published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Humanities / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Antioxidant properties of green tea (GT) have been widely reported. The antioxidant capacity (AOC) of green tea was investigated to include the effect of infusion time over 24 hours. The AOC was measured by the FRAP, DPPH, TEAC, and CBA assays. It was proven according that after 2 hours of brewing, tea has higher AOC and Total phenolic content (TPC), these significantly decreases after 4 hours. GT has a high amount of polyphenols with potent AOC. However, interactions between polyphenols and food matrix may decrease their potential benefit. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the addition of milk (full fat, semi-skimmed, and skimmed) may affect the phenolic content and AOC was measured. The results indicated the plain GT had highest activity; then tea with FFM had a significantly higher amount of AO than others. Plant extracts possess health promoting properties. The objective of this study was to determine the TPC and AOA of different concentrations of spice extracts (fennel, clove, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, anise, and black pepper) with DPPH, TEAC and Rancimat methods. At low concentration, black pepper had a highest activity but at high concentration, ginger showed the highest activity among the extracts. The TPC for spice extract was greater for anise. Results provided evidence that the studied spices may be used as a natural AO. In recent decades, saliva has emerged as a new way to diagnose and investigate basic health problems. In this study, salivary TPC and AOC were measured after consumption a single cup of green tea with and without of milk. In a healthy adult crossover design. The salivary AOC and TPC were measured before and after consumption up to 3 hours. Results indicated that milk decreased AOC of GT when compared with the control water. The activity reached peak 1 hour after ingestion and then decreased returning to the baseline. Results confirmed that saliva could be used as an easier and safer alternative to blood to assess AOA in humans.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the members of the woman’s suffrage movement in the United States and Britain looked to soften their hard masculine image given to them by the press and to increase participation in the cause. They found that by including theatrical performances and benefits at meetings, and hosting tea socials afterwards, they could motivate many women to join without alienating or threatening men. This study looks at how tea socials and theatrical performances were used subversively to recruit new members, to debate ideas, and to disseminate information about the cause. Playwrights wrote plays that examined the questions and issues surrounding this movement, and upstart, female-operated theatre groups and social clubs presented these plays to the public, allowing the debate to reach a wider audience. Actresses themselves joined clubs to increase their presence in society, to help out other actresses, and to find political agency.

Thesis advisor: Shep Melnick / While the Tea Party’s rise in 2009 prompted enormous media attention and subsequent academic inquiry, scholarship that investigates Tea Party ideology is scant. While not a social movement in the traditional sense, the Tea Party had an undeniable influence on the 2010 midterms, especially at the state level. This paper features New Hampshire, a perennial swing state and home to one of the largest legislative shifts to Republican control in recent memory. By exploring four broad issue areas, Constitutionalism, the economy, social issues, and race, the project seeks a clearer understanding of what Tea Partiers believe and what their sympathetic state legislators espouse. The first level of analysis uses opinion polling to demonstrate that while those respondents who back the Tea Party have conservative views on perceptual questions, a plurality agree with most Americans on specific policy positions. The second level of analysis compares opinion poll responses to interviews of New Hampshire state legislators, finding that the latter group is much more rigidly conservative on tangible policies, but lacks Tea Party voters’ distinctive fears of a changing America. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Political Science.

O diabetes é um problema de saúde que vem aumentando cada vez mais na população mundial. Suas principais causas estão relacionadas aos comportamentos da vida moderna, como a má alimentação e o sedentarismo. O tratamento extremo da doença é a aplicação de insulina exógena, mas atualmente, busca-se terapias alternativas, menos invasivas e dispendiosas, e mais práticas, como o uso do chá-verde, por seu possível efeito antihiperglicêmico. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi analisar os efeitos do chá em alguns parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue e histológicos dos tecidos dentários de ratos diabéticos. Foram utilizados 80 ratos Wistar, sendo que 40 constituíram o grupo experimental diabético e 40, o grupo controle. Estes grupos foram subdivididos em dois cada, os tratados com chá-verde e os que não receberam tratamento. Seguiu-se uma terceira subdivisão em grupos de 5 animais (n=5) de acordo com os períodos experimentais de 15 dias, 1, 2 e 3 meses. A indução do diabetes foi conseguida pela injeção de 50 mg/kg de estreptozotocina intra-peritoneal em animais com 2 meses de idade. Após 1 semana o diabetes foi diagnosticado por exames clínicos e glicemia maior do que 180 mg/dL. A partir daí, os animais tratados tiveram a ingestão hídrica substituída pela ingestão de chá-verde por 24 h ao dia. O chá-verde foi preparado com 7 g da folha desidratada / L água, em infusão por 10 min. Ao completarem-se os períodos experimentais, o sangue foi colhido, os animais foram mortos e suas mandíbulas extraídas e preparadas para a análise histológica. A avaliação histomorfométrica mostrou uma redução do volume de fibras entre os grupos de 3 meses em relação ao de 15 dias. As lesões cariosas foram verificadas e apresentaram-se nos períodos de 2 e 3 meses da doença, sendo que o chá-verde provavelmente inibiu em 50% as cáries nos animais diabéticos aos 2 meses experimentais. Os níveis glicêmicos sofreram um aumento significante entre os períodos de 15 dias a 1 mês da doença e, então, mantiveram-se constantes, sendo que o chá-verde parece ter apresentado efeito anti-hiperglicêmicos neste período. Os níveis de uréia aumentaram gradualmente nos animais diabéticos, mas diminuíram aos 3 meses da doença nos animais tratados (diabéticos e controle). Os níveis de albumina mostraram-se menores somente nos diabéticos tratados aos 3 meses. Os níveis de proteínas totais foram menores desde os quinze dias de diabetes nos animais sem chá em relação aos tratados. Os níveis de colesterol acompanharam a curva de crescimento da glicemia através do tempo nos diabéticos sem tratamento. Um achado curioso foi a menor média de colesterol, aos quinze dias, do grupo diabético tratado com chá-verde. Os níveis de triglicérides só foram afetados pela doença ao terceiro mês, quando o maior nível de triglicérides foi o do grupo diabético tratado. No primeiro mês do experimento, os animais diabéticos apresentaram níveis maiores de creatinina do que os do grupo controle, mas com o chá-verde este aumento foi significativamente menor. Com base nestes dados, podemos inferir que cháverde, ingerido regularmente por via-oral, pode controlar inicialmente o avanço da cárie dentária, da glicemia e outros compostos sangüíneos, mas com o passar do tempo esse efeito parece diminuir sobre alguns produtos enquanto aumentar sobre outros. / The diabetes is a increasing all around the world. The most probable causes are the problems related to the dietry and the lack of physical exercises. The best treatment known is the insulin, however, nowadays we have some efforts to discovery new types of treatment, chipper and more practical as the green tea. The green tea is wideness know like a anti-hyperglycemic agent. In our study, we aim to analyze the biochemical effects in the blood and the histology of the dental tissues in diabetic rats submitted to the therapy of green tea. For that we used 80 Wistar rats divided first in 2 groups, control and diabetic induced by streptozotocin. So on, the groups of 40 we divided again in 2 groups, each one recived water or green tea. Each 5 animals (n=5) of each group were killed according to the periods (15, 30, 60 and 90 days). The induction was achieved by the intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of weight body of streptozotocin. One week later the diabetes was diagnosed by clinical exams where the glycemic level reached 180 mg/dL. Then, the treatment started and the green tea groups had their liquid dietry of water substituted by green tea 24 h a day. The tea was prepared with 7 g/L of water in 10 min infusion. When the periods were completed the animals were killed and their maxillaries were removed and prepared for the histological analysis. The histomorphometrical evaluation showed a reduction in the fibers volume between the 15 and 90 days experimental periods. The caries injuries were presented in the periods of 60 and 90 days, but only in the diabetical group, and the green tea was able to prevent in 50% the number of caries in 60 days of treatment. The glycemic level was pretty higher in 30 days when compared to the 15 days, after that it didnt present any significant elevation. In this gap of time (15 to 30 days) the green tea showed anti-hyperglycemic and anticholesterol effects and also decreased the creatinina level in diabetics. The urea level increased through the time in the diabetic animals, but decreased after 90 days of green tea treatment. The albumin level responded in the same way. Based on this evaluations, we are able to infer that the green tea ingested via-oral is capable of control inicially the caries and some biochemical substancies in the blood. However, these effects seam to decrease over some levels and increased in others while the time goes on presenting cumulative effects.

by Tung Kai Chiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-166). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / STATEMENT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iv / ABSTRACT --- p.vii / 撮要 --- p.x / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Innate Immunity --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Specific Acquired Immunity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMOURS --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Specific Mechanisms --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Cellular Immune Response --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Humoral Immune Response --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Non-specific Mechanism --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Natural Killer Cells --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Lymphokine-activated Cells --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Macrophages --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Other Cell Types Mediating Non-specific Immunity --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- PHYTOCHEMICALS AS POTENTIAL IMMUNOMODULATORS and anti-tumour agents --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Modulation of the Immune System --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Induction of Cancer Cell Differentiation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Stimulation of Apoptosis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Other Anti-tumour Mechanisms --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- GREEN TEA: GENERAL PROPERTIES AND PHARMACO- logical activities --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chemistry of Tea --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Physiological and Pharmacological Effects of Green Tea Catechins --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Anti-oxidative Activity --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Anti-mutagenic Activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Anti-carcinogenic Activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Anti-inflammatory Activity --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Hypocholesterolemic and Hypolipidemic Activities --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.6 --- Anti-microbial Activity --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5 --- aims and scopes of this investigation --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- MATERIALS --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cell lines --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Green Tea Catechins and Epicatechin Isomers --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Recombinant Murine Interleukin-2 (rmIL-2) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Antibodies --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- "Buffers, Culture Medium and Other Reagents" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Reagents for Gel Electrophoresis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Radioisotopes --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2 --- METHODS --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Green Tea Catechins and Epicatechin Isomers" --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Extraction of Green Tea Catechins --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Analysis of Epicatechin Isomers by HPLC --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Determination of the Bio-toxicity of Green Tea Catechins --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Assay of In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Green Tea Catechins on Splenocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for the Immunomodulatory Activities of Green Tea Catechins --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Isolation and Preparation of Cells --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- In Vitro Lymphocyte Transformation Assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Mixed Lymphocyte Culture --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Colorimetric Assay of Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Foodpad Swelling Assay of Delayed-type Hypersensitivity --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Haemagglutination Assay of In Vivo Antibody Formation --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Characterization of the Lymphocyte Subpopulations from Spleen by Flow Cytometry --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.8 --- In Vivo Migration of Macrophages --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2.9 --- In Vitro Assay of Phagocytic Activity of PEC --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.10 --- In Vitro Assay of Macrophage-mediated Cytostatic Activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assays for the Anti-tumour Activities of Green Tea Catechins --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Assay of In Vivo Anti-tumour Activity --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Induction and Assay of Natural Killer Cell Activity --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Induction and Assay of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Assay of In Vitro Tumour Cell Proliferation --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- In Vitro Tumour Clonogenicity Assay --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Induction of Myeloid Leukemic Cell Differentiation --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- DNA Fragmentation Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- Cell Cycle and DNA Content Evaluation --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- "Extraction, Purification and Characterization of GTCs" / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- RESULTS --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Extraction of Catechins from the Chinese Green Tea, Ji Pin Long Jing" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Analysis of Epicatechin Isomers by HPLC --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Bio-toxicity Determination by Brine Shrimp Bioassay --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Effect of GTCs on the Viability of Murine Splenocytes --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3 --- DISCUSSION --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of GTCs / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- RESULTS --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of GTCs on the In Vitro Proliferation of Murine Splenocytes --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- In Vitro Co-mitogenic Effect of GTCs on Murine Splenocytes --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Stimulation of Lymphocyte Proliferation In Vitro by Intraperitoneal Administration of GTCs --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of In Vivo Treatment of GTCs on In Vitro Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of In Vivo Administration of GTCs on Splenic Lymphocytes Subpopulations --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of In Vivo Administration of GTCs on the Induction of Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- In Vivo Induction of Delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC) by GTCs --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Primary Humoral Immune Response to SRBC in GTCs- treated Mice --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Effect of GTCs on In Vivo Migration of Macrophages --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Effect of GTCs on the Phagocytic Activity of Thioglycollate- elicited Macrophages In Vitro --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.11 --- Effect of In Vivo Administration of GTCs on Phagocytic Activity of Thioglycollate-elicited Macrophages In Vitro --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.12 --- Effect of GTCs on In Vitro Cytostatic Activity of Picolinic Acid-activated Macrophages --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.13 --- Effect of In Vivo Administration of GTCs on the Cytostatic Activity of Picolinic Acid-activated Macrophages --- p.101 / Chapter 4.3 --- DISCUSSION --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- THE ANTI-TUMOUR ACTIVITIES OF GTCs / Chapter 5.1 --- introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- RESULTS --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effects of GTCs on the Growth of Transplantable Tumour Cells In Vivo --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of GTCs on In Vivo Induction of Natural Killer Cells --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of GTCs on In Vitro Induction of Lymphokine- activated Killer Cell Activity --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Green Tea Epicatechin Isomers on Murine and Human Tumour Cell Lines --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- In Vitro Cytostatic Effect of EGCG on Various Tumour Cell Lines --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of EGCG on the In Vitro Clonogenicity of Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Induction of Apoptosis of Myeloid Leukemia HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.130 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Effect of EGCG on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of Myeloid Leukemia HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Effect of EGCG on the Morphological Changes of Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- Effect of EGCG on the Endocytic Activity of Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.136 / Chapter 5.3 --- discussion --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPEC- TIVES --- p.145 / REFERENCES --- p.152

by Su Ya Lun. / "August 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-181). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Chen Yu. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / List of publications --- p.II / Abstract --- p.III / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.IV / Abbreviations --- p.V / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Tea --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Green tea --- p.3 / Chapter a) --- Chemical composition of green tea --- p.3 / Chapter b) --- Pharmacological activities of green tea polyphenols --- p.6 / Chapter c) --- Pharmacokinetics of green tea polyphenols --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Validation of analysis method for tea catechins --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.16 / Chapter a) --- Preparation of a catechin-mixture from tea --- p.16 / Chapter b) --- Preparation of stock solutions --- p.18 / Chapter c) --- Preparation of biofluid samples --- p.18 / Chapter d) --- HPLC analysis of tea catechins --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter a) --- Catechin-mixture (tea extracts) --- p.21 / Chapter b) --- "Extraction from plasma, urine and feces" --- p.21 / Chapter c) --- HPLC analysis of biofluid samples --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins following administration of different doses of the catechin-mixture --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.33 / Chapter a) --- Surgery and animal maintenance --- p.33 / Chapter b) --- Dosing and sample collection --- p.33 / Chapter c) --- Pharmacokinetics analysis of tea catechins --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins following administration of different doses of individual catechins --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.53 / Chapter a) --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.53 / Chapter b) --- Pharmacokinetic study of tea catechins and the HPLC analysis --- p.53 / Chapter c) --- Pharmacokinetic analysis of tea catechins --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Plasma protein binding of tea catechins --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.72 / Chapter a) --- Ultrafiltration --- p.72 / Chapter b) --- Preparation of stock solution --- p.73 / Chapter c) --- Determination of nonspecific binding of the catechins --- p.73 / Chapter d) --- Determination of ultrafiltration conditions --- p.74 / Chapter e) --- In vitro plasma protein binding assay --- p.74 / Chapter f) --- Statistical analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter a) --- Nonspecific binding in ultrafiltration --- p.76 / Chapter b) --- Protein binding of the catechins --- p.76 / Chapter c) --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Partition of tea catechins in red blood cell --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.83 / Chapter a) --- Prepare of stock solution --- p.83 / Chapter b) --- In-vitro erythrocyte partition --- p.83 / Chapter c) --- Data Analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter a) --- Selection of experiment conditions --- p.85 / Chapter b) --- Partition of catechins to RBC --- p.85 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Comparison of pharmacokinetics of tea catechins in mixture form versus pure compound --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.95 / References --- p.98