Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-08T13:37:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Kíria Karolline Gomes Moreira - 2018.pdf: 845151 bytes, checksum: 2ad2cdb82fbc13144dced7708c515c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-09T11:50:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Kíria Karolline Gomes Moreira - 2018.pdf: 845151 bytes, checksum: 2ad2cdb82fbc13144dced7708c515c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:50:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Kíria Karolline Gomes Moreira - 2018.pdf: 845151 bytes, checksum: 2ad2cdb82fbc13144dced7708c515c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-13 / Phytogenic additives with action similar to ionophores can be used as alternatives to synthetic additives. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of phytogenic antimicrobial additives on performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and ruminal metabolic profile of Nellore bulls feedlot. In the first experiment, 114 Nellore steers (335.48 ± 25.70 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments: monensin; S. Adstrigens extract; essential oils blend; functional oils cashew, castor and copaiba on the growth performance and carcass. The diet consisted of 19.49% sugarcane bagasse and 80.51% concentrate (DM basis). DMI of animals receiving monensin (104 days feedlot) was 16.2% lower than the animals that consumed dry extract and 8.6% lower than the animals that received functional oils (P <0.001). Animals that consumed dry extract of S. adstrigens showed higher consumption of NDF (P <0.001). FBW (μ = 485.60 kg) and ADG (μ = 1.42 kg/d) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). FE was better (P <0.05) for MON (0.184 kg/kg) than BBT and MOE. There was no difference (P>0.05) for carcass characteristics. The use of phytogenic additives in feed of confined cattle did not influence the carcass characteristics, but the use of monensin still provides better performance results. In the second experiment, was to evaluate the characteristics of ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients of a finishing diet with phytogenic additives. Five fistulated steers (initial BW = 275.40 ± 15.53 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin Square design. Treatments were: no additive; monensin 30 mg/kg DM; extract of S. adstrigens 1.500 mg/kg DM; mixture of essential oils 118 mg/kg DM; mixture of functional oils from cashew, castor, and copaiba 250 mg/kg DM. The diet consisted on DM basis of 19.49% of sugarcane bagasse and 80.51% of concentrate with corn, soybean meal, urea and minerals. There were no effects (P>0.05) on nutrients intake, apparent digestibility concentration of VF, acetate:propionate ratio and concentration of NH3-N. Steers fed mixture of functional oils showed higher ruminal pH (6,75) than BBT (6,54; P <0.05). Phytogenic additives have the potential to replace synthetic antibiotics without penalizing the productive system of beef cattle. / Aditivos fitogênicos com ação semelhante aos ionóforos podem ser utilizados como alternativas, a fim de abranger mercados que tenham restrições quanto ao uso de aditivos sintéticos. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de aditivos antimicrobianos fitogênicos sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e perfil metabólico ruminal de tourinhos Nelore confinados. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se o desempenho animal e as características de carcaça de 114 tourinhos Nelore com peso corporal inicial de 335,48±25,70 kg. Os tratamentos foram: MON - monensina 30 mg/kg MS; BBT - extrato de Barbatimão (S. adstrigens) 1.500 mg/kg de MS; MOE – mistura de óleos essenciais de (cinamaldeído, eugenol, oleoresina de pimenta e carvacrol) - 118 mg/kg de MS; e, MOF – mistura de óleos funcionais de caju, mamona e copaíba 250 mg/kg de MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições, sendo que os blocos foram definidos pelo PI dos animais e as baias foram consideradas como repetições. A dieta consistia em 19,49% de bagaço de cana in natura e 80,51% de concentrado na MS. O consumo de matéria seca dos animais que receberam MON durante os 104 dias de confinamento foi 16,2% menor que os animais que consumiram BBT e 8,6% menor que os animais que receberam MOF (P < 0,001). Animais que consumiram BBT apresentaram maior consumo de FDN (P < 0,001). PF (μ= 485,60 kg) e GMD (μ= 1,42 kg/d) não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P > 0,05). A EA foi melhor (P < 0,05) para MON (0,184 kg/kg) quando comparada a BBT e MOE. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para as características de carcaça. O uso de aditivos fitogênicos na ração de bovinos confinados não influenciou as características de carcaça, porém a utilização da monensina sódica ainda proporciona melhores resultados de desempenho. No segundo experiemento, avaliou-se as características da fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de bovinos Nelore. Cinco bovinos castrados fistulados no rúmen (275,40 ± 15,53 kg) foram usados em delineamento Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Os tratamentos foram: controle - sem aditivo; monensina sódica 30 mg/kg MS; extrato de Barbatimão (S. adstrigens) 1.500 mg/kg de MS; mistura de óleos essenciais de (cinamaldeído, eugenol, oleoresina de pimenta e carvacrol) - 118 mg/kg de MS; mistura de óleos funcionais de caju, mamona e copaíba 250 mg/kg de MS. A dieta continha na MS 19,49% de bagaço de cana e 80,51% de concentrado com milho, farelo de soja, ureia e minerais. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) dos aditivos sobre o consumo, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, concentração de AGCC, relação acetato:propionato e concentração de N-NH3. Novilhos alimentados com MOF apresentaram pH ruminal mais elevado (6,75) do que novilhos recebendo BBT (6,54; P < 0,05). Aditivos fitogênicos possuem potencial para substituir antibióticos sintéticos sem prejudicar o sistema produtivo de bovinos de corte.

As helmintoses gastrintestinais estão entre as principais enfermidades na criação de ovinos, sendo importante causa de mortalidade e de redução na produtividade dos animais. O controle das infecções por nematódeos é baseado no uso de drogas anti-helmínticas, porém com a descrição emergente de parasitos resistentes, a eficácia deste tratamento tem diminuído. Portanto, métodos alternativos de controle são necessários para a diminuição ou, até mesmo, a substituição do uso de drogas para o controle das verminoses em pequenos ruminantes. O uso dos taninos condensados (TC) no controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos em todo o mundo tem se mostrado promissor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico dos TC sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. Durante o período de testes foram realizados quatro ensaios experimentais: ensaio A avaliação in vitro da ingestão por larvas de primeiro estágio (L1) de Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis e Teladorsagia circumcincta, para avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico dos TC provenientes do extrato de acácia (Acacia mearnsii); ensaio B estudo sobre a infecção natural dos cordeiros a campo, animais infectados com H. contortus e T. colubriformis, sendo os mesmos divididos em dois grupos (tratados com extrato de acácia e não tratados); ensaios C e D realizados com infecção experimental dos animais por nematódeos gastrintestinais (H. contortus e T. colubriformis, respectivamente). Nos dois últimos ensaios, os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos, sendo: GI (controle infectado com nematódeo); GII (recebeu sorgo taninífero); GIII (recebeu extrato de acácia uma vez ao dia); GIV (recebeu extrato de acácia duas vezes ao dia) e GV (controle não infectado). Os resultados dos ensaios A (ingestão larval) e B (infecção natural) foram promissores e demonstraram o efeito direto dos TC sobre os nematódeos parasitas de ovinos, com diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre os grupos. Observando-se os resultados do experimento com infecção experimental por H. contortus (ensaio C), não se detectou diferença estatística entre os grupos (P > 0,05), porém no experimento com infecção por T. colubriformis (ensaio D) foi evidenciada diferença (P < 0,01) nos valores de OPG entre os grupos tratados com sorgo (GI) e extrato de acácia por dois dias (GIV), quando comparados ao controle infectado (GI); sendo também evidenciada quando da comparação do número de fêmeas de helmintos do GI e GIV (P < 0,01). Redução na viabilidade dos ovos de helmintos (estágio de ovo até L1) e no número de larvas infectantes isoladas de coproculturas provenientes dos grupos tratados com TC foram evidentes nos ensaios C e D. Os resultados foram promissores demonstrando a ação direta dos TC sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos e principalmente sobre a produção de larvas infectantes; porém mais estudos são necessários para a indicação de um controle de parasitos gastrintestinais baseado no uso de fontes de TC / Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major cause of economic loss in farm animals. Gastrointestinal parasite control programs based on chemotherapy are failing because of increased anthelmintic resistance; thus, alternative controls strategies are necessary to reduce the use of anthelmintic drug in animal production have been studied. Condensed tannins (CT) have shown potential for alternative control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the anthelmintic effect of condensed tannin on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. During the experimental period four experiments were carried out: Experiment A in vitro study of larval feed inhibition (first stage larvae-L1) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta, to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of CT from acacia (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannins extract (CTE); Experiment B study of the potential uses of CTE to control gastrointestinal parasites in sheep naturally infected with H. contortus e T. colubriformis, with animals divided into two groups (drenched and undrenched with CTE); Experiments C and D were carried out with sheep experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (H. contortus e T. colubriformis, respectively). In these experiments (C and D) the animals were divided into five groups GI (nematodes infect control); GII (supplemented with taniniferous sorghum); GIII (drenched with CTE once); GIV (drenched with CTE for two days) and GV (non-infect control). The results of experiment A (larval feed inhibition) and B (natural nematode infection) were promissory and showed the direct effect of CT on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes with significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups. The results of H. contortus experimental infections (experiment C) did not provide significant difference between groups (P > 0.05), however the T. colubriformis experimental infection results (experiment D) showed significant difference (P < 0.01) on EPG values of sheep supplemented with sorghum (GI) and drenched with CTE for two days (GIV), when compared with infect control (GI); Significant reduction of female worm burden was demonstrated between GI and GIV (P < 0.01) on experiment D. Reduction on nematode egg viability (from eggs to L1) and infective larvae (L3) from coprocultures made with faeces from CT treated groups were observed in experiments C and D. The results evidenced the direct action of CT on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mainly on L3 production; however more studies are necessary to indicate a strategic alternative parasite control based in CT sources

Tannins and essential oils are secondary metabolites that may be used as natural modifiers of rumen fermentation to reduce the ruminants\' methane (CH4) emission. To study the application of tannin-rich plants from Egypt and Brazil, as well as essential oils that are available in international trade, three studies were conducted at Animal Nutrition Laboratory of Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, at Piracicaba, Brazil. The first study was aimed to assess the potential of tanniniferous plants prosopis (Prosopis juliflora), acacia (Acasia saligna), atriplex (Atriplex halimus) and leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) in in vitro gas production assay, evaluating the methanogenic activity, ruminal fermentation, degradability and post ruminal protein digestibility compared with Tífton hay (Cynodon spp.) as non tannin feed. The ranking of the plants according to their potential to reduce CH4 based on organic matter truly degraded (OMTD) was acacia> leucena> atriplex> prosopis. Prosopis and leucena presented greater (P=0.002) propionate (C3) production with corresponding decrease (P=0.004) in the acetate:propionate ratio (C2/C3). Acacia and leucena showed lower (P=0.0002) NH3-N concentration associated with the decline in protein ruminal degradability. However, leucena showed greater (P<0.001) intestinal protein digestibility than acacia. The objective of the second study was to evaluate in vitro the potential of constituents of essential oils carvacrol (CAR) and eugenol (EUG) at doses of 5, 10 and 20 (CAR) and 10, 20 and 30 (EUG) \'mü\'l/75ml of culture fluid, as a natural alternative to rumen microbial fermentation modifiers compared with monensin (MON) (3 \'mü\'M/75ml of culture fluid) as a positive control. CAR10 and EUG20 showed similarity (P>0.05) in reduction of CH4 emission and OMTD compared with MON, but it had different (P<0.05) short chain fatty acids (SCFA) profile. Monensin increased C3 concentration and decreased C2/C3 ratio, but CAR10 and EUG20 increased (P<0.0001) concentrations of butyrate without effect on the total SCFA. Leucena was selected in the third study to evaluate in vivo the tannins biological activity in total apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation and CH4 emission. Six adult rumen cannulated Santa Inês sheep (70±2.5 kg) were individually divided into three experimental diets in a double Latin square design (3 treatments, 3 periods, 6 animals). In the control diet (CNTRL), animals received a basal diet containing Tifton hay (70%), soybean meal (21%) and ground maize (9%). The second diet contained leucena (LEUC), (123 and 8.8 g/kg DM of total tannins and condensed tannins respectively) replacing 50% of Tífton hay. The third diet (LPEG), polyethylene glycol was supplemented at rate of 20g/day/animal. Leucaena-containing diets increased intake of crude protein (P=0.008) and lignin (P<0.001) compared with CNTRL, while there were no significant differences among all diets for the nutrients apparent digestibility except for acid detergent fiber (ADF) was reduced (P=0.0009) by LEUC. Leucaena-containing diet reduced (P<0.001) rumen ammonia concentration and urinary excretion of nitrogen (P=0.0065). Leucena-containing diets decreased (P<0.001) CH4 emission as well as reduced (P<0.001) C2/C3 ratio compared to CNTRL. These studies highlight the potential of tanniniferous plants and the essential oils active components to modulate the rumen fermentation and to reduce CH4 emission in ruminants / Taninos e óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários que podem ser utilizados como modificadores naturais da fermentação ruminal para reduzir a emissão de metano (CH4) de ruminantes. Para estudar a aplicação de plantas ricas em taninos oriundas do Egito e do Brasil, bem como óelos essencias disponíveis no comércio internacional, três estudos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo investigar o potencial das plantas taniníferas prosopis (Prosopis juliflora), acácia (Acasia saligna), atriplex (Atriplex halimus) e leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) em ensaio in vitro de produção de gás, avaliando o potencial metanogênico, a degradabilidade ruminal da proteína e a digestibilidade da proteína pós-ruminal, em comparação com feno de Tífton (Cynodon spp.) como alimento sem tanino. O ranking das plantas de acordo com seu potencial de redução de CH4 com base na matéria orgânica verdadeiramente degradada (MODV) foi acácia> leucena> atríplex> prosopis. Prosopis e leucena apresentaram maior (P=0,002) produção de propionato (C3) com diminuição (P=0,004) correspondente na relação acetato:propionato (C2/C3). Acácia e leucena apresentaram menor (P=0,0002) concentração de NH3-N associada com a diminuição na degradabilidade ruminal da proteína. No entanto, a leucena mostrou maior (P<0,0001) digestibilidade da proteína intestinal que a acácia. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi avaliar in vitro o potencial dos óleos essenciais carvacrol (CAR) e eugenol (EUG), nas doses 5, 10 e 20 (CAR) e 10, 20 e 30 (EUG) \'mü\'l/75ml de fluido de cultura, como alternativa de modificadores naturais da fermentação ruminal em comparação com a Monensina (MON) (3 \'mü\'M/75ml de fluido de cultura) como controle positivo. CAR10 e EUG20 apresentaram similaridade na CH4 e MODV comparado com MON, no entanto foram diferentes (P<0.05) no perfil de AGV, onde MON aumentou a concentração de C3 e diminuiu C2/C3, mas ambos CAR10 e EUG20 aumentaram (P<0,0001) as concentrações de butirato. Leucena foi selecionada no terceiro estudo para avaliação in vivo da atividade biológica de taninos na digestibilidade aparente, balanço de nitrogênio, fermentação ruminal e emissão de CH4. Seis ovinos Santa Inês adultos, canulados no rúmen (70±2,5kg) foram individualmente divididos em três dietas experimentais em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (3tratamentos, 3períodos, 6animais). A dieta controle (CNTRL), contendo feno de Tífton (70%), farelo de soja (21%) e milho (9%). A dieta (LEUC), contendo leucena (123 e 8,8g/kg MS taninos totais e taninos condensados, respectivamente), consistiu na dieta controle, tendo 50% do feno de Tífton substituído pela leucena. A dieta LPEG constituiu da dieta LEUC mais a adição de 20g/dia/animal de polietileno glicol (PEG). Dietas contendo leucena aumentaram (P=0,008) a ingestão de proteína bruta, nitrogênio (P=0,005) e lignina (P<0,001) em comparação com CNTRL, enquanto não houve diferenças significativas para as digestibilidades aparentes das nutrientes mas a dieta LEUC diminuiu (P=0,0009) a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido, amônia ruminal (P<0,0001) e excreção urinária de nitrogênio (P=0,0065). Dietas contendo leucena diminuíram (P<0,0001) CH4 bem como diminuíram (P<0,0001) C2/C3 em comparação com CNTRL. Estes estudos destacam o potencial das plantas taniníferas e os óleos essenciais para modular a fermentação ruminal e reduzirem a emissão de CH4

Na alimentação animal, o sorgo pode ser explorado de diversas formas. Além dos grãos, a planta pode ser oferecida na forma de silagem, rolão, verde ou ainda pastejada; embora o valor nutritivo pode sofrer algumas variações pela presença ou ausência de compostos fenólicos como os taninos condensados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química-bromatológica, qualidade fermentativa e produção de gases in vitro nas silagens de sorgo granífero adicionados com diferentes níveis de guandu. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro estudo (Capítulo 3) avaliou os efeitos da adição de forragem de guandu sobre a composição química-bromatológica e fermentativas da silagem de sorgo granífero. Os tratamentos foram compostos por: T1 - Silagem com 100% de sorgo, T2 - Silagem com 25% de guandu e 75% de sorgo, T3 - Silagem com 50% de guandu e 50% de sorgo, T4 - Silagem com 75% de guandu e 25% de sorgo e T5 Silagem com 100% de guandu. As variáveis estudadas para a composição química e fermentativas das silagens foram: matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro (FDA), carboidratos totais (CHOT), matéria mineral (MM), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC), pH, capacidade tampão (CT), perdas fermentativas e ácido lático. A adição de guandu promoveu efeito linear (P<0,01) nas silagens para os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, FT, assim como para as perdas fermentativas de MS da silagem. Enquanto para os teores de CHOT, MM e TC verificaram-se respostas quadráticas (p<0,01) entre as silagens. Inclusões de 25, 50 e 75% de guandu, com base na matéria fresca, seriam suficientes para melhorar o valor nutricional assim como para se obter melhor padrão fermentativo da silagem de sorgo. O segundo estudo (Capítulo 4) avaliou a produção total de gases, metano, degradabilidade da MS (DMS) e degradabilidade da MO (DMO) em silagens de sorgo granífero com níveis crescentes de guandu através da técnica in vitro de produção de gases. Foram avaliadas as cinco silagens de sorgo granífero com níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de guandu utilizados como substratos. Para avaliar o efeito do tanino nas silagens sobre a produção de gases, procedeu-se um bioensaio, no qual os substratos foram incubados na presença de polietileno glicol (PEG), macro molécula capaz de ligar-se aos taninos presente no substrato, liberando os nutrientes para a fermentação; sendo o efeito do tanino medido pelo incremento na produção de gases. Não houve diferença estatística para a produção total de gases e metano para os níveis de inclusão do guandu, entretanto houve diferença significativa para o contraste nível zero e a inclusão do guandu. Para os incrementos também não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis (PG, CH4, DMS e DMO). Por outro lado, houve maior PG e maior incremento para o nível de 25% de guandu com a presença do PEG. Foi encontrado maior emissão de metano e incremento de metano para o nível 50% de guandu, quando comparado com os demais níveis. Houve maior DMS e DMO no substrato com 100% de guandu com a presença do PEG. Concluiu-se que a adição de forragem de guandu na silagem de sorgo aumentou o conteúdo de PB e reduziu os teores de FDN, implicando um melhor valor nutritivo das silagens, contudo os taninos condensados precisariam ser monitorados para futuros experimentos in vivo / In animal nutrition, sorghum can be used in various ways. Besides grain, the plant can be offered as silage, pollard, green or even grazed. Although the nutritional value may undergo some changes by the presence or absence of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and gas production in vitro in sorghum silage added with different levels of pigeon pea. The study was divided into two experiments. The first study (Chapter 3) evaluated the effects of the addition of pigeon pea grass on the chemical composition and fermentation of sorghum silage. The treatments were: T1 - silage with 100% sorghum, T2 - silage with 25% of pigeon pea and sorghum 75%, T3 - silage with 50% of pigeon pea and sorghum 50%, T4 - silage with 75% pigeon pea and 25% of sorghum and T5 - silage with 100% pigeon pea. The parameters of chemical composition and fermentation of the silage were: dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TCHO), ash, total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT), condensed tannins (CT), pH, buffer capacity (BC), losses of fermentation and lactic acid. The addition of pigeon pea showed linear effect (P <0.01) in silage for DM, CP, NDF, ADF, TP, as well as the levels of CT and fermentation losses in DM of silage. As for the contents of TCHO, CT and MM there were quadratic responses (p <0.01) among silages. The results observed that, inclusion of 25, 50 and 75% pigeon pea, based on fresh weight, are sufficient to improve the nutritional value and to achieve better fermentation pattern of sorghum silage. The second study (Chapter 4) evaluated the production of gases, methane, DM degradability and degradability of OM in silage sorghum with increasing levels of pigeon pea using the technique of bioassay gas production. Five types of grain sorghum silage with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of pigeon pea were used as substrates and evaluated by gás production technique. There were no significant differences with and without the presence of PEG within each level using regression, for (GP, CH4 and DMD), but there were significant effect for using of contrast for the variables (GP, CH4 and OMD). No significant difference was observed for the increments for the variables (GP and CH4,). On the other hand GP was more increase in the level of 25% of pigeon pea in the presence of PEG. Compared with the other levels of pigeon pea the level 50% showed higher emissions of methane. In the presence of PEG,DMD and OMD Showed higher percentage on the substrate with 100% of pigeon pea . it can be concluded that ,the addition of pigeon pea in sorghum silage increased the PC content and decreased the NDF, implying a higher nutritive value of silages, but the tannins need to be monitored for future experiments in vivo

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Nelson Eduardo Duran Caballero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T07:57:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_FranciscoAdaode_D.pdf: 5687735 bytes, checksum: 30f309fc3c8612bce1b126f965cd65a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A produção de plásticos sintéticos tem aumentado ano após ano, por ser barato, resistente, etc. Mas, os especialistas advertem que o lucro obtido na industrialização e comercialização dos plásticos não pode por em risco o futuro da humanidade. Os fatos demonstram que o planeta já foi prejudicado, principalmente a fauna e a flora marinha. A solução para este problema é o desenvolvimento de materiais biodegradáveis, que garantam um desenvolvimento sustentável, onde o homem e o meio possam conviver sem causar prejuízos entre si. Com este princípio, buscamos neste trabalho o desenvolvimento de blendas biodegradáveis de polímeros naturais, com potencial para substituir alguns dos plásticos convencionais, contribuindo para o binômio produção versus preservação ambiental. A lignina é uma biomacromolécula, assim como o tanino, os quais são disponíveis em grande quantidade no Brasil. O outro componente da blenda, o copolímero de poli(3- hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) ou PHBV, é uma biomolécula, termoplástico natural, biodegradável e biocompatível. Foi escolhida esta proporção (50:50)% (m/m), esta proporção foi a proporção estudada anteriormente, para a blenda de lignina de bagaço de cana com o PHBV, no aparelho Haake. Os estudos das propriedades mecânicas mostraram boas características de resistência, sendo processada na extrusora dupla rosca e injetada para a confecção dos corpos de prova. Foi estudada a biodegradação das amostras, em meio sólido, por ação dos fungos e bactérias do solo. As caracterizações das blendas (50:50) %, (m/m), ligninas, taninos, PHBV e PHB foram feitas por: Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Análise Dinâmico Mecânica (DMA), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Análise Elementar (CHN), Espectroscopia de Fluorescência, Fluorescência de Raios-X e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio (RMN- 1H). / Abstract: The production of synthetic plastics has been increasing year after year, for being cheap, resistant, and soon however, the specialists notice that the profit obtained in the industrialization and commercialization of the plastics should not put in risk the Humanity's future. The facts demonstrate that the planet was already harmed, mainly the fauna and the sea flora. The solution for this problem is the development of biodegradable materials to guarantee a sustained development, where the man and the environment have together without causing damages amongst themselves. With this objective, we decided to study in this work the development of biodegradable blends of natural polymer, with potential to substitute some of the conventional plastics, contributing thus the binomial production versus environmental preservation. The lignin is a biomacromolecule, as well as the tannin, theses components are available in great amount in the tropical countries like Brazil. The other component of the blends, the copolymer of poly(3-hydroxybutirate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) or PHBV, is a natural biomolecule, thermoplastic, biodegradable and biocompatible. It was chosen this proportion (50:50) % (w/w), also this proportion was studied previously in our research group, for the blend of lignin of sugar cane bagasse with PHBV, in the apparatus Haake. The studies of mechanical properties because showed good resistance characteristics. The blends were processed in the twin screw extruders and injected for the making of the test sample. It was studied the biodegradation of the samples, in solid medium, in presence of the fungi and bacteria of the soil. The characterization of blends (50:50%) (w/w), lignins, tannins, PHBV's and PHB's were made by: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Scanning Microscopy Electronic (SEM), Elementary Analysis (CHN), Spectroscopy of Fluorescence, Fluorescence of ray-X and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Hydrogen (NMR -1H). / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Content: Tannins are high molecular weight polyphenols, naturally synthesized by plants to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stress factors. Their role as antioxidant, antibiotic and antibacterial agent has been known for many years among agriculture, food, pharma and cosmetics industry. If tannins would perform an antibacterial activity in a vegetable tanned leather, the leather itself could be certified as an antibacterial material. This effect could be very interesting for all the applications in which the leather, being in contact with sweat and bacteria, becomes a solution to reduce more or less severe hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. The goal of the study was the assessment of the antibacterial activity of vegetable tanned leathers with natural tannins to produce articles in direct contact with human skin and, therefore, their effect on sweat, bacterial growth and metabolite production. Firstly, the antibacterial activity has been evaluated and compared between leathers tanned with Chestnut, Quebracho and Tara extracts, chrome tanned leathers and synthetic materials. The trial was performed in vitro by inoculating gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. A later step defined the most suitable blend of tannins to obtain, after tanning and/or retanning, an antibacterial natural leather. Furthermore, the vegetable tanned leathers, made with this tannins blend, have been the target of an in vivo trial during which 15 panelists have worn two differently made shoes. The lining and insole inside the right shoe have been made with vegetable tanned leathers with tannins, while the ones inside the left shoe contained only synthetic material. The shoes have been worn for 28 consecutive days, followed by a molecular and bioinformatic analysis of microbiota samples taken from the inner surface of the shoes by using a sterile swab. Lastly, a biochemical analysis of volatile short chain fatty acids has been carried out to investigate the byproducts of the bacteria responsible for the unpleasant odor of shoes. Take-Away: 1. Vegetable tanned leather is a wonderful antibacterial material thanks to the presence of natural tannins, such as chestnut, quebracho and tara. This property is appreciated in the production of insole leather, lining, leather goods and automotive interiors. 2. The problem of bromhidrosis (bad feet odor) can be avoided by using vegetable tanned leather. 3. In particular, vegetable leathers tanned with tannins used to make inside part of the shoes permit to avoid the formation of cheesy and acidic odours thanks to their antibacterial properties and their capacity to absorb sweat.

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Plants naturally produce primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are directly involved with plant growth and metabolic function. Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) were once thought of as metabolic waste products, and more recently viewed as toxins to herbivores. However, ongoing research shows that PSM are beneficial to herbivores at low doses, and PSM aid plants by attracting pollinators, recovering from injury, protecting from ultraviolet radiation, increasing drought tolerance, and aid in defense against pathogens, diseases, and herbivores. Plant secondary metabolites also influence soil nutrient cycling, and can increase the sustainability of agroecosystems. Endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) , which contains ergovaline, and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), containing gramine, were studied along with the legumes alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which contains saponins, and tannin-containing sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). This dissertation researches (i) how planting configuration (monocultures vs. two-way mixtures) influences PSM and total N in plants, (ii) how cattle grazing forages containing PSM affects soil quality, nutrient cycling, and PSM, and (iii) how cattle manure from different diets, containing different PSM, influences soil nutrient cycling.

Blood is considered one of the most widely tested biological matrices. The first step in blood identification involves visual examination followed by presumptive testing. Once a positive presumptive result is observed, confirmatory tests are performed to determine that a stain is human blood, thus reducing the time and resources spent on forensically irrelevant samples. When interfering agents are present, this general workflow is hindered as presumptive tests can render false-negative results. General awareness of these interfering agents can help analysts to recognize forensically relevant evidence that may have otherwise been deemed immaterial. The main objective of this study was to understand various interfering agents and their effects on presumptive blood tests such as Kastle Meyer (KM) and Orthotolidine (O-tol) reagents and confirmatory tests such as HemaTrace® and Rapid Stain Identification (RSID™) Blood. Additional experiments explored the effects on downstream DNA analysis. In the first part of the study, bloodstains in varying concentrations were exposed to ten chemical interferents over a period of time to understand how blood dilution, age of the stain, and the chemical nature of the interferent affect presumptive blood test results. Antioxidants, active oxygen, and tannins are known to interrupt the mechanism of presumptive tests. Thus, ten interfering agents (ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, sodium percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, proanthocyanidins, quebracho extract, chestnut extract, and theaflavin) were selected based on these characteristics. Six blood dilutions (neat, 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500, and 1:1000) were exposed to the interferents, and presumptive tests for blood were conducted on six days (day 1, 8, 22, 43, 71, and 106). The second part of the study examined bloodstains deposited on real-world samples (wines, citrus fruit juices, teas, coffee, cleaning agents, and leather products) containing chemical interferents. In addition, confirmatory testing for human blood was conducted with HemaTrace® and RSID™-Blood on day 106 using the 1:500 dilution. Finally, DNA analysis of 1:10 dilution stains was performed on day 150 to study whether downstream DNA analysis was compromised due to the presence of the interferents. The results showed that as blood concentration reduced, more false-negative results were observed when chemical interferents were present. Further, chemical interferents produced frequent atypical color changes in tests with KM and O-tol reagents, while only some atypical color changes were observed with the household products tested. Immunochromatographic assay results indicated both HemaTrace® and RSID™-Blood could detect the presence of blood when interfering agents are present, although the positive result bands with RSID™-Blood were faint and sometimes difficult to visualize. Poor DNA results from the untreated blood sample limited any interpretation of the DNA results obtained from bloodstains deposited on household products. Overall, the data indicates that valuable blood evidence may be overlooked due to faint or false-negative results when these interferents are present. Future studies should focus on how these interferents may affect downstream DNA analysis.

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