O mercado globalizado e de competição intensiva no qual países e empresas estão inseridos, demanda destes uma busca constante por inovação. Entre os habitats de estímulo à inovação com diversas iniciativas pelo mundo, e também no Brasil, estão os chamados Parques Tecnológicos. Um dos grandes desafios para a implantação e operacionalização destes empreendimentos é a obtenção de recursos. Surge, então, a questão: Quais as perspectivas de financiamento que a organização gestora de um Parque Tecnológico dispõe para realizar as fases de planejamento, implantação e operacionalização dos elementos constitutivos e serviços oferecidos por este tipo de empreendimento? O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar as perspectivas de financiamento utilizadas nas etapas citadas nos Parques Tecnológicos: Tecnopuc, Pólo de Informática de São Leopoldo e Sapiens Parque, instalados no Brasil; Biocant Park e Taguspark, instalados em Portugal; e Parque Tecnológico de Cartuja 93, instalado na Espanha. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a qual abordou inovação e sua implicação nos novos arranjos empresariais, parques tecnológicos e financiamento de parques tecnológicos, a fim de construir a base conceitual para a análise dos casos; ao final, apresenta-se uma análise comparativa das perspectivas de financiamento utilizadas por estes parques nas diversas fases de implantação. / The intense competition globalized market in which firms and countries are inserted, demand from them a constant search for innovation. Among the habitats to stimulate innovation that have several initiatives around the world, including Brazil, there are the called Technology Parks. One of the biggest challenges faced in the process of planning, implementation and operation of these complex enterprises is to raise the necessary funds. Then, a question emergens: what are the financing perspectives that the Technology Park management institutions have for the planning, implementation and operation of this kind of enterprises? As an attempt to answer this question, the aim of this research was to identify the financing perspectives used in these stages of the development of the following enterprises: Tecnopuc, Pólo de Informática de São Leopoldo and Sapiens Park, in Brazil; Biocant Park and Taguspark, in Portugal; and Cartuja 93 Technology Park, in Spain. For this purpose, a bibliographic research was realized in innovation and its implications for the new enterprise net configuration, technology parks and financing of technology parks, what built the theory base to support the analysis of the cases. In the end, it?s presented a comparative analysis of the financing perspectives used by these enterprises in the several stages of development.

O mercado globalizado e de competição intensiva no qual países e empresas estão inseridos, demanda destes uma busca constante por inovação. Entre os habitats de estímulo à inovação com diversas iniciativas pelo mundo, e também no Brasil, estão os chamados Parques Tecnológicos. Um dos grandes desafios para a implantação e operacionalização destes empreendimentos é a obtenção de recursos. Surge, então, a questão: Quais as perspectivas de financiamento que a organização gestora de um Parque Tecnológico dispõe para realizar as fases de planejamento, implantação e operacionalização dos elementos constitutivos e serviços oferecidos por este tipo de empreendimento? O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar as perspectivas de financiamento utilizadas nas etapas citadas nos Parques Tecnológicos: Tecnopuc, Pólo de Informática de São Leopoldo e Sapiens Parque, instalados no Brasil; Biocant Park e Taguspark, instalados em Portugal; e Parque Tecnológico de Cartuja 93, instalado na Espanha. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a qual abordou inovação e sua implicação nos novos arranjos empresariais, parques tecnológicos e financiamento de parques tecnológicos, a fim de construir a base conceitual para a análise dos casos; ao final, apresenta-se uma análise comparativa das perspectivas de financiamento utilizadas por estes parques nas diversas fases de implantação. / The intense competition globalized market in which firms and countries are inserted, demand from them a constant search for innovation. Among the habitats to stimulate innovation that have several initiatives around the world, including Brazil, there are the called Technology Parks. One of the biggest challenges faced in the process of planning, implementation and operation of these complex enterprises is to raise the necessary funds. Then, a question emergens: what are the financing perspectives that the Technology Park management institutions have for the planning, implementation and operation of this kind of enterprises? As an attempt to answer this question, the aim of this research was to identify the financing perspectives used in these stages of the development of the following enterprises: Tecnopuc, Pólo de Informática de São Leopoldo and Sapiens Park, in Brazil; Biocant Park and Taguspark, in Portugal; and Cartuja 93 Technology Park, in Spain. For this purpose, a bibliographic research was realized in innovation and its implications for the new enterprise net configuration, technology parks and financing of technology parks, what built the theory base to support the analysis of the cases. In the end, it?s presented a comparative analysis of the financing perspectives used by these enterprises in the several stages of development.

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2004 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 85).

The study examines knowledge transfer between firms by using the concept of stickiness to conceptualise problems with knowledge transfer. The concept of stickiness is sub-divided into “macro” and “micro” levels stickiness. As for “macro” level stickiness, the study uses literature in the field of innovation studies, in which governments have been identified as major contributors to macro level stickiness. The study uses literature in the economics of knowledge and evolutionary economics to develop the concept of “micro” level stickiness, which refers to firms’ contributions to stickiness. Four factors are used to examine micro stickiness: transfer mechanisms, types of transfer, knowledge barriers, and transfer contexts. After explaining the concept of stickiness and providing a background to technology parks policy, the study examines the perceptions of a variety of informants of stickiness in knowledge transfer among ICT firms in Malaysian technology parks. The study approached seven (out of eleven) Malaysian technology parks, over a period of three months in 2005 (May-July 2005) and a month in 2007 (August 2007). It interviewed fifty (50) informants, who included policy makers, government officers, and executives of ICT firms in Malaysian technology parks. With respect to “macro” level stickiness, policy makers and government confirmed that the government cannot exclude previous policy documents that contained three major elements: national unity, foreign direct investment and sound economic growth to formulate policy for Malaysian technology parks, which does not solely encourage knowledge transfer because the policy documents permitted short term profit taking by ICT firms. With respect to “micro” level stickiness, the results suggest that transfer mechanisms, types of transfer, knowledge barriers, and transfer contexts are costly; thus, impede ICT firms from participating actively in knowledge transfer between ICT firms. This study suggests that the government and ICT firms should work closely to facilitate knowledge transfer between ICT firms in Malaysian technology parks.

This thesis investigates the most appropriate and effective ways in which a university library can interact with tenant companies and the staff in a technology park. Tenant company staff members in five Australian Technology Parks were surveyed about their information needs, information use, and information seeking behaviour as well as their attitudes towards university libraries which offered services to them. Three of the five Australian Technology Parks had formal relationships with universities and their libraries. The librarians of these universities were interviewed on their attitudes towards the provision of information services to the technology park community, as well as the information services they offered to this group of clients.The research results indicated that most of the respondents who were engaged in R&D areas accessed university libraries' collections for technical information and valued their services and the professional help of the librarians, whereas those in other areas, particularly marketing and sales, did not place as high a value on these services. One striking finding from the research was that the respondents in the latter group use the Internet as their preferred first source of information, not informal personal contact as been expected and indicated in previous studies. A contributing factor to low use of the university libraries was poor promotion of library services.A major objective of the research was to obtain information on the relevance of the Australian data to developing and offering services to tenants in a new technology park in Thailand. Results drawn from the Australian data was used to form a model for the interaction between university libraries and tenant company staff in Thai technology parks. The model was tested through interviews with Thai sample group and was then fine-tuned to meet Thai economic and social ++ / conditions prior to proposing it for use in Thailand.This research indicated that many aspects of Thai university libraries need to be adjusted in order to successfully provide effective information services to the technology park community. These include clearly defining library policies towards the tenants, increasing and improving avenues of access to library services, improving library performance and services, increasing promotion and marketing, supporting personnel development policies, and creating partnerships with other organisations.

A identidade pode ser definida como o conjunto de características que fazem as pessoas, grupos e organizações similares e diferentes uns dos outros, considerando a continuidade e a diferenciação. É um conceito que pode ser abordado em diversos níveis: pessoa, grupo, organização, nação e mundo e é importante porque constroi interesses, valores e projetos. A pergunta central de pesquisa é Como se estabelece a identidade organizacional em parques tecnológicos, em suas reciprocidades com a identidade pessoal? O objetivo geral deste estudo consiste em investigar como se estabelece a construção da identidade organizacional em parques de ciência e tecnologia a partir do entendimento do construto de identidade pessoal, gerando subsídios para modelos de gestão. Operacionalmente, a identidade organizacional foi estudada considerando elementos estruturantes encontrados na literatura de identidade pessoal, que são o histórico (o quê, como, por quem, para quê), visão de futuro, confiabilidade, autonomia, integração, recapacitação e relacionamentos, bem como aspectos centrais e distintivos. A identidade organizacional é o guia final para a tomada de decisões, quando um conflito parece insolúvel. É, portanto, um conceito importante em contexto de competitividade, cujo conceito seminal foi publicado em 1985. Os parques tecnológicos são entendidos como um instrumento de interação entre universidade e empresa para gerar competitividade através da inovação, promovendo qualificação, aumento de empregos e bem-estar social pela geração do conhecimento. Os parques tecnológicos são um fenômeno recente no Brasil, cujas primeiras iniciativas ocorreram há trinta anos, em 1984, e intensificou-se após a lei da inovação, há dez anos, em 2004. O estudo caracteriza-se como exploratório, qualitativo, com estudo de casos múltiplos e seu nível de análise é o organizacional. Foram estudados o Parque Eco Tecnológico Damha, o Parque Tecnológico - São José dos Campos e o Parque Tecnológico de Sorocaba. Foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes de evidências, que são observação, documentos, materiais audiovisuais e reuniões individuais e em grupo. Foram realizadas reuniões com os gestores dos parques tecnológicos bem como em três empresas; adicionalmente, foi realizada uma entrevista com especialista no tema Parques Tecnológicos. O valor que gera distintividade e diz respeito à essencialidade da existência dos parques estudados está na inovação, como fruto do desenvolvimento científico, e fomento de empresas inovadoras, que gere competitividade, mesmo que isto ocorra em detrimento dos setores enunciados, como forma de continuidade e diferenciação, ou seja, a competência de adaptar-se a novos horizontes. Esta pesquisa contribui com o estudo da identidade organizacional de parques tecnológicos, que é um fenômeno recente e pouco estudado, considerando os aspectos centrais, duradouros e distintivos, e com a proposição de parâmetros que norteiam o estabelecimento das identidades organizacionais, a partir do estudo do construto de identidade pessoal, que são confiabilidade, autonomia, integração, recapacitação e, ainda, o entendimento das parcerias como stakeholders internos nestes ambientes e pelas perguntas como, por quê, quando e por quem. O modelo gera inovação psicossocial, e verifica que a mudança para o parque gerou incremento da qualidade de vida no trabalho, percebido nos aspectos de qualidade de ambiente, de empreendedorismo e cordialidade; facilidades; confiabilidade; recapacitação; integração; imagem e acesso a financiamentos, embora este último constitua ainda uma barreira. Ressalva-se que estes achados limitam-se aos casos estudados. / Identity can be defined as the set of characteristics that make people, groups and organizations similar and different from each other considering continuity and differentiation. It is a concept that can be approached at different levels: individual, group, organization, nation and world, and is important because it builds interests, values and projects. The central research question is How organizational identity is established in technology parks in reciprocity with personal identity? The purpose of this study is to investigate how to establish the organizational identity construction in science and technology parks from the understanding of personal identity construct, generating subsidies for management models. Operationally , organizational identity has been studied considering the structural elements found in the personal identity literature , which are historical ( what, how , by whom and for what ) , forward thinking , reliability , autonomy , integration , retraining and relationships , as well as central and distinctive features . The organizational identity is the ultimate guide to making decisions when a conflict seems insoluble. It is therefore an important concept in the context of competitiveness, which seminal concept was published in 1985. Technological parks are seen as a tool for interaction between university and company to generate competitiveness through innovation, promoting skills, job growth and social welfare from knowledge generation. Technological parks are a recent phenomenon in Brazil, whose first initiatives occurred thirty years ago , in 1984 , and intensified after the innovation law , ten years ago , in 2004. This study is characterized as exploratory, with multiple cases and their level of analysis is organizational. São José dos Campos Technology Park, Sorocaba Technological Park and Damha Eco Technology Park were studied. It were used multiple sources of evidence, which are observation, documents, audiovisual materials and individual and group meetings. Meetings with managers of technology parks and three companies were held and, additionally, an interview with an expert on the subject. The value that generates distinctiveness and concerns the essentiality of the existence of the studied parks lies in innovation as the result of scientific development , and promotion of innovative companies that generate competitiveness , even if this occurs at the expense of the sectors listed, as a form of continuity and differentiation , that means , the power to adapt to new horizons. The study contributes by organizational identity study in technology parks , which is a recent phenomenon and little studied , considering the central , enduring and distinctive features , and the proposition of parameters that guide the establishment of organizational identities , from the study of construct of personal identity , which are reliability, autonomy, integration, requalifying and further the understanding of partnerships and internal stakeholders in these environments and the questions how, why, when and by whom . The model generates psychosocial innovation, and finds that moving to the park improves the quality of working life, noted in quality aspects of the environment, entrepreneurship and warmth; facilities; reliability; requalifying; integration; image and access to finance, although the latter still constitutes a barrier. It is emphasized that these findings are limited to the cases conducted.

Os parques tecnológicos surgiram como uma tentativa de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento em aumentar o padrão de competitividade por meio do suporte a inovação tecnológica em ambientes desenhados especificamente para isto. No Brasil, os parques tecnológicos foram uma resposta tardia, dos anos 2000, a um movimento que já ocorria em diversos países do mundo há algumas décadas. O desenvolvimento de novos parques tecnológicos a partir dos anos 2000 nos faz levantar a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: qual o atual cenário de parques tecnológicos brasileiros? Quais possuem atributos que lhe trazem potencial para desenvolvimento em global? Qual o papel do governo no suporte ao surgimento e desenvolvimento de parques tecnológicos? A partir da montagem de um quadro conceitual e da análise de cada instituição que terceiros chamam de parque tecnológico no Brasil, pudemos identificar o grau de novidade que tais instituições possuem no Brasil, bem como alguns parques que, sob a luz de nosso quadro conceitual, possuem atributos que podem lhes permitir galgar elevado grau de desenvolvimento. O estudo também nos mostra que políticas públicas federais de fomento aos parques tecnológicos foram e são essenciais para o desenvolvimento dessas instituições no país. Apresento, a partir de meticuloso estudo qualitativo, o atual cenário de parques tecnológicos no Brasil, estudos aprofundados sobre os parques mais avançados, e alguns dos desafios para o governo no que tange ao desenvolvimento de política pública com maior especificidade segundo o tipo de parque tecnológico e seu grau de desenvolvimento. / Technology parks have emerged as an attempt to developed and developing countries improve their competitiveness standard through supporting technological innovation in environments designed specifically for this reason. In Brazil, technology parks are a late response (emerged on 2000s) for a movement which started in other countries in the second half of XX century. The development of new technology parks since early in 2000s are the inspiration for our main research questions: What is the current scenario of technology parks in Brazil? Which technology parks have attributes which bring them potential for their development in global level? What is the role of government in supporting the emergence and the development of technology parks in Brazil? From the assembly of a conceptual framework and from the analysis of each institution that third parties call technology parks in Brazil, we identify the degree of novelty that such institutions have in Brazil, as well as some parks that, under our conceptual framework, have the attributes that can enable them to climb high levels of development. Our study also shows that federal policies to promote technology parks were and are essential for their advance in Brazil. We bring, from a meticulous qualitative study, the current scenario of technology parks in Brazil, and case studies of the most advanced technology parks, shedding light on some of the challenges to the government regarding the development of a public policy with greater focus on the kind of technology park, according to each degree of development.

O presente trabalho objetivou investigar as diferentes formas de organização do parque tecnológico e suas repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais. Para tanto, os seguintes pontos foram analisados: (i) os regimes jurídicos e suas vertentes pública e privada; (ii) definição e natureza jurídica do parque tecnológico; (iii) o processo de institucionalização; (iv) a função administrativa de fomento; (v) as diferentes formas de organização jurídica da entidade gestora previstas no ordenamento; (vi) os mecanismos promotores do relacionamento entre os diferentes atores integrantes da sua estrutura; (vii) quadro comparativo entre os diferentes tipos de arranjos; (viii) possíveis repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais decorrentes da forma de sua institucionalização. A pesquisa demonstrou que o parque tecnológico constitui um arranjo jurídico-institucional complexo, locus de convivência de diversos atores submetidos a distintos regimes jurídicos - ente estatal instituidor, entidade gestora, empresas residentes, universidades, centros de pesquisa, laboratórios etc - calcado em uma ideia-diretriz, a impulsão ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e investimento em produtos e processos inovadores, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável e a agregação de valor à produção. Concluiu-se que a forma de organização jurídica da sua entidade gestora, e seu respectivo regime jurídico, trazem repercussões ao funcionamento e atingimento dos objetivos do arranjo quanto ao capital e bens empregados na sua constituição e funcionamento; influência política na sua gestão; complexidade da gestão de pessoas; da contratação de bens e serviços; e da gestão patrimonial. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the different forms of organization of Technology Parks, and their repercussion in achieving institutional objectives. For this purpose, the following aspects have been analyzed: (i) the concept of legal regime and the distinction between public and private law; (ii) the definition and legal nature of the Technology Park; (iii) the institutionalisation process; (iv) the fomentation administrative function; (v) the different forms of legal organization of the managing entities stipulated by law; (vi) mechanisms for promoting the relationship between participants that integrate their structure; (vii) comparative table between different forms of arrangement; (viii) possible repercussion in achieving the institutional aims, depending on the form of the institutionalisation of the Park. The research has shown that the Technology Park constitutes a complex legal-institutional arrangement, a locus where participants that abide by different legal regimes interact - state entities that establish the Park, managing entities, resident companies, universities, research centres, laboratories etc - based on a leading idea, which is the impulsion of technological and scientific development, through research, development and investment in products and innovating processes, valuing the sustainable development and the aggregation of value to production. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the form of legal organization of the managing entity, as well as its legal regime, bring repercussions to the functioning and achievement of the objectives regarded by the arrangement, as to the capital and goods employed in its institutionalisation and functioning; political influence in its management; complexity in what concerns to human management, contracting of goods and services, and asset management.

O presente trabalho objetivou investigar as diferentes formas de organização do parque tecnológico e suas repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais. Para tanto, os seguintes pontos foram analisados: (i) os regimes jurídicos e suas vertentes pública e privada; (ii) definição e natureza jurídica do parque tecnológico; (iii) o processo de institucionalização; (iv) a função administrativa de fomento; (v) as diferentes formas de organização jurídica da entidade gestora previstas no ordenamento; (vi) os mecanismos promotores do relacionamento entre os diferentes atores integrantes da sua estrutura; (vii) quadro comparativo entre os diferentes tipos de arranjos; (viii) possíveis repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais decorrentes da forma de sua institucionalização. A pesquisa demonstrou que o parque tecnológico constitui um arranjo jurídico-institucional complexo, locus de convivência de diversos atores submetidos a distintos regimes jurídicos - ente estatal instituidor, entidade gestora, empresas residentes, universidades, centros de pesquisa, laboratórios etc - calcado em uma ideia-diretriz, a impulsão ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e investimento em produtos e processos inovadores, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável e a agregação de valor à produção. Concluiu-se que a forma de organização jurídica da sua entidade gestora, e seu respectivo regime jurídico, trazem repercussões ao funcionamento e atingimento dos objetivos do arranjo quanto ao capital e bens empregados na sua constituição e funcionamento; influência política na sua gestão; complexidade da gestão de pessoas; da contratação de bens e serviços; e da gestão patrimonial. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the different forms of organization of Technology Parks, and their repercussion in achieving institutional objectives. For this purpose, the following aspects have been analyzed: (i) the concept of legal regime and the distinction between public and private law; (ii) the definition and legal nature of the Technology Park; (iii) the institutionalisation process; (iv) the fomentation administrative function; (v) the different forms of legal organization of the managing entities stipulated by law; (vi) mechanisms for promoting the relationship between participants that integrate their structure; (vii) comparative table between different forms of arrangement; (viii) possible repercussion in achieving the institutional aims, depending on the form of the institutionalisation of the Park. The research has shown that the Technology Park constitutes a complex legal-institutional arrangement, a locus where participants that abide by different legal regimes interact - state entities that establish the Park, managing entities, resident companies, universities, research centres, laboratories etc - based on a leading idea, which is the impulsion of technological and scientific development, through research, development and investment in products and innovating processes, valuing the sustainable development and the aggregation of value to production. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the form of legal organization of the managing entity, as well as its legal regime, bring repercussions to the functioning and achievement of the objectives regarded by the arrangement, as to the capital and goods employed in its institutionalisation and functioning; political influence in its management; complexity in what concerns to human management, contracting of goods and services, and asset management.

The understanding of environmental change and how it is influenced by innovation processes and advances in science and technology is multifaceted given the inherent uncertainty of the pace and direction of technology change, but also given the limits to anticipate future environmental effects of new technology. The doctoral thesis is organised in two parts. The covering essay constitutes the first part and is aimed at introducing the scope of the research; outlining theoretical perspectives and central concepts and positioning the research to other research studies. Reprints of the six papers included in the thesis comprise the second part of the thesis. The first aim of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of the conditions for environmental policy and planning through innovation, science policy and technological change. Particular attention is paid to the institutional frameworks for policy processes, public-private interactive policy and strategic planning with futures studies. The second aim is to explore and analyse approaches applied for assessing the output, impact and structure of science in the area of strategic environmental research. This includes an examination of research assessment criteria and an analysis of knowledge networks in strategic environmental research, characterised by socio-economic expectations of generating innovations that benefit the environment through the industrial application of science. Four types of environmental planning are studied using a combined qualitative and quantitative research approach. These are corporate environmental planning, public environmental planning, strategic long-term planning, and strategic science planning targeting advances in science and technology to attain environmental objectives. The findings of the study show that institutional frameworks of science and technology policy affecting environmental planning are found in organisational forms, such as science parks, but also in institutions understood as values and norms of the science system. With an increased focus on assessment of research as well as future technology, the findings of the study also contributes by examining approaches applied for assessing the output, structure and impact of research, using bibliometrics and social network analysis in the area of strategic environmental research. / QC 20101027