that it, according to time, can be difficult to organize individual tailored education.</p>

This thesis is focused on laser welding and hybrid laser-TIG welding. The first part contains a brief theoretical description of these technologies. Standard quality and plasticity tests of welded joint are also mentioned. The second, experimental part, centres on the study of plasticity of tailored blanks (made of different types of HSLA steel), that are welded with laser and laser-TIG technology. The aim of the thesis is to assess process parameters effect on weld suitability for following deep drawning operation. Based on the calculated and measured figures obtained from the experiment, the most suitable welding parameters were chosen.

The master's thesis presents an experiment of welding of high strength steel Docol 1200 M and of steel DC01 by the fiber Yb-YAG laser. The experiment is based on testing welds which were made during the experiments. The lasers, laser technologies of welding, steels of higher strength, tailored blanks technology and testing of welds are described in the theoretical part. The practical part contains description and evaluation of tests of welds – transverse tension test, Vickers hardness test, Erichsen cupping test and macrostructure and microstructure test. The final evaluation results of the experiment are presented in the conclusion of the master's thesis.

The increased use of tailored marketing has contributed to companies being able to reach customers to a greater extent in a more individualized way. To be able to tailor their marketing, companies need to collect large amounts of personal information from their consumers, which has been criticized. The criticism regarding companies collecting consumer’s personal information has led to questions as to whether this is something that may violate an individual's integrity. The purpose of this thesis has been to study different generations' knowledge regarding the collection of data through cookies and whether this is something that affects consumer behavior. Hopefully this study will contribute with useful knowledge for professional marketers in order to optimize marketing strategies towards the different generations and thus ensuring they do not violate the integrity of the different generations. The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews, where five people from four different generations were interviewed. The results show differences between the generations both in terms of the perceived intrusion of their privacy as well as influenced buying behavior related to tailored marketing.

Within this thesis, photo-induced mechanisms of the light-matter interaction are investigated in tailored and photofunctional materials that differ significantly in their optical and structural properties. The individual coupling mechanisms in congruently melted, nominally undoped or iron doped lithium niobate crystals as well as in structurally disordered photoswitchable molecules embedded into a solid state polymer are examined in particular by the principle of holographic grating recording and transient absorption spectroscopy which provide new insight into a variety of material response properties. In case of photoswitchable ruthenium sulfoxide compounds, the underlying mechanism can be unambiguously assigned to a photochromic material response evoked by a photochemical reaction, i.e., a non-instantaneous, local ligand isomerisation. Comparable results are obtained for iron-doped, oxidized lithium niobate where holographic grating recording is related to the photophysical generation of transient excitonic states whose photochromic properties are characterized by targeted ns-pump, supercontinuum probe spectroscopy. In the event of nominally undoped lithium niobate, the holographic amplification of two sub-picosecond pulses is attached to the phenomenon of two-beam coupling on a self-induced dynamic grating. By correlating the individually obtained mechanisms of the light-matter interaction and the light-induced material response, generally accepted conclusions on a microscopic level can be achieved. A major influence of the internal structure and orientation of the excited states, i.e., an appropriate threedimensional structural arrangement, is deduced as a prerequisite for the formation of light-induced, macroscopic refractive index changes while absorption and microscopic refractive index alterations linked via the Kramers-Kronig relation are unaffected. In systems featuring a random distribution of excited states, an orientational order might be achieved as a consequence of linear polarized light, i.e., by polarization structuring. Moreover, if the photorefractive effect can be ruled out, the material response in lithium niobate can be solely assigned to a local alteration of the transient electronic states, i.e., to the photochromic properties of polarons and/or excitonic states, which is in particular comparable to the linkage isomerism of molecular photoswitchable molecules. In addition, the influence of structural parameters on the light-matter/surface interaction is studied on the μm-scale by analyzing the diffraction phenomenon arising from a relief grating. A considerable impact on the surface grating assisted coupling is determined by the transition from cw-lasers to ultrashort laser pulses which enables interference quenching. However, this phenomenon is of no consequence in case of selfinduced holographic gratings.

Dans la galvanisation à chaud, les aciers sont protégés contre la corrosion par une mince couche de zinc obtenue par immersion dans un bain d’alliage de zinc. Avant ce processus, les tôles d'acier subissent un recuit de recristallisation afin d'éliminer l’écrouissage après laminage à froid. Les conditions de recuit utilisées réduisent le film d'oxyde de fer natif, ce qui favorise la mouillabilité de la surface de l'acier par le zinc liquide. Cependant, les nouveaux aciers à haute résistance contiennent des quantités importantes d'éléments d’addition, tels que le silicium et le manganèse. Ces élements diffusent à la surface de l'acier pendant le recuit de recristallisation et forment des particules ou des films d'oxyde par oxydation sélective externe. Si le fer pur est bien mouillé par le zinc liquide, ces oxydes ne le sont pas et leur présence à la surface peut entraîner des défauts dans le revêtement final.Pour étudier l'influence de la taille et de la distribution des oxydes sur le mouillage par le métal liquide, nous avons étudié un mouillage non réactif du plomb liquide sur une surface hétérogène texturée Fe / silice en utilisant la technique de chute de goutte.Ces surfaces ont été conçues par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma, suivi d'un procédé photolithographique.Après l'impact, la goutte s'étend jusqu'à son diamètre d'étalement maximal. S’ensuit une phase de recule de la goutte. Pendant son recul, la goutte est plus ou moins retenue, en fonction du taux de couverture de silice, sur le fer pur: phénomène d’accrochage-glissement. Sur les surfaces à faible teneur en silice, ce phénomène entraîne une déformation de la forme de la goutte qui est plus allongée dans un sens et quelquefois à la division de la goutte.Il a été démontré que le mouillage est affecté principalement par la fraction de surface de la silice.Enfin, nous avons modélisé les différentes phases de l'étalement de la goutte sur ces surfaces hétérogènes. Des modèles de littérature ont été revus et adaptés et nous avons proposé des modèles macroscopiques de l'oscillation de la goutte pendant son étalement. / In hot-dip galvanizing, steel sheets are protected against corrosion by a thin layer of zinc obtained by immersion in a zinc alloy bath. Before this process, the steel sheets undergo recrystallization annealing to eliminate stresses after cold-rolling. The annealing conditions used reduce the native iron oxide film, which promotes the wettability of the steel surface with liquid zinc. However, new high-strength steels contain significant quantities of addition elements, such as silicon and manganese. These elements diffuse on the surface of the steel sheets during recrystallization annealing and form oxide particles or films by selective external oxidation. If pure iron is well wet with liquid zinc, these oxides are not and their presence on the surface can lead to defects in the final coating.To study the influence of oxide size and their distribution on liquid metal wetting, we studied a non-reactive wetting of liquid lead on a heterogeneous Fe / silica textured surface using the dispensed technique.These surfaces were designed by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition followed by a photolithographic process.After impact, the drop extends to its maximum spreading diameter. This is followed by a phase of drop receding. During this, the drop is more or less retained, depending on the silica coverage rate, on the pure iron: stick-slip motion. On surfaces with low silica content, this phenomenon causes a deformation of the drop shape which is more elongated in one direction and sometimes at the division of the drop.We showed that wetting is mainly affected by the surface fraction of silica.Finally, we modelled the different phases of drop spreading on these heterogeneous surfaces. Literature models were reviewed and adapted and macroscopic models of the oscillation of the drop during its spreading were proposed.

Sustainable efficient lighting has become as one of the most important issues in the office environment In Sweden, energy demand for lighting corresponds to 20% of the total electricity used in office buildings (1), while It has been estimated that lighting accounts for about 20% of the total power generation of the world (2). This thesis investigates how to make lighting in offices more sustainable and focuses on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelines related to light source technologies, lighting control systems and the user preferences. Then those guidelines are applied to an existing office through suggesting a new lighting design. The existing office in this case is the ÅF company 10th office floor located in Stockholm, Sweden. This investigation methodology consists of two main parts literature review and Project (case) study. In the first part, methods used are a combination of literature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lighting and how light source technology, lighting control systems and the effect of user behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systems. In the second part, the methods are qualitative such as surveys, quantitative methods and personal observations. The used methods helped to create guidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floor part. The Results shows that the new suggested lighting design saves energy up to 31.96% more than the current lighting situation.

Phased microphone arrays are valuable tools for aeroacoustic measurements that can measure the directivity of multiple acoustic sources. However, when deployed in closed test-section wind tunnels, the acoustics suffer due to intense pressure fluctuations contained in the wall-bound turbulent boundary layer. Furthermore, phased microphone arrays require many sensors distributed over a large aperture to ensure good spatial resolution over a wide frequency range. Microphone arrays of such large count are not always feasible due to constraints in space and cost. This thesis describes an alternative approach for measuring single broadband acoustic sources that uses an acoustic metasurface. The metasurface is comprised of a meandering channel of quarter-wave cavities and an array of equally spaced half-wave open through-cavities. A series of tests were conducted in Virginia Tech's Anechoic Wall-Jet Tunnel where combinations of a wall-bound turbulent jet-flow and a single broadband acoustic source were used to excite the metasurface and produce acoustic surface waves. Measurements of the acoustic surface waves were performed using two methods: a pair of traversing microphones scanning the pressure field along the length of the metasurface 0.25 mm beneath its bottom face, and an array of unequally spaced microphones embedded inside the metasurface. Spectral analysis on the measurements revealed that the inclusion of multiple through-cavities leads to constructive reinforcement of select acoustic surface waves as a function of the acoustic source location. In the case of the embedded microphones, acoustic beamforming was applied in order to extract spatial information. This reinforcement was observed during measurements made with both flow and acoustic excitation, up to Wall-Jet Tunnel nozzle exit speeds of 40 m/s beyond which it was no longer seen. A series of quiescent measurements made with a range of speaker locations constituted a calibration for the metasurface which was used to locate an unknown broadband acoustic source within an The Root-Mean-Square (RMS) error of 1.06 degrees. / Master of Science / Phased microphone arrays are valuable tools for aeroacoustic measurements that can measure the directivity of multiple acoustic sources within a sound field. When used in conjunction with signal processing techniques, such as delay-and-sum beamforming, a researcher or engineer can obtain an intuitive view of the sound field and distinguish between multiple sources over a wide frequency range. However, these microphone arrays often utilize dozens of microphones which raises the array's complexity and cost. Furthermore, when a phased microphone array is mounted flush to the wall of a wind tunnel test section, it is submerged under a turbulent boundary layer which imposes intense pressure fluctuations on the microphones making it difficult to identify acoustic sources. Boundary layers form at the interface between a fluid and solid interface. This thesis describes experimentation performed in the Virginia Tech Anechoic Wall-Jet Tunnel on a new type of pressure sensing microphone array that leverage acoustic metamaterial technology. The acoustic metamaterial shields the microphones from the flow, lessening the influence of the turbulent boundary layer on the measurement. The focus in this thesis is on the novel array's ability to locate a single broadband acoustic source using as few as six microphones. The metasurface was installed in the Wall-Jet Tunnel test plate such that an array of evenly spaced through-cavities are flush to the surface. The through-cavities communicate the pressure field on top of the test surface to a meandering channel of interconnected closed cavities below. Near the resonant depth frequencies of the closed cavities, acoustic surface waves form which are evanescent pressure waves that are bound to the surface or structure that support them. The interference between the acoustic surface waves generated at each through-cavity leads to reinforced acoustic surface waves which are sensitive to the direction of a broadband source. In all, an acoustic metamaterial was tested under a variety of conditions such as: Wall-Jet Tunnel flow speed, speaker location, and the number of through-cavities open. The performance of the novel array and future plans are discussed.