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<p>Empati kan beskrivas som en förmåga att veta vad en person känner och tänker. Denna studies huvudsyfte var att översätta C. Daniel Bat-sons empatiskala till svenska. Syftet var även att testa om det fanns skillnader vid perspektivtagande samt skillnader i empati när den and-re är snäll jämfört med elak. Deltagarna var 111 gymnasiestudenter som fick inta ett perspektiv, objektivt eller med inlevelse, och läsa en historia. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns könsskillnad, men det fanns interaktion mellan historia och läsarperspektiv; skillnaden mellan perspektiven fanns när personen var snäll. Det fanns också skillnad i empati beroende vilken historia deltagarna hade läst. Det var lättare att känna empati för en snäll person än för en person som var elak.</p>

Empati kan beskrivas som en förmåga att veta vad en person känner och tänker. Denna studies huvudsyfte var att översätta C. Daniel Bat-sons empatiskala till svenska. Syftet var även att testa om det fanns skillnader vid perspektivtagande samt skillnader i empati när den and-re är snäll jämfört med elak. Deltagarna var 111 gymnasiestudenter som fick inta ett perspektiv, objektivt eller med inlevelse, och läsa en historia. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns könsskillnad, men det fanns interaktion mellan historia och läsarperspektiv; skillnaden mellan perspektiven fanns när personen var snäll. Det fanns också skillnad i empati beroende vilken historia deltagarna hade läst. Det var lättare att känna empati för en snäll person än för en person som var elak.

Risk has become a key concept in social theory and has had a significant impact across academic disciplines including criminology. On the one hand, several criminologists argue that the rise of risk has fundamentally reconfigured the operations of courts, corrections, and policing. Many claim that, over the last few decades, crime control has moved away from the old rehabilitative and retributive approaches of the past and towards more actuarial approaches based on risk management – crime has become a risk to be managed in aggregate terms rather than a moral transgression in need of rectification. On the other hand, while risk-based approaches to governing crime have grown significantly, cultural criminologists and sociologists of sport have noted a heightened emphasis on risk-taking by urban graffiti writers, illegal street racers, extreme sports enthusiasts, and illicit drug users. For these people, the risk-averse logic of actuarial governance – risk as potential harm to be avoided – is inverted such that risk is positively embraced for the excitement it affords. What is particularly characteristic about the present, then, is that a politics of risk management is colliding with a culture of risk-taking. In attempts to make sense of this puzzling paradox, in this thesis I offer a primarily theoretical investigation of the dominant approaches used in the study of risk management (chp. I) and risk taking (chp. II & III) in sociology and criminology. After exploring how the rise of risk has reconfigured crime control over the last quarter century in Chapter one, in Chapter two I develop the argument that orthodox criminology provides two dominant images of criminal risk-taking. While dispositional theories explain criminal risk-taking as the pathological behaviour of individuals with particular body types, low-self control, or of lower-class origin, situational theories conceive of criminal risk-taking as the (ir)rational decisions of necessarily risk-averse actors. Despite differences between dispositional and situational theories, both leave no room for risk-taking that is controlled and intentional. In Chapter three I enlist the work of Jack Katz on the seductions of crime and of Stephen Lyng on the sociology of risk-taking to develop a third, cultural approach to risk-taking that is voluntary and cross-class. I illustrate how, for Katz’s and Lyng’s actors, risk is approached as a challenge rather than seen as a deterrent. Lastly, I add to the historicity of the cultural approach to risk-taking by tracing its roots in a romantic worldview that arose out of 19th century disenchantment with the bureaucratic rationalism and alienation of capitalist modernity. In conclusion, I summarize the main argument of the thesis and outline some potential avenues for future research.

The dramatic increase in the masculine practice of tattooing among girls in Western societies is an area of interest for feminist researchers and visual culture educators. Girls’ tattoos are perceived as diverse practices of conformity, resistance, reclamation, and empowerment, and/or as contemporary markers of femininity, sexuality, and desire. Eleven adolescent girls with tattoos from the Central Okanagan region of British Columbia were interviewed during a 12 month period in 2007/2008. Discourse analysis was employed as a method to interpret and deconstruct girls’ narratives with respect to understanding why girls have adopted traditional Western male practices of tattooing as expressions of individuality or identity. Secondly, responses were examined with respect to girls’ knowledge of potential risks involved with tattooing. The majority of participants had strong attachments to their relatives and their tattoos signified a desire to maintain that close family relationship. Research findings indicated girls’ mothers were influential in their daughters’ decisions to get tattooed and in the type of image tattooed. Girls were adamant that popular media figures with tattoos and advertisements of models with tattoos could influence or encourage girls to engage in body art. Knowledge of potential risks was learned primarily from tattoo artists and relatives, with infection indicated as the main associated risk. Participants suggested the distribution of pamphlets in school counseling centres could inform students of potential risks and provide information related to safe body art practices. Participants believed societal norms respecting girls’ behaviors and practices were different than those experienced by their mothers. However size, placement, and image of their tattoos, their own biases, and their experiences with older relatives including grandmothers and some fathers indicate that traditional Western attitudes regarding femininity and the female body continue. In spite of this, girls believe that they have the freedom to choose how they enact femininity and assert their individuality, and they believe “if guys can do it, so can girls”. As visual culture educators we need to listen to and respect the voices of girls to achieve a greater understanding of how girls experience and perform gender through their everyday practices within the popular visual culture.

The capital, material resources, equipments, organizational employees, and technological resources are the key points for a business to maintain competitive. Amongst these, ¡§human resources¡¨ are the main body for allocating the resources; and within the human resource system, environmental factors such as the organizational climate and sense of inspiration are the most significant causes of the employees¡¦ behaviors. Moreover, apart from the market competitiveness and beneficial abilities, the unity amongst the employees and their working attitudes are also main factors depending on which the business would succeed or not. Whether the employees are willing to work hard and grow with the company would be depending on how the company treats its employees. The personal needs and preferred risk differ from person to person; some work for money, whilst some work for work; thus, for some people, an inspirational measure might be very important, for it would inspire them to work hard, whilst for others, the measure might be of no inspirational effect at all. As for the organization, to effectively meet this goal, the business executives would need to understand associated topics of inspiration, and design effective and strategic inspirational combinations focusing on the needs and expectations of the employees, so as to attract and keep excellent human talents, inspire the potentials of the employees, and consequently elevate the organizational promises and the work achievements. The developing staffs, business sales persons and the administrative staffs of listed companies in Taiwan were used as the study population in the present research, with the risk preference as the independent variable, the organizational promise as the dependent variable, and the awareness of the organizational climate as the moderator variable; the associations and influences between the variables were studied. Moreover, the inspirational factor was further included as the confounding variable for studying its confounding effects on the other variables. A total of 1,322 surveys were sent out, and 269 of which were completed and returned. Through differential analysis, correlational analysis, and multiple regression analysis, the empirical findings of the present study are as the following: 1.Risk preference, awareness of the organizational climate, inspirational factor, and organizational promises differed depending on the different individual attributes. 2.Risk preferences and organizational climate were correlated with the promises the employees made for the organization. 3.the employees¡¦ awareness of the organizational climate had influences on risk preference and the promises for the organization 4.The relationship between risk preferences and the awareness of the organizational climate and the relationship between organizational climate and organizational promise are confounded by the inspirational factor.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 29, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Bruce D. Bartholow. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Economics, August 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2000. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-72). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ67735

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-43).