Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-04-17T17:46:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 467349 - Texto Completo.pdf: 1380139 bytes, checksum: a0f35ff3198d62b3c575ffb10f483c76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T17:46:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 467349 - Texto Completo.pdf: 1380139 bytes, checksum: a0f35ff3198d62b3c575ffb10f483c76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The present investigation aims at analysing the alliance between the State and the Church according to the actions of Ordem de S?o Francisco and Companhia de Jesus, at Rio da Prata Colonial territory. The analysis will be carried out from the conflict involving the jesuits and the Franciscan Bernardino de C?denas, nominated Bishop of Assun??o in 1638 and Governor in 1649, thus gathering both the religious and the civil power of the Province in his hands. The time ranging between the two nominations corresponds to the period of the conflict which starts at the arrival of the new Bishop to Paraguay, in 1642 and will continue up to1660, when the courts of Rome and Spain will decide on the conflict. The feud breaks out due to the economic crisis in Paraguai, as the local settlers could not find satisfactory native labor to help them. Their difficulties continued increasing, mainly after the jesuits stablished the Jesuitic reductions according to which the reduced natives could not be incorporated to the encomienda system. This study will also indicate some differences and similarities in the reduction model proposed by the religious Orders, as well as their relations with the Royal Patronage, which will start to provide the jesuits with privileges, originating an overlap of powers which will generate the conflict. / O objetivo central desta investiga??o ? analisar a alian?a entre Estado e Igreja por meio da atua??o da Ordem de S?o Francisco e da Companhia de Jesus no territ?rio do Rio da Prata Colonial. A an?lise se desenvolver? a partir do conflito envolvendo os jesu?tas e o franciscano Bernardino de C?rdenas, nomeado bispo de Assun??o em 1638 e Governador em 1649, reunindo na sua pessoa, o poder civil e religioso da prov?ncia. A delimita??o temporal corresponde ao desenrolar do conflito, que se estabelece, sobretudo, a partir da chegada do novo Bispo ao Paraguai, em 1642, e se e estender? at? 1660 quando as cortes de Roma e Espanha deliberar?o acerca do conflito. A contenda eclode devido ? crise econ?mica que o Paraguai se encontrava, visto que os colonos locais n?o conseguiam de maneira satisfat?ria a m?o de obra ind?gena necess?ria para o trabalho. A dificuldade dos colonos somente aumentava, sobretudo ap?s o estabelecimento das redu??es Jesu?ticas que n?o permitiam que os ind?genas reduzidos se incorporassem ao sistema de encomienda. O estudo ainda acena nos indicar? algumas diferen?as e semelhan?as no modelo de redu??o proposto pelas Ordens religiosas, bem como suas rela??es com o real padroado, que passar? a deliberar privil?gios aos jesu?tas, ocasionando uma sobreposi??o de poderes que gerar? o conflito.

L'érosion éolienne des matières granulaires (minerais, charbons,. . . ) est un des facteurs influençant grandement la qualité de l'air dans l'environnement proche de nombreux sites industriels. L'objectif principal de ce travail est l'amélioration des méthodologies de quantification des émissions des sources diffuses, notamment à partir d'une meilleure prise en compte de l'exposition éolienne des sources que sont les tas de stockage et des répartitions granulométriques des matières présentes sur les sites de stockage. Les observations sur sites industriels montrent que les régions proches des tas de stockage de matières granulaires sont chargées de particules de granulométries plutôt fines. Celles-ci sont susceptibles d'être remises en suspension par les structures tourbillonnaires générées par le vent incident. Ainsi, ces zones d'envol potentiel ont fait l'objet d'analyses afin de quantifier leur contribution aux émissions globales. Une technique de visualisation d'écoulement pariétal, associée à des simulations numériques tridimensionnelles, ont été mises en oeuvre pour mieux comprendre ces structures de l'écoulement. Les matières granulaires sont un mélange de particules érodibles et non-érodibles. Le caractère érodible étant lié aux propriétés des particules (principalement granulométrie et masse volumique), ainsi qu'à la vitesse du vent incident. Dans ce cadre, deux types d'études ont été menées: des essais expérimentaux d'envol de particules dans une soufflerie et des simulations numériques tridimensionnelles avec un logiciel open-source de mécanique des fluides (Code_Saturne). Une technique originale a ainsi été développée pour quantifier, par une pesée en continue, l'influence des particules non-érodibles sur le flux massique envolé. En parallèle, le comportement des particules sur la surface est analysé à l'aide de clichés photographiques. L'analyse de l'effet des particules non-érodibles au niveau local est réalisée grâce à des simulations numériques pour des configurations polydispersées. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire constituent de premiers éléments pouvant possiblement contribuer à l'amélioration des modèles actuels de quantification des émissions de particules par une meilleure intégration et pris en compte de la présence de particules non-érodibles pour les matières présentant de larges spectres granulométriques.

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This thesis concerns new hydrogen- and polarity-related effects in the photoluminescence of ZnO single crystal wafers and the relationship between surface electron accumulation and surface hydroxyl coverage on different ZnO surfaces. A comparative study of the low temperature photoluminescence of various types of hydrothermal and melt-grown ZnO wafers revealed several new hydrogen-related exciton recombination lines and a number of consistent polarity-related differences in the PL emission from different crystallographic surfaces. Temperature-dependent PL measurements were extensively used to distinguish the ground and excited state transitions involved in these effects. ZnO samples of different surface polarity were annealed in oxygen and nitrogen gases and in hydrogen-containing forming gas mixtures in an attempt to identify the origin of these new PL features. The well known aluminium-related I_₆ recombination line was resolved into two separate features in hydrothermal ZnO, and the new component I6-H (3.36081 eV) was found to repeatedly quench and then re-emerge after annealing in oxygen and forming gas, respectively. A model involving an aluminium - lithium - hydrogen defect complex was proposed for I6-H and further tested via hydrogen and deuterium implantation experiments on hydrothermal ZnO wafers with different lithium concentrations. These experiments also provided evidence for the involvement of a different lithium-hydrogen defect complex in other hydrogen-related emission lines I₄b,c (3.36219 eV and 3.36237 eV) unique to hydrothermal ZnO. In addition, a broad Gaussian-shaped feature observed in the near-band-edge PL emission from the O-polar (000‾1), a-plane (11‾20) and r-plane (1‾102) faces of ZnO was shown to be surface sensitive and also related to hydrogen. The involvement of hydrogen in the chemical and electronic properties of different ZnO surfaces was also investigated. The thermal stability of the hydroxyl termination and the associated downward surface band bending on the polar and non-polar surfaces of ZnO was studied by synchrotron and real-time photoelectron spectroscopy, both during and after annealing and subsequent H₂O/H₂ dosing in ultra-high vacuum conditions. On the O-polar face, the band bending could be reversibly switched over a range of approximately 0.8 eV by adjusting the surface H-coverage using simple UHV heat treatments and atmospheric exposure. A transition from electron accumulation to electron depletion on the O-polar face was observed at a H-coverage of approximately 0.9 monolayers. In contrast, the downward band bending on the Zn-polar face was significantly more resilient and electron-depleted surfaces could not be prepared by heat treatment alone. This was also the case for in situ cleaving in UHV conditions which failed to produce hydroxyl-free surfaces due to migration of hydrogen from the bulk to the cleaved surface. Interestingly, the thermal stability of the hydroxyl termination on the a-plane (11‾20) and m-plane (10‾10) surfaces was signiifcantly lower than on the polar faces due to the availability of a lower energy desorption pathway and the electrostatic stability of these non-polar surfaces in their clean, bulk terminated form. The surface band bending on the non-polar ZnO surfaces was also found to be directly related to their OH coverage with a transition from downward to upward band bending, similar to that observed on the O-polar face, as the OH coverage was reduced. Thermal admittance spectroscopy and deep level transient spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of lithium removal on the defect nature of hydrothermal ZnO. A number of new defects were introduced by the high temperature (1100-1400°C) annealing/re-polishing process used to reduce the lithium concentration, particularly E₁₉₀ (also known as T2) which is thought to be related to Zn vacancies. Significantly, both the E₅₀ defect level and the I6-H PL emission line were absent after lithium (and hydrogen) removal suggesting an association of both these features with the same aluminium - lithium - hydrogen defect complex.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tasmania, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences. / Typescript bound. Includes bibliographical references: (leaves167-173) Also available online.

La sécurité des systèmes est devenue un élément majeur du développement logicielle, pour les éditeurs, les utilisateurs et les agences gouvernementales. Un problème récurrent est la détection de vulnérabilités, qui consiste à détecter les bugs qui pourraient permettre à un attaquant de gagner des privilèges non prévues, comme la lecture ou l’écriture de donnée sensible, voir même l’exécution de code non autorisé. Cette thèse propose une approche pratique pour la détection d’une vulnérabilité particulière : le use-after-free, qui apparaît quand un élément du tas est utilisé après avoir été libéré. Cette vulnérabilité a été utilisé dans de nombreux exploits, et est, de par sa nature, difficile à détecter. Les problèmes récurrents pour sa détection sont, par exemple, le fait que les éléments déclenchant la vulnérabilité peuvent être répartis à de grande distance dans le code, le besoin de raisonner sur l’allocateur mémoire, ou bien la manipulation de pointeurs. L’approche proposé consiste en deux étapes. Premièrement, une analyse statique, basée sur une analyse légère, mais non sûre, appelé GUEB, permet de traquer les accès mémoire ainsi que l’état des éléments du tas (alloué / libéré / utilisé) . Cette analyse mène à un slice de programme contenant de potentiel use-after-free. La seconde étape vient alors confirmer ou non la présence de vulnérabilité dans ces slices, et est basée sur un moteur d'exécution symbolique guidé, développé dans la plateforme Binsec. Ce moteur permet de générer des entrées du programme réel déclenchant un use-after-free. Cette combinaison s’est montré performante en pratique et a permis de détecter plusieurs use-after-free qui étaient précédemment inconnu dans plusieurs codes réels. L’implémentation des outils est disponible en open-source et fonctionne sur du code x86. / Security is becoming a major concern in software development, both for software editors, end-users, and government agencies. A typical problem is vulnerability detection, which consists in finding in a code bugs able to let an attacker gain some unforeseen privileges like reading or writing sensible data, or even hijacking the program execution.This thesis proposes a practical approach to detect a specific kind of vulnerability, called use-after-free, occurring when a heap memory block is accessed after being freed. Such vulnerabilities have lead to numerous exploits (in particular against web browsers), and they are difficult to detect since they may involve several distant events in the code (allocating, freeingand accessing a memory block).The approach proposed consists in two steps. First, a coarse-grain and unsound binary level static analysis, called GUEB, allows to track heap memory blocks operation (allocation, free, and use). This leads to a program slice containing potential use-after-free. Then, a dedicated guided dynamic symbolic execution, developed within the Binsec plateform, is used to retrieve concreteprogram inputs aiming to trigger these use-after-free. This combination happened to be be effective in practice and allowed to detect several unknown vulnerabilities in real-life code. The implementation is available as an open-source tool-chain operating on x86 binary code.

Les TAS (Telomeric Associated Sequences) sont des régions sub-télomériques répétées non codantes formant un locus hétérochromatique chez Drosophila melanogaster. Il existe deux grandes familles de TAS, les TAS-R et les TAS-L possédant une structure et des propriétés différentes. Durant cette thèse, j'ai montré que les TAS dériveraient d'une séquence commune appelée TLL rapprochant ainsi les TAS-R et les TAS-L. Par ailleurs, une étude des populations de drosophiles récoltées récemment dans la nature a permis de montrer qu'il existe une pression de sélection pour la présence du TAS-X dans ces souches alors que celui peut être perdu quand les drosophiles sont maintenues dans les laboratoires pendant plusieurs générations. Le TAS-X pourrait avoir un rôle différent dans la nature. Par ailleurs, j'ai montré que les locus TAS permettent l'établissement de la répression des séquences qui s'y insèrent par la transmission de ses propriétés épigénétiques. Ce type de mécanisme pourrait être généralisé aux autres locus producteurs de piRNA du génome qui assurerait ainsi la répression d'un nouvel élément qui arriverait dans une " trappe génomique ". / TAS (Telomeric Associated Sequences) are heterochromatic subtelomeric region made of non coding repeated sequences in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two TAS families : TAS-R and TAS-L, with different structures and properties. In this study, we are showing that the TAS could have derived from a common sequence called TLL suggesting that TAS-R and TAS-L are more related than previously thought. Moreover, analysis of drosophila populations recently collected from the wild have shown that there is selection pressure for the presence of TAS-X in those lines, while this locus can be lost when flies are maintened in laboratory conditions for several generations. Thus TAS-X could have a special role in the wild. I have also shown that TAS loci transfer their epigenetic properties to the sequences that land in their loci, thereby establishing their repression. This kind of mechanism could be generalized to the other genomic piRNA producing loci that would ensure the repression of a novel element landing in a « genomic trap ».

On s'intéresse à deux classes de chaînes de Markov combinatoires. On commence avec les chaînes de Markov de Jonglage, inspirées du modèle de jonglage introduit par Warrington, pour lesquelles on définit des généralisations multivariées des modèles existants. On en calcule les mesures stationnaires et les facteurs de normalisation que l'on exprime par des formules explicites. On s'intéresse également au cas limite où la hauteur maximale à laquelle le jongleur peut lancer ses balles tend vers l'infini. On propose alors une reformulation de la chaîne de Markov en termes de partitions d'entiers, ce qui permet aussi de définir un modèle où le jongleur manipule une infinité de balles. Les preuves sont obtenues en utilisant une chaîne enrichie sur les partitions d'ensembles. On exhibe également, pour l'un des modèles, une propriété de convergence ultrarapide : la mesure stationnaire y est atteinte en un nombre fini d'étapes. Dans le Chapitre suivant, on s'intéresse à des généralisations multivariées de ces modèles : on considère cette fois un jongleur manipulant des balles de différents poids, et lorsqu'une balle entre en collision avec une balle plus légère, cette dernière est éjectée vers le haut, pouvant à son tour en heurter une autre plus légère, jusqu'à ce qu'une balle atteigne l'emplacement le plus élevé. On donnera ici encore une formule explicite pour les mesures stationnaires et les facteurs de normalisation. Dans le dernier Chapitre, on s'intéresse cette fois au modèle du tas de sable stochastique, pour lequel on démontre une conjecture posée par Selig, selon laquelle la mesure stationnaire ne dépend pas de la loi d'ajout des grains de sable. / We consider two types of combinatoric Markov chains. We start with Juggling Markov chains, inspired from Warrington's model. We define multivariate generalizations of the existing models, for which we give stationary mesures and normalization factors with closed-form expressions. We also investigate the case where the maximum height at which the juggler may send balls tends to infinity. We then reformulate the Markov chain in terms of integer partitions, which allows us to consider the case where the juggler interacts with infinitely many balls. Our proofs are obtained through an enriched Markov chain on set partitions. We also show that one of the models has the ultrafast convergence property : the stationary mesure is reached after a finite number of steps. In the following Chapter, we consider multivariate generalizations of those models : the juggler now juggles with balls of different weights, and when a heavy ball collides with a lighter one, this light ball is bumped to a higher position, where it might collide with a lighter one, until a ball reaches the highest position. We give closed-form expressions for the stationary mesures and the normalization factors. The last Chapter is dedicated to the stochastic sandpile model, for which we give a proof for a conjecture set by Selig : the stationary mesure does not depend on the law governing sand grains additions.

The unveiling of small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene regulatory pathways has profoundly shaped our understanding of the complexity of gene regulation. In eukaryotes, sRNAs have been found to control cellular metabolism, growth and differentiation, to maintain genome integrity, and to combat viruses and mobile genetic elements. To gain insight into the roles of small RNAs in apple and peach, we conducted sRNA-seq, computational analysis and molecular experiments to genome-widely characterize their microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways. We identified totally 75 miRNAs or families, including 23 conserved, 10 less-conserved and 42 apple-specific ones, and 118 miRNA target genes in apple. Two classical trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways, miR390-TAS3 and miR828-TAS4, were characterized with similar but unique tasiRNA biogenesis profiles and target specificities. Importantly, miR159, miR828 and miR858 can collectively target up to 81 MYB genes potentially involved in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. In contrast to the location of the miR159 target site in a sequence-divergent region, the target sites of miR828 and miR858 are located in the region encoding the conserved R3 repeat domain of MYB proteins. 10 out of the 19 miR828-targeted MYBs undergo the biogenesis of various phased siRNA (phasiRNA), which potentially regulate diverse genes outside the MYB family. In peach, totally 94 miRNAs or families and 80 target genes were identified. Similar pathways of tasiRNA (miR828-TAS4 and miR390-TAS3) or phasiRNA (miR828-MYB-siRNA) processing were also characterized in peach. Taking advantage of reverse computation and public available deep-sequencing data, we demonstrated that the miRNA-TAS-PPR-siRNA pathway is a highly dynamic and widespread feature of eudicots. Nine eudicot plants, representing six different plant families, have evolved similar tasiRNA pathways to instigate phasiRNA production from PPR �genes, which are triggered by different 22-nt miRNAs, including miR7122, miR1509, and fve-PPRtri1/2 and through distinct mechanistic strategies, like miRNA direct-targeting or indirect-targeting through TAS-like genes, one-hit or two-hit, or even two layers of tasiRNA-TAS interactions. We found that the MIRNA genes of these miRNA triggers show great identity with the Arabidopsis MIR173, implying a common origin of this group of miRNAs (super-miR7122). Combined results from phylogenetic analyses and conservation extent profiling revealed that the super-miR7122 was potentially evolved from another miRNA superfamily (super-miR4376), which probably originated from the miR390. Additionally, the miR482/2118-NB-LRR-siRNA pathway was found to be conserved, but evolved with distinct features, in apple and peach. Taken together, widespread and complex miRNA and tasiRNA regulatory networks have been adapted in apple and peach. They add another crucial layer of regulation on gene activity and stability, and must exert essential functions in all aspects of plant life. / Ph. D.