The rapid modernization and densification of Taipei has resulted in a culturally and socially unsustainable society. The North American paradigm of high-rise condominiums disrupts the social pattern of the vernacular family, cultural activities and communities, isolating the city dwellers within their own homes. The physical city no longer reflects or supports its social and cultural condition, thus has led to the disintegration of traditional customs and lifestyle without a sustainable replacement. The hypothesis of this thesis is that high-density residential architecture can be reinvented through the reinterpretation of vernacular dwelling to accommodate cultural sustainable activities and a sociable, identifiable community. <br /><br /> The first three chapters record and examine three branches of research: vernacular Taiwanese culture and architecture, high-density vernacular architecture, and the current condition of Taipei, Taiwan. The research deals with various disciplines, most importantly family and social structure, to provide a foundation for further discussion of dwelling condition versus culture. Chapter iv compares and analyzes the relationship between residential architecture and lifestyle of the vernacular and current dwelling. It argues for the importance of communities at different scales, bound together by a hierarchy of communal spaces. The condominium building is carefully reexamined under the categories of the unit, the floor, the building as a village, and the neighbourhood. <br /><br /> The design project, Vertical Vernacular [chapter v], presents a new typology of high-density residential architecture. It demonstrates the implantation of the theories and prototypes developed in the previous chapter, by consideration of current culture and family structure, including both traditional customs and modern lifestyle. A full range of unit plans are developed based on demographics, family structure, traditional custom, and adoption of tradition to modern imperatives. The co-operative living environment inspired by the vernacular dwelling creates friendly, strong and safe communities within the condominium. Furthermore, the project aims for the feasibility of the concept within the densest district of Taipei City from a developer's point-of-view.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [498]-497).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [498]-497).

A critical dimension of the search for sustainable urban form is the need to accommodate urban population growth whilst at the same time ensuring the integrity of natural systems. Incorporating Green Infrastructure (GI) planning into the process of Urban Regeneration (UR) potentially offers a new way of addressing the challenges of sustainable urban development. However, despite the potential benefits of improved forms of integration, an effective understanding of the role of GI within UR is lacking. It is arguable that this awareness is particularly limited within the context of East Asian cities. This research explores the extent to which GI and UR are inter-related and are capable of offering joint sustainable development solutions. Through an evaluation of Taipei’s old urban core, this thesis assesses the potential for integration within the context of a rapidly evolving and highly dense urban setting. From a review of best practice examples, the thesis considers the manner in which GI and UR integration can be conceptualised. A model is proposed which is centred around process-product cycles and the presence of linked components. These linkages are then investigated through the review of existing planning policy, the level of current spatial integration and finally, the attitudinal perspectives of primary stakeholders. Three main challenges to integration are identified by the research. These are: the contextual difficulty of achieving sustainable urban form within a highly populated and socio-economically disadvantaged area; the institutional weighting awarded UR over GI within key organisations; and finally, the belief that GI provision cannot be reconciled with the need to pursue profit. In response, recommendations are proposed which include an improved strategic role for GI in UR; the development of tailored urban design regulations; a commitment to the development of a GI plan and the development of a better understanding of potential benefits.

本研究起源於個人曾任社會救助人員工作經驗上的困惑，究竟低收入戶在脫離福利之後能否走出貧窮？臺灣現時關於脫貧及離開者的探索不足。本研究目的在於透過探索低收入戶家庭如何主觀詮釋其貧窮歷程經驗，並從政府社會救助相關人員的視角，來理解他們如何看待貧窮、窮人與社會救助制度，進而分析國家社會救助制度在低收入戶家庭能否脫貧過程中的作用。 / 本研究立基建構主義的研究典範，採取質性研究取向，透過深度訪談法及文獻分析法蒐集資料，並以主題分析法來分析。在分析框架，結合貧窮歷程「進入、持續與脫離」的時間面向，以及「微觀、中觀及宏觀」的層次面向，並以社會排斥理論作為主要對話的理論。 / 研究發現，微觀層次，低收入戶家庭的主觀經驗，脫離救助不等於脫離貧窮，他們貧窮生活經驗的三部曲依次為「不穩定、步入穩定及向上提升或再次不穩定」，經歷福利制度的「排斥、融入及排斥」。中觀層次，社工漸失扶貧角色，工作者認為個案是否值得幫助以及個案的策略，會影響工作處遇及互動經驗，同時兼具融入及排斥角色。宏觀層次，社會救助制度透過親屬責任、工作倫理安排，在進入前產生制度性排斥；持續期間能夠穩定低收入戶的生活，發揮融入作用，但無助積極脫貧；離開後缺乏支持和緩衝，陷入再排斥危機。 / 基於研究發現，研究綜合討論了五個議題。首先，脫離福利不等於走出貧窮，還需經濟、心理自立，才能穩健離開。脫貧四種可能類型為「重返貧窮」、「心有餘力不足」、「有力心不安」以及「穩健離開」。第二，子女助脫貧，前提是能就業、願反饋，否則將反受勞動及福利排斥。第三，宏觀制度安排外，中觀工作者如何執行亦是排斥與否的關鍵。工作者與個案互動的四種類型為「傾力相助，融入」、「無奈讓步，不情願融入」、「順應民意，非意圖融入」以及「斷然拒絶，排斥」。第四，社會救助制度穩定生活有助融入，缺乏脫貧措施，易再造成排斥。第五，國家非蓄意排斥，唯怕崩解、防弊及缺服務，難大破大立；個案關注離開階段，基於權利，自我調整並結合外力，展開反排斥；工作者關注進入階段，立基公平正義，個別裁量及集體倡議展開反排斥。 / 最後，發現國家制度、執行工作者與福利使用者，三者都是有行動力的主體，本身既是融入者，也是排斥者和反排斥者，並非分立，而是交互影響的。因此提出以綜融性觀點來檢視跨層次間的作用，更有助於理解研究議題。未來三個層次要同步改變，才有助低收入戶長遠脫離貧窮。 / The main question of this research came from the researcher’s experience as a social assistance worker: whether the low-income households can get out of poverty after they left the social welfare system? The situation of the welfare leavers is under-researched in Taiwan. Therefore, the purposes of this thesis are, firstly, to explore the subjective interpretation of low-income households on their experience in poverty; secondly, from the perspectives of social assistance workers, to understand how they perceive poverty, the poor people and social assistance institutions; and finally, to analyze the effectiveness of social assistance institutions in helping the poor to get out of poverty. / Based on the stance of constructivism, this research is qualitative-oriented, and the data was collected through in-depth interviews and literature analysis. By adopting thematic analysis, the analytical framework of this research consists of two dimensions: time and levels. The former suggests to the process of poverty: the point of entry, the status of continuum and the point of escaping; and the latter presents the micro, messo and macro levels of analysis. The whole process of analysis and discussions are examined mainly through the lens of social exclusion theory. / The findings of this study can be divided into three levels. At the micro level, although the low-income households have left social assistance, it did not mean that they can get out of poverty. Their living experience of poverty could be seen as a trilogy, demonstrated sequentially as the stages of being unstable, gradually become stable, and situation improved or being unstable again. They experienced of being excluded, integrated and re-excluded from the welfare system in this process. At the messo level, social workers have gradually deviated from the role of helping the poor. Instead, whether the clients are "deserving" or "undeserving" poor in workers’ mind and the strategies their clients decide to adopt for their circumstances, were the main factors which contributed to future treatment and interactions with each other. In this regards, the workers can take up the role of helping the poor to integrate or excluding the poor. At the macro level, the institutional exclusion emerged at the beginning through relative’s responsibility and work ethics requirements when the clients applied the assistance. During the period with assistance, the assistance exerted its integrative impact to stabilize the clients’ living standard; however, it did not offer an effective solution for the clients to escape from their poverty. After the assistance ceased, the clients risked being excluded again due to lack of support or buffer to prevent themselves from the immediate economic pressure. / According to the findings, five issues are discussed in this thesis. First of all, the welfare leavers do not immediately experience the complete escape from poverty. Instead, the economic and mental independence play the key roles. There are four types of patterns in terms of getting away from poverty: ‘leave but fall into poverty again’, ‘with strong will but not capable of leaving poverty’, ‘with capability but without confidence’, and ‘on track to leave without coming back’. Secondly, if the poor expect to get rid of poverty through the strength of their children, it highly depended on the children’s capability of employment and their willingness to support their parents. Otherwise, they might end up being excluded by the labor market and the welfare system. Thirdly, besides the institutional factors at the macro level, how social workers provide services in practice at the messo level is also essential. It is found that there are four types of interactions between workers and the clients: ‘full effort to support and integration ‘retreat unwillingly and unwilling integration’, ‘to follow public opinion and unintend integration’ and ‘refuse boldly and exclusion’. Fourthly, the institution of social assistance is helpful for low-income households to manage their lives and social integration. However, it lacks measures to facilitate the low-income households escape from poverty, and thus easily causes re-exclusion. Finally, it is revealed that the state shows no intention in excluding the disadvantaged households; however, it still cannot transform the system due to the intention in maintaining the family function, in preventing welfare fraud, and in providing support services. Regarding the clients and the social workers, the former were more concerned about the stage when dis-attached from the welfare system, whilst the latter cared about the stage of entry. Based on having sensed their own rights, the clients adjusted themselves with external forces and started to fight for anti-exclusion after being excluded from the welfare system. Similarly, the social workers also value the idea of equality and social justice. However, they achieve this goal by exercising their discretion power when scrutinizing the applications, and moreover, collectively advocating for anti-exclusion of the low-income households. / All in all, the state institution, the social workers involved, and the welfare users are all subjects with their agency. They themselves play multi-roles to integrate, exclude and anti-exclude, and these roles are not isolated but interact with each other. This research, therefore, suggests utilizing generalist perspective to further examine the cross-level effects in order to understand this subject. In long term, the three levels have to be changed simultaneously in order to help the low-income households effectively get out of poverty. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 杜慈容 = Can welfare leavers get out of poverty? : a Study of low-income households in Taipei / Dou Tsz Rung. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 448-481). / Abstracts also in English. / Du Cirong = Can welfare leavers get out of poverty? : a Study of low-income households in Taipei / Dou Tsz Rung.

The children's apparel industry is a fast-growing industry in the United States. It is important to determine what factors are considered as the most important when parents purchase their pre-school children's clothing. To gain a better understanding of parent-consumers' purchasing behavior of pre-school children's apparel, this study focused on parent-consumers' evaluative criteria used in purchasing pre-school children's apparel both in Taiwan and in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to compare the evaluative criteria used by Taiwan and U.S. parent-consumers in their decisions to purchase children's apparel. The importance of intrinsic criteria directly related to the product itself and some selected extrinsic criteria were examined. The theoretical framework used for the present study was the EKB consumer behavior model; with focus on the alternative evaluation stage of the consumer decision making process. Previous research has examined evaluative criteria used in purchasing women's and men's apparel, but only limited research has investigated evaluative criteria used in purchasing children's apparel. Survey methodology was used to collect data. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to two non-probability, purposive samples to collect quantitative data. Data were collected through two selected pre-schools at Oregon State University in the U.S. and at Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan. The samples consisted of 200 parent-consumers with a child or children, ages 3 to 6. Subjects were given questionnaires through teachers or researcher, resulting in a 84.1% response rate. Collected data were analyzed using two sample t-tests. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the importance of aesthetic and extrinsic criteria but not in the importance of usefulness and performance criteria. Among all 22 criteria, significant differences were found between Taiwan and U.S. respondents in the importance of: fiber content, type of fabric, fabric print, having character/logo, color fastness, price, on sale, brand name, and country of origin. The most important criteria for both groups were comfort and size/fit. By identifying the evaluative criteria used by parent-consumers of pre-school children's apparel in two countries, the results partially supported the EKB consumer behavior model. In addition, the findings about the importance of purchase criteria used by parent-consumers may also benefit children's apparel manufacturers and retailers in revising or improving their competitive ability in global marketing. / Graduation date: 1995

No description available.

健全的都市發展是經濟繁榮的重要基礎。都市發展面臨的問題很多，諸如房屋問題，排水、給水問題，空氣污染問題，公共衛生問題等等。就開發中國家而言，交通問題實在佔了都市發展中最大比重。因為健全的交通系統不僅維持都市的生存，而且有加速都市發展的力量；對於地面的建設與經濟的發展，將產生巨大的推動力，都市人們日常的生活，莫不藉交通以達成其工作、就學、購物、娛樂等目的。惟有完善之交通供應與設施，才能充份滿足這些基本的需要。故 國父於遺教中曾訓示：「交通為實業之母」、「無交通則國家無靈活運動之機械，其他建設之事，皆不克舉」。 有些人以為交通就是運輸，或者運輸就是交通的別名，亦或將交通和運輸合併稱交通運輸，這是一個觀念上的錯覺，交通本是社會關係的聯鎖，溝通人類生活的橋樑，倘對他名份上認識不清楚，在業務的運用上多少會發生許多誤解。我國通常所稱之「交通」兩字，乃包括通訊（Communication）和運輸（Transportation）兩者，前者分郵政和電信兩種，後者分陸上運輸、水上運輸、和空中運輸等。台北市位於台北盆地之中心，為新店溪、淡水河、基隆河三條河匯注之所，三河河面均不夠寬，昔日台北盆地水運大動脈之淡水河，由於河道淤塞，已失去運輸之價值，再加上不臨港灣，缺乏水運調劑，完全是一個陸運都市，其交通問題向為中外人所十所詬病的，即是市區陸路交通。 近年來由於經濟繁榮，人口集中，都市的發展遠超過當初設計的容量，增加過速的經濟活動愈來愈暴露了都市交通問題的嚴重性，道路交通量之過度負荷，造成都市交通之擁講與紊亂，流動機能之降低，交通事故，交通公害之日增等問題，而自民國五六年七月一日台北市改制院轄市後，其北之北投、士林，東之內湖、南港，東南之景美、木柵等六鄉鎮均併入台北市內，總面積達二七二、一○平方公里，人口增加至一百五十六萬人（至六十年七月底已增至一百八十三萬人），而達超大都市之程度（一般言，都市人口超過一百萬者，稱為「超大都市」（Super large city）），促使鄰近鄉鎮與市中心城市之間，交能流運日益頻仍，短短時間內，增加了好幾倍，這一急速增加的交通需求，使得以往不足的交通設施，更難能承負，交通問題益形嚴重。 解決問題，有賴於問題之研究，而研究之有效，有賴於方法之講求。本文僅就台北市陸路交通問題加以剖析，以明其癥結之所在，藉資對症下藥，研擬解決之徑，以為改善及建設台北交通之參考。 本文共分六章，第一章為「緒論」，闡明交通對都市發展之影響，及都市交通問題之所在。並進而分析台北市交通系統之特質，及交通問題之所在。第二章至第五章皆為針對問題癥結，提出解決途徑。其中第二章為「道路系統之規劃」，係就現代都市應有的道路和基本型式，對台北道路設施概況及交通量加以分析，以改善及調整目前之道路系統。第三章為「公共交通工具之發展」，亦即發展大量運輸工具，如公共汽車、地下捷運系統，進規劃之。此外，市區鐵路之改建，停車場之設計。亦於本章一併討論。第四章為「交通事故與交通公害之防止」，首先分析台北市交通事故之趨勢及發生原因，隨即從工程（Engine ering）、執行（Enforcement）、教育（Education）三E政策來改進交通安全之措施，防止交通事故之發生。再論交通公害：汽車污染及汽車噪音，對台北市汽車污染及汽車噪音作一分析，並提出防止對策。第五章為「都市構造之變遷」，本章所採取之方法有外在的衛星市鎮之建立和內在的市中心之改造等合理都市型態，耒限制都市人口密度或減少都市人口集中，俾對大都市人口激增和交通擁塞，作釜底抽薪的根本解決。第六章為「結論」，乃扼要歸納前五章之主要論旨，作一綜合性討論，並提出幾個基本原則，以作將來發展台北交通之參考。 本文承蒙酆師裕坤惠賜有關參考資料，並於百忙之中撥冗指導，雷師飛龍多所督促，謹此申謝。

世界各大都市無不受都市交通問題所困擾。本省自民國四二年起連續施行五期四年經濟建設計劃，施行結果，成效顯著。過去以農業為重心之經濟結構一變為工農並重之經濟結構，鄉村剩餘的人力逐漸向都市集中，另一方面，復由於國民所得之提高與汽車製造工業之進步，本省流動車輛數歷每來直線上升，其中尤以計程車為甚。透過「人」與「車」的交互影晌，本省都市交通問題遂日趨嚴重。 本省交通問題以台北而為最嚴重，交通秩序紊亂與擁擠之情形深為各方人士所詬病。本市交通問題涉及層面雖頗為寬廣，但與公共汽車客運業未能充份發揮營運效能與主管機關未能有效管理計程車業，任其橫衝直撞，有相當密切之關係。 因此，本文研究之目的，即試圖從民營客運業的觀點來探討如何消除日趨嚴重的本市交通問題，並對十餘年來汽車工業保護政策略加檢討，最後再針對本省車禍肇事率高於其他國家之原因提出分析，並提出防範車禍建議。 本文共分八章，第一章緒論，第二章民營客運業之概況。第三章民營客運業效率檢討與改進研究。第四章民營公車票價問題，第五章計程車購用問題。第六章計程車寄行問題。第七章民營客運意外事件分析。第八章結論。 本文自思考研究之題目起以迄完成，耗時頗多。承蒙吾師陸教授民仁悉心指導。解說疑雞，逐字斧正，得以順利完成，特此敬申最大謝忱。惟筆者才疏學淺，析論錯漏之處必多，尚祈閱卷教授賜正。

政府為增進國民健康，撙節外匯，於民國四十七年推行酪農政策，更於五十三年擬定台灣省乳業發展十年計劃。數年來。生產技術的改進已有顯著之績效，然而在行銷上卻未臻理想。台灣省乳品消費市場確已拓展，但大部份為國外廠商所爭取，撙節外匯之原意迄未見效。為尋找其癥結所在，本文乃企求從消費者方面尋求指導其行為之基本力量，以及其行為之趨勢。提供業者改善其行銷實務之參考。 基於上述研究動機，本研究乃以乳品業者之立場，探求乳品消費戶之各種行為。首先就影響乳品消費之諸因素予以探討。並對消費戶之各種特徵以及其與品牌之關係做必要之分析。其次，就各消費戶之購買習慣及消費者之飲乳習慣加以研究。最後就消費者的心理做概略之探討，以發覺購買目的，寵顧動機，及品牌印象，品牌忠誠程度等。 此次研究調查共抽樣本戶400戶，另外消費記錄卡固定樣本戶300戶，惟實際收回157戶，今將較重要之研究所得提綱挈領的分述於下。 1.家長教育程度，職業興購買力為決定消費乳品與否的要素。家長教育程度不但與購買力有關，同時影響其對營養之重視程度，故乳品消費戶在比例上有隨教育之提高而增加之趨勢，特別是大專程度高達71.9%，而大學以上程度，在樣本中僅三戶，而三戶皆為乳品消費戶。同樣職業間其乳品消費百分數亦不一致，經獨立測驗檢定結果，得其X2值為25.7839顯示職業與乳品消費與否有關。購買力之影響，雖無資料直接予以證實，然就貧富所佔乳品消費戶百分數，消費戶中僅有二人左右飲用乳品，及其他間接資料可推知乳品之消費與否受購買力之影響甚大。 2.台北市乳品消費者以小康家庭最多，富有家庭次之，貧窮家庭較少，僅佔15.7%。但鮮乳消費戶則有74.3%為富有家庭，貧窮家庭幾無人購買，而發酵乳則以買賣工作人員為主要顧客。 3.乳品購買行為受小群體之影響極大。消費者在購買前往往先搜集有關情報，各項廣告雖是其中來源之一，但消費者對廣告之信賴還不如親戚朋友之推荐。因此影響消費者購買某一特進品牌之原因，親友之推薦達37.8%。而廣告僅3.1%，此外，因醫護人員之介紹者亦佔9.1%。 4.省籍對品牌之偏好有集中之趨勢。由於小群體之影響，群體內往往購買同一品牌，並因消費戶對品牌之忠誠程度甚高，不易轉換品牌，因而造成台灣省及台北市籍消費戶偏愛日本製奶粉，而內地省籍及部份大專程度之家庭偏愛歐美製奶粉。惟形成此種奶粉市場之區隔除了基於社會文化之影響外，可能尚有許多心理因素，因缺乏資料，未在本文中加以探討。 5.據調查資料顯示，乳品消費家庭中，平均僅有二人左右飲用乳品，故乳品尚未能成為家庭普遍之食品，此可能就建購買力所加之限制。因此，每戶每月消費量不大，就奶粉而言，有81%之消費戶每月僅購6磅以下。在消費戶中，小孩是主要消費者，佔62.8%，且此種現象在低所得家處尤為顯著。 6.主婦建主要決策者與實際購買者。在乳品購買決策上，主婦佔50.8%，而在實際購買上佔56.3%。惟鮮乳與發酵乳之購買決策，男主人參與之比率提高。 7.消費者往往向地位方便之商店購買，在固定其購買商店的消費戶中，有68.6%係以地位方便與否選擇購買商店，以價格較便宜而選擇商店者佔13.1%，其他動機者甚少。 8.消費戶多數從食品店購買乳品，惟尚有36%購自雜貨店。經分析結果，家庭貧富與選擇何種商店有關，其列聯係數頗高達O.588。 9.奶粉之消費主要在增進營養。在購買目的中，與營養有關之項目共佔50.7%（育嬰目的者佔12.3%除外），故以營養價值為選購品牌條件者佔40%。但鮮乳及發酵乳之購買動機，營養之重視程度較淺，致使其品牌選購條件除了營養價值外，重視合味口者亦佔40%。 10.品脾印象是購買行為的一決定因子，一般消費戶大多購買其印象較佳之品牌，蓋品牌印象之優劣次序約與其市場地位相符。 11.乳品消費戶品牌忠誠程度頗高，在連續四次購買中，幾近有一半之消費戶固守同一品牌。此外，尚有28%之消費戶僅購買兩種品牌，亦為頗忠誠之消費戶。