Darbo tikslas: įvertinti karvių tešmens matų pokytį prieš melžimą ir po melžimo. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti pasirinktos karvių bandos tešmens vertinimą balais. 2. Išmatuoti karvių tešmens balus centimetrais. 3. Atlikti karvių tešmens atstumo tarp priekinių ir užpakalinių bei dešinės ir kairės pusės spenių palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 4. Išanalizuoti karvių tešmens spenių ilgio ir storio palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 5. Atlikti karvių tešmens matų ir produktyvumo bei somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus koreliacinę analizę. Išvados: 1. Karvių tešmens rodiklių įvertinimas balais parodė, kad užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, priekinių ir užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas buvo arti optimalių balų. Suskirsčius duomenis pagal karvių laktacijas nustatyta, kad daugiausiai rodiklių (užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas)arti optimalių buvo trečios ir vėlesnių laktacijų karvių. 2. Išanalizavus tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad didesnis atstumas tarp priekinių ir atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių nustatytas prieš melžimą nei po melžimo. Nuo 3,46 cm (atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių) (p<0,01) iki 3,54 cm (atstumas tarp priekinių spenių) (p<0,01). 3. Pagal tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad priekiniai speniai buvo ilgesni nei užpakaliniai prieš ir po karvių melžimo. Nustatyta, kad priekinių spenių ilgis skyrėsi nuo 5,72 cm prieš melžimą iki 6,16 cm po melžimo. Užpakalinių spenių ilgis buvo nuo 5,26 cm prieš melžimą iki 4,84 cm... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the paper is the following: To evaluate the change in the measurement of cow udder before and after milking. Objectives of the paper: 1. To perform udders numerical score of selected herd of cows. 2. To measure cows udder scores in centimeters. 3. To compare the distance between front and rear, right and left side cows udder teats before and after milking. 4. To analyze the comparison of cows udder teat length and thickness before and after milking. 5. To perform correlation analysis of cows udder measurements and productivity and number of somatic cells. The scientific research was carried out between 2011-2013 at the Department of Animal Breeding of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and dairy farm. The study evaluated 50 cows. The morphological indices of cow udders were evaluated before and after evening milking during the 2nd – 6th lactation month. During the research the following were determined: the shape of the udder, udder exterior indicators (in scores), and measurements of the udder (in centimeters). Descriptive statistics: the average of investigated traits (M), standard errors (SE), and the coefficient of phenotipical correlation (r) between the indications were calculated using the EXEL and “R” (The R Project for Statistical Computing, 2012) statistical packages. The results are reliable when p≤0.05. When comparing cows udder indicators with optimal indicators (Gedgaudas, 2008), it was found that the height of the... [to full text]

Orientador: José Carlos de Figueredo Pantoja / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever características do equipamento e manejo de ordenha, características morfológicas das tetas, prevalência de patologias não infecciosas, e identificar fatores de risco para tais patologias. Quarenta rebanhos foram visitados para realização de levantamento de dados produtivos e de manejo, avaliação estática do equipamento de ordenha, avaliação dinâmica de parâmetros de vácuo coletados no conjunto de ordenha e dos procedimentos adotados pelos colaboradores. Houve grande heterogeneidade nas dimensões das tetas avaliadas. A prevalência de edema, anel de base, cianose, hemorragia petequial e hiperqueratose grave foi 7,81%, 45,47%, 14,69%, 0,63% e 11,88%, respectivamente. Formato e posição da teta foram associados à observação de hiperqueratose. Paridade, extração automática do conjunto, nível de vácuo e duração da fase B do ciclo de pulsação foram associados à prevalência de edema. Paridade, formato da teta e tempo de ordenha foram associadas à prevalência de anel de base. Fluxo de leite bimodal, extração automática, condição da teteira, sobreordenha, nível de vácuo na cabeça da teteira e comprimento da fase B foram associados à prevalência de cianose. Práticas indesejáveis, tais como uso de teteiras desgastadas, falta de manutenção do equipamento, ausência de extração automática, longo tempo de ordenha e sobreordenha e rotina de trabalho sequencial foram mais frequentemente observadas em rebanhos com até 50 vacas, destacando dificuldades té... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objectives of this study were to describe characteristics of milking equipment and management, teat morphological characteristics, prevalence of noninfectious pathologies, and to identify risk factors for such pathologies. Forty herds were visited to collect production and management data, evaluation of the milking equipment, dynamic evaluation of vacuum parameters collected from the milking cluster, and milking procedures adopted on the farms. There was great heterogeneity in teat dimensions. The prevalence of edema, ring at the teat base, cyanosis, petechial hemorrhage, and severe hyperkeratosis was 7.81%, 45.47%, 14.69%, 0.63%, and 11.88%, respectively. Teat shape and position were associated with teat-end hyperkeratosis. Parity, automatic extraction of clusters, vacuum level, and length of the pulsation cycle´s B phase were associated with prevalence of edema. Parity, teat shape and milking duration were associated with prevalence of ring at the teat base. Bimodal milk flow, automatic extraction, liner condition, overmilking, vacuum at the mouthpiece chamber, and phase B´s length were associated with prevalence of cyanosis. Undesirable practices, such as the use of worn liners, lack of equipment maintenance, lack of automatic extraction, long milking and overmilking times, and sequential working routine were most often observed in small herds (< 50 cows), highlighting technical and structural difficulties faced by producers. Results of this study contribute to improve... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Ziel der Arbeit war es zum Einen die Eignung der Messung statischer Drücke in unterschiedlichen Größenordnungen mit Hilfe von roter Farbdichtevariation zur direkten Messung des Druckes zwischen Zitze und Zitzengummi beim Melken zu testen. Zum Anderen wurden verschiedene Einflussfaktoren auf diesen Druck analysiert. Dafür wurden Untersuchungen im Versuchsmelkstand unter der Verwendung verschiedener Zitzenmodelle durchgeführt. Der Einfluss verschiedener Anlagenvakua, Pulsationsraten, Pulsphasenverhältnisse und Zitzengummis auf die Zitzenbelastung wurde umfangreich analysiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich die getestete Methode zur direkten Messung des Druckes zwischen Zitze und Zitzengummi eignet. Des Weiteren konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss aller getesteten Faktoren nachgewiesen werden. Die Zitzenbelastung beim Melken nimmt mit ansteigendem Anlagenvakuum, ansteigender Pulsationsrate und ansteigendem Phasenverhältnis zu. Die technischen Eigenschaften eines Zitzengummis, vor allem aber die Form des Zitzengummischaftes, unterscheiden sich signifikant hinsichtlich des von ihnen applizierten Druckes auf die Zitze. In allen Untersuchungen wurde der größte Druck auf das Zitzenende ausgeübt. / The aim of the present thesis was to test whether the measurement of static pressure distribution and magnitude with the aid of red color density variation is appropriate to directly measure the teat load caused by a collapsing liner and to identify different factors influencing this load. Therefore, investigations were carried out in a laboratory milking parlor using different artificial teats. The influence of the machine vacuum, the pulsation rate, the pulsation ratio, and the liner type were analyzed. The present investigations showed that the tested method is appropriate to directly measure the teat load due to liner collapse. A significant effect of all tested factors could be found as well. The higher the machine vacuum, pulsation rate, and pulsation ratio, the higher the teat load caused by a collapsing liner. The technical characteristics of a liner, especially the shape of the barrel, differ significantly with regard to the teat load. In all investigations more pressure was applied to the teat end.